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Eléouët M, Lu C, Zhou Y, Yang P, Ma J, Xu G. Insights on the biological functions and diverse regulation of RNA-binding protein 39 and their implication in human diseases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2023; 1866:194902. [PMID: 36535628 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2022.194902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
RNA-binding protein 39 (RBM39) involves in pre-mRNA splicing and transcriptional regulation. RBM39 is dysregulated in many cancers and its upregulation enhances cancer cell proliferation. Recently, it has been discovered that aryl sulfonamides act as molecular glues to recruit RBM39 to the CRL4DCAF15 E3 ubiquitin ligase complex for its ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Therefore, various studies have focused on the degradation of RBM39 by aryl sulfonamides in the aim of finding new cancer therapeutics. These discoveries also attracted focus for thorough study on the biological functions of RBM39. RBM39 was found to regulate the splicing and transcription of genes mainly involved in pre-mRNA splicing, cell cycle regulation, DNA damage response, and metabolism, but the understanding of these regulations is still in its infancy. This article reviews the advances of the current literature and discusses the remaining key issues on the biological function and dynamic regulation of RBM39 at the post-translational level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Eléouët
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Diagnostics and Therapeutics Development, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Prevention and Treatment of Hyperlipidemic Diseases, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China; Synbio Technologies Company, BioBay C20, 218 Xinghu Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Chengpiao Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Diagnostics and Therapeutics Development, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Prevention and Treatment of Hyperlipidemic Diseases, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Yijia Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Diagnostics and Therapeutics Development, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Prevention and Treatment of Hyperlipidemic Diseases, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Ping Yang
- Synbio Technologies Company, BioBay C20, 218 Xinghu Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Jingjing Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, Medical Center of Soochow University, Dushu Lake Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
| | - Guoqiang Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Diagnostics and Therapeutics Development, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Prevention and Treatment of Hyperlipidemic Diseases, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
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2
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Zhang R, Wang W, Zhang N, Chen X, Liu W, Zhang L, Liu N. Systematic pan-cancer analysis identifies RBM39 as an immunological and prognostic biomarker. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:4859-4871. [PMID: 35989423 PMCID: PMC9465192 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA‐binding Motif Protein39 (RBM39) is identified as a splicing factor and transcription coactivator. Despite mounting evidence that RBM39 plays a critical role in the development of specific malignancies, no systematic pan‐cancer investigation of RBM39 has been conducted. As a result, we set out to investigate RBM39’s prognostic significance and putative immunological activities in 33 different cancers. Based on TCGA and CCLE, GTEx, cBioportal and HPA, we used a series of bioinformatics approaches to explore the potential oncogenic role of RBM39, including analysis of the expression of the pan‐cancer species RBM39, the prognostic relationship between RBM39 expression and overall survival (OS), disease‐specific survival (DSS) and progression‐free interval (PFI), the relationship between RBM39 expression and clinical phenotype, analysis of the relationship between RBM39 expression and tumour mutational burden (TMB), microsatellite instability (MSI), DNA methylation and immune cell infiltration. Our results showed that RBM39 is overexpressed in most cancers. RBM39 was positively or negatively correlated with the prognosis of different tumours. RBM39 expression was associated with TMB and MSI in 9 and 12 cancer types. In addition, RBM39 expression was associated with DNA methylation in almost all tumours. There are eight tumours were screened for further study, including BRCA, COAD, HNSC, LIHC, LUSC, SKCM, STAD, UCEC. In the screed tumours, RBM39 was found to be negatively correlated with the infiltration of most immune cells. In addition, the correlation with RBM39 expression varied by immune cell subtype. Based on RBM39’s role in tumorigenesis and tumour immunity, we suggest it can serve as a surrogate prognostic marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Nie Zhang
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xueting Chen
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Wanming Liu
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Longzhen Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Nianli Liu
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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3
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RNA-binding protein 39: a promising therapeutic target for cancer. Cell Death Discov 2021; 7:214. [PMID: 34389703 PMCID: PMC8363639 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-021-00598-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA-binding motif protein 39 (RBM39), as a key factor in tumor-targeted mRNA and protein expression, not only plays a vital role in tumorigenesis, but also has broad development prospects in clinical treatment and drug research. Moreover, since RBM39 was identified as a target of sulfonamides, it has played a key role in the emerging field of molecule drug development. Hence, it is of great significance to study the interaction between RBM39 and tumors and the clinical application of drug-targeted therapy. In this paper, we describe the possible multi-level regulation of RBM39, including gene transcription, protein translation, and alternative splicing. Importantly, the molecular function of RBM39 as an important splicing factor in most common tumors is systematically outlined. Furthermore, we briefly introduce RBM39’s tumor-targeted drug research and its clinical application, hoping to give reference significance for the molecular mechanism of RBM39 in tumors, and provide reliable ideas for in-depth research for future therapeutic strategies.
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4
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Phosphoproteomic response of cardiac endothelial cells to ischemia and ultrasound. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2021; 1869:140683. [PMID: 34119693 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2021.140683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction and subsequent therapeutic interventions activate numerous intracellular cascades in every constituent cell type of the heart. Endothelial cells produce several protective compounds in response to therapeutic ultrasound, under both normoxic and ischemic conditions. How endothelial cells sense ultrasound and convert it to a beneficial biological response is not known. We adopted a global, unbiased phosphoproteomics approach aimed at understanding how endothelial cells respond to ultrasound. Here, we use primary cardiac endothelial cells to explore the cellular signaling events underlying the response to ischemia-like cellular injury and ultrasound exposure in vitro. Enriched phosphopeptides were analyzed with a high mass accuracy liquid chromatrography (LC) - tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) proteomic platform, yielding multiple alterations in both total protein levels and phosphorylation events in response to ischemic injury and ultrasound. Application of pathway algorithms reveals numerous protein networks recruited in response to ultrasound including those regulating RNA splicing, cell-cell interactions and cytoskeletal organization. Our dataset also permits the informatic prediction of potential kinases responsible for the modifications detected. Taken together, our findings begin to reveal the endothelial proteomic response to ultrasound and suggest potential targets for future studies of the protective effects of ultrasound in the ischemic heart.
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Puvvula PK, Yu Y, Sullivan KR, Eyob H, Rosenberg J, Welm A, Huff C, Moon AM. Inhibiting an RBM39/MLL1 epigenomic regulatory complex with dominant-negative peptides disrupts cancer cell transcription and proliferation. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109156. [PMID: 34077726 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
RBM39 is a known splicing factor and coactivator. Here, we report that RBM39 functions as a master transcriptional regulator that interacts with the MLL1 complex to facilitate chromatin binding and H3K4 trimethylation in breast cancer cells. We identify RBM39 functional domains required for DNA and complex binding and show that the loss of RBM39 has widespread effects on H3K4me3 and gene expression, including key oncogenic pathways. RBM39's RNA recognition motif 3 (RRM3) functions as a dominant-negative domain; namely, it disrupts the complex and H3K4me trimethylation and expression of RBM/MLL1 target genes. RRM3-derived cell-penetrating peptides phenocopy the effects of the loss of RBM39 to decrease growth and survival of all major subtypes of breast cancer and yet are nontoxic to normal cells. These findings establish RBM39/MLL1 as a major contributor to the abnormal epigenetic landscape in breast cancer and lay the foundation for peptide-mediated cancer-specific therapy based on disruption of RBM39 epigenomic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavan Kumar Puvvula
- Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, PA, USA.
| | - Yao Yu
- Department of Epidemiology, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kaelan Renaldo Sullivan
- Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, PA, USA
| | - Henok Eyob
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Julian Rosenberg
- Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, PA, USA
| | - Alana Welm
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Chad Huff
- Department of Epidemiology, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anne M Moon
- Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, PA, USA; Department Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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Song Y, Guo Y, Li X, Sun R, Zhu M, Shi J, Tan Z, Zhang L, Huang J. RBM39 Alters Phosphorylation of c-Jun and Binds to Viral RNA to Promote PRRSV Proliferation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:664417. [PMID: 34079549 PMCID: PMC8165236 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.664417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
As transcriptional co-activator of AP-1/Jun, estrogen receptors and NF-κB, nuclear protein RBM39 also involves precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) splicing. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes sow reproductive disorders and piglet respiratory diseases, which resulted in serious economic losses worldwide. In this study, the up-regulated expression of RBM39 and down-regulated of inflammatory cytokines (IFN-β, TNFα, NF-κB, IL-1β, IL-6) were determined in PRRSV-infected 3D4/21 cells, and accompanied with the PRRSV proliferation. The roles of RBM39 altering phosphorylation of c-Jun to inhibit the AP-1 pathway to promote PRRSV proliferation were further verified. In addition, the nucleocytoplasmic translocation of RBM39 and c-Jun from the nucleus to cytoplasm was enhanced in PRRSV-infected cells. The three RRM domain of RBM39 are crucial to support the proliferation of PRRSV. Several PRRSV RNA (nsp4, nsp5, nsp7, nsp10-12, M and N) binding with RBM39 were determined, which may also contribute to the PRRSV proliferation. Our results revealed a complex mechanism of RBM39 by altering c-Jun phosphorylation and nucleocytoplasmic translocation, and regulating binding of RBM39 with viral RNA to prompt PRRSV proliferation. The results provide new viewpoints to understand the immune escape mechanism of PRRSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinna Song
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanyu Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoyang Li
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ruiqi Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Min Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingxuan Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zheng Tan
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lilin Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinhai Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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Partridge EC, Chhetri SB, Prokop JW, Ramaker RC, Jansen CS, Goh ST, Mackiewicz M, Newberry KM, Brandsmeier LA, Meadows SK, Messer CL, Hardigan AA, Coppola CJ, Dean EC, Jiang S, Savic D, Mortazavi A, Wold BJ, Myers RM, Mendenhall EM. Occupancy maps of 208 chromatin-associated proteins in one human cell type. Nature 2020; 583:720-728. [PMID: 32728244 PMCID: PMC7398277 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2023-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factors are DNA-binding proteins that have key roles in gene regulation1,2. Genome-wide occupancy maps of transcriptional regulators are important for understanding gene regulation and its effects on diverse biological processes3–6. However, only a minority of the more than 1,600 transcription factors encoded in the human genome has been assayed. Here we present, as part of the ENCODE (Encyclopedia of DNA Elements) project, data and analyses from chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by high-throughput sequencing (ChIP–seq) experiments using the human HepG2 cell line for 208 chromatin-associated proteins (CAPs). These comprise 171 transcription factors and 37 transcriptional cofactors and chromatin regulator proteins, and represent nearly one-quarter of CAPs expressed in HepG2 cells. The binding profiles of these CAPs form major groups associated predominantly with promoters or enhancers, or with both. We confirm and expand the current catalogue of DNA sequence motifs for transcription factors, and describe motifs that correspond to other transcription factors that are co-enriched with the primary ChIP target. For example, FOX family motifs are enriched in ChIP–seq peaks of 37 other CAPs. We show that motif content and occupancy patterns can distinguish between promoters and enhancers. This catalogue reveals high-occupancy target regions at which many CAPs associate, although each contains motifs for only a minority of the numerous associated transcription factors. These analyses provide a more complete overview of the gene regulatory networks that define this cell type, and demonstrate the usefulness of the large-scale production efforts of the ENCODE Consortium. ChIP–seq and CETCh–seq data are used to analyse binding maps for 208 transcription factors and other chromatin-associated proteins in a single human cell type, providing a comprehensive catalogue of the transcription factor landscape and gene regulatory networks in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Surya B Chhetri
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MA, USA
| | - Jeremy W Prokop
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA.,Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Ryne C Ramaker
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA.,Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Camden S Jansen
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Say-Tar Goh
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Mark Mackiewicz
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | | | | | - Sarah K Meadows
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - C Luke Messer
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Andrew A Hardigan
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA.,Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Candice J Coppola
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Emma C Dean
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Shan Jiang
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Savic
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ali Mortazavi
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Barbara J Wold
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Richard M Myers
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA.
| | - Eric M Mendenhall
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA. .,Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL, USA.
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Walsh J, Benham PM, Deane‐Coe PE, Arcese P, Butcher BG, Chan YL, Cheviron ZA, Elphick CS, Kovach AI, Olsen BJ, Shriver WG, Winder VL, Lovette IJ. Genomics of rapid ecological divergence and parallel adaptation in four tidal marsh sparrows. Evol Lett 2019; 3:324-338. [PMID: 31388443 PMCID: PMC6675146 DOI: 10.1002/evl3.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Theory suggests that different taxa having colonized a similar, challenging environment will show parallel or lineage-specific adaptations to shared selection pressures, but empirical examples of parallel evolution in independent taxa are exceedingly rare. We employed comparative genomics to identify parallel and lineage-specific responses to selection within and among four species of North American sparrows that represent four independent, post-Pleistocene colonization events by an ancestral, upland subspecies and a derived salt marsh specialist. We identified multiple cases of parallel adaptation in these independent comparisons following salt marsh colonization, including selection of 12 candidate genes linked to osmoregulation. In addition to detecting shared genetic targets of selection across multiple comparisons, we found many novel, species-specific signatures of selection, including evidence of selection of loci associated with both physiological and behavioral mechanisms of osmoregulation. Demographic reconstructions of all four species highlighted their recent divergence and small effective population sizes, as expected given their rapid radiation into saline environments. Our results highlight the interplay of both shared and lineage-specific selection pressures in the colonization of a biotically and abiotically challenging habitat and confirm theoretical expectations that steep environmental clines can drive repeated and rapid evolutionary diversification in birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Walsh
- Fuller Evolutionary Biology ProgramCornell Laboratory of OrnithologyIthacaNew York14850
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyCornell UniversityIthacaNew York14853
| | - Phred M. Benham
- Division of Biological SciencesUniversity of MontanaMissoulaMontana59812
| | - Petra E. Deane‐Coe
- Fuller Evolutionary Biology ProgramCornell Laboratory of OrnithologyIthacaNew York14850
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyCornell UniversityIthacaNew York14853
| | - Peter Arcese
- Department of Forest and Conservation SciencesUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaT6T1Z4Canada
| | - Bronwyn G. Butcher
- Fuller Evolutionary Biology ProgramCornell Laboratory of OrnithologyIthacaNew York14850
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyCornell UniversityIthacaNew York14853
| | | | | | - Chris S. Elphick
- Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ConnecticutStorrsConnecticut06269
| | - Adrienne I. Kovach
- Department of Natural Resources and the EnvironmentUniversity of New HampshireDurhamNew Hampshire03824
| | - Brian J. Olsen
- School of Biology and EcologyUniversity of MaineOronoMaine04469
| | - W. Gregory Shriver
- Department of Entomology and Wildlife EcologyUniversity of DelawareNewarkDelaware19716
| | | | - Irby J. Lovette
- Fuller Evolutionary Biology ProgramCornell Laboratory of OrnithologyIthacaNew York14850
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyCornell UniversityIthacaNew York14853
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