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Samanta A, Ghosh S, Sarkar S. Sustained generation of peroxide from the air by carbon nano onion under visible light to combat RNA virus. J CHEM SCI 2022; 134:9. [PMID: 35035160 PMCID: PMC8752328 DOI: 10.1007/s12039-021-02013-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Carbon nano onion (CNO) from dried grass has been synthesized by carbonization in the size range, 20 to 100 nm. This shows catalytic property to transform aerial oxygen under visible light to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). A concept has been presented herein to show that this CNO even under room light generates hydrogen peroxide which inhibits WSN influenza virus (H1N1). The advantage of introducing CNO, synthesized from a cheap source to cater to the global need, is to sterilize infected hospitals indoor and outdoor, aircraft carriers, air conditioner vents due to its sustained conversion of air to ROS. Thus, CNO use could prevent frequent evacuation as used by conventional sanitisers to sterilize infected places from other RNA virus and hospital pathogens under COVID-19 pandemic. Carbon nano onion (CNO) under aerial oxygen on exposure with visible light generates ROS which is capable to rupture the lipid envelope of SARS-CoV-2 followed by disintegrating its RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Samanta
- Centre for Healthcare Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Botanic Garden, Howrah, West Bengal 711103 India
| | - Subrata Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Botanic Garden, Howrah, West Bengal 711103 India
| | - Sabyasachi Sarkar
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Ramakrishna Mission Vidyamandira, Belur Math, Howrah, West Bengal 711202 India
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2
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Liu H, Hua X, Zhang YN, Zhang T, Qu J, Nolte TM, Chen G, Dong D. Electrocatalytic inactivation of antibiotic resistant bacteria and control of antibiotic resistance dissemination risk. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 291:118189. [PMID: 34543954 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance in environmental matrices becomes urgently significant for public health and has been considered as an emerging environmental contaminant. In this work, the ampicillin-resistant Escherichia coli (AR E. coli) and corresponding resistance genes (blaTEM-1) were effectively eliminated by the electrocatalytic process, and the dissemination risk of antibiotic resistance was also investigated. All the AR E. coli (∼8 log) was inactivated and 8.17 log blaTEM-1 was degraded by the carbon nanotubes/agarose/titanium (CNTs/AG/Ti) electrode within 30 min. AR E. coli was inactivated mainly attributing to the damage of cell membrane, which was attacked by reactive oxygen species and subsequent leakage of intracellular cytoplasm. The blaTEM-1 was degraded owing to the strand breaking in the process of electrocatalytic degradation. Furthermore, the dissemination risk of antibiotic resistance was effectively controlled after being electrocatalytic treatment. This study provided an effective electrocatalytic technology for the inactivation of antibiotic resistant bacteria and control of antibiotic resistance dissemination risk in the aqueous environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China; School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, NO. 2555 Jingyue Street, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, China
| | - Xiuyi Hua
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Ya-Nan Zhang
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, NO. 2555 Jingyue Street, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, NO. 2555 Jingyue Street, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, China
| | - Jiao Qu
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, NO. 2555 Jingyue Street, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, China.
| | - Tom M Nolte
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6500, GL Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Guangchao Chen
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, 2300, RA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Deming Dong
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
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3
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Cong Q, Ren M, Zhang T, Cheng F, Qu J. Graphene/
β
‐cyclodextrin Membrane: Synthesis and Photoelectrocatalytic Degradation of Brominated Flame Retardants. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202102235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Cong
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering Research Field: Environmental Chemistry Jilin Jianzhu University Changchun 130118 China
| | - Miao Ren
- School of Environment Research Field: Environmental Chemistry Northeast Normal University NO. 2555 Jingyue Street Changchun 130117 China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- School of Environment Research Field: Environmental Chemistry Northeast Normal University NO. 2555 Jingyue Street Changchun 130117 China
| | - Fangyuan Cheng
- School of Environment Research Field: Environmental Chemistry Northeast Normal University NO. 2555 Jingyue Street Changchun 130117 China
| | - Jiao Qu
- School of Environment Research Field: Environmental Chemistry Northeast Normal University NO. 2555 Jingyue Street Changchun 130117 China
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4
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Ma Y, Zhang Y, Zhu X, Lu N, Li C, Yuan X, Qu J. Photocatalytic degradation and rate constant prediction of chlorophenols and bisphenols by H 3PW 12O 40/GR/TiO 2 composite membrane. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 188:109786. [PMID: 32593897 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalysis is a promising approach to remove highly toxic and refractory aromatics pollutants. However, developing highly active photocatalyst is a long-standing challenge for pollutant degradation. This study addressed this challenge by developing GR (graphene)/TiO2 and HPW (H3PW12O40)/GR/TiO2 membranes by sol-gel method. The removal efficiencies of HPW/GR/TiO2 (the doping of 1.0% HPW) membrane for chlorophenols (including o-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, and pentachlorophenol) and bisphenols (such as Bisphenol A, Bisphenol AP, Bisphenol AF, and Bisphenol S) were up to 97.02-82.71% and 93.28-68.63% with simulated sunlight radiation for 5 h, respectively. Compared with GR/TiO2 composite membrane, HPW/GR/TiO2 remarkably accelerated the formation rates of O2- and OH, due to the simultaneous transfer of photo-generated electrons (generated by TiO2) to GR and HPW. In addition, the activity of the HPW/GR/TiO2 membrane did not decline noticeably after 10-time recycle. Furthermore, the photocatalytic degradation reaction rate constants (k) of phenols by HPW/GR/TiO2 membrane were calculated, and those for other chlorophenols and bisphenols were predicted using a quantitative structure-activity relationship model. The HPW/GR/TiO2 membrane developed in this study poses high potential as an ideal photocatalyst for removal of phenolic pollutants in wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ma
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, 130024, China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, 130024, China
| | - Xiaolin Zhu
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, 130024, China
| | - Nan Lu
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, 130024, China
| | - Chao Li
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, 130024, China
| | - Xing Yuan
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, 130024, China.
| | - Jiao Qu
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, 130024, China.
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5
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Chini MK, Purohit S, Bheemaraju A, Chakraborty T, Singh KP, Ivaturi A, Satapathi S. Carbon‐Based Adsorbents from Naturally Available Bermuda Grasses: Removal of TDS and Arsenic Ions. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201902892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mrinmoy Kumar Chini
- Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Roorkee Uttarakhand 247667 India
| | - Smruti Purohit
- Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Roorkee Uttarakhand 247667 India
| | | | - Tanmoyendu Chakraborty
- Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Roorkee Uttarakhand 247667 India
| | | | - Aruna Ivaturi
- Smart Materials Research and Device Technology (SMaRDT) Group Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry University of Strathclyde Thomas Graham building Glasgow G1 1XL United Kingdom
| | - Soumitra Satapathi
- Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Roorkee Uttarakhand 247667 India
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6
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From Bio to Nano: A Review of Sustainable Methods of Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12104115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes the up-to-date techniques devised to synthesize carbon nanotubes (CNTs) from liquid or solid precursors of sustainable nature. The possibility to replace petroleum-based feeds for renewable resources such as essential oils or plant shoots is critically examined. The analysis shows that the complex nature of such resources requires the optimization of the reaction conditions to obtain products of desired microstructure and chemical composition. However, appropriate tuning of the process parameters enables the synthesis of even high-purity single-walled CNTs with a spectrum of demonstrated high-performance applications at low cost. The sheer number of successful studies completed on this front so far and described herein validate that the development of techniques for the manufacture of such products of high-added value from common precursors is not only possible but, most importantly, promising.
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Guo C, Liu H, Wang C, Zhao J, Zhao W, Lu N, Qu J, Yuan X, Zhang YN. Electrochemical removal of levofloxacin using conductive graphene/polyurethane particle electrodes in a three-dimensional reactor. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 260:114101. [PMID: 32084701 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The conductive polyurethane/polypyrrole/graphene (CPU/PPy/Gr) particle electrode was prepared by an in-situ oxidative polymerization method and used as particle electrodes to degrade levofloxacin (LEV) in a three-dimensional electrode reactor. The prepared CPU/PPy/Gr electrode was characterized systematically and the effects of initial pH, initial LEV concentration, aeration volume, voltage, and electrolyte concentration on the degradation efficiency were investigated. Results showed that more than 90% LEV was degraded and the energy consumption was 20.12 kWh/g LEV under conditions of pH 7, 6 V voltage, 2.0 L/min aeration volume, 20 mg/L initial LEV concentration, and 7 mM concentration of electrolyte (Na2SO4). A possible electrochemical oxidation pathway of LEV by the CPU/PPy/Gr electrode was proposed. In addition, the biotoxicity of LEV and its oxidation products was calculated using ECOSAR (Ecological Structure Activity Relationships) program in EPISuite. Toxicity evaluation using luminescent bacteria showed that the toxicities of some intermediates were higher than the parent compound. But the toxicity of degradation processes for LEV was effective decreasing. A possible reactive mechanism in the three-dimensional reactor was also recommended. In brief, the prepared CPU/PPy/Gr particle electrode constitutes an insight into the promising practical application in the wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuicui Guo
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China
| | - Haiyang Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China
| | - Chengzhi Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China
| | - Jianchen Zhao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China
| | - Wenjun Zhao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China
| | - Nan Lu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China
| | - Jiao Qu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China.
| | - Xing Yuan
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China
| | - Ya-Nan Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China.
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Cobalt (0/II) incorporated N-doped porous carbon as effective heterogeneous peroxymonosulfate catalyst for quinclorac degradation. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 563:197-206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.12.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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9
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Liu H, Zhang Z, Ren M, Guan J, Lu N, Qu J, Yuan X, Zhang YN. Preparation of the CNTs/AG/ITO electrode with high electro-catalytic activity for 2-chlorophenol degradation and the potential risks from intermediates. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 359:148-156. [PMID: 30014910 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A novel carbon nanotubes (CNTs)/agarose (AG)/ITO electrode with high electro-catalytic activity was prepared using a simple sol-gel method. Characterization results showed that the prepared CNTs/AG membrane, coated on the ITO conductive glass, was consisted of C and O. The electro-catalytic degradation for 2-chlorophenol (2-CP) and the influence factors were investigated. The results meant that electro-catalytic degradation for 2-CP was highly dependent on pH, bias voltage, and catalyst dosage. At pH 2, 4 V bias voltage, and 5 wt% CNTs dosage, the electro-catalytic efficiency of CNTs/AG/ITO electrode for 2-CP (20 mg/L) achieved 98% within 180 min. Afterwards, the electro-catalytic properties of recycling electrode, roles of the generated reactive oxygen species, and the reaction pathways were also investigated and proposed. In addition, the toxicities of the generated intermediates from the electro-catalytic degradation were calculated by easy methods. The results indicated that the toxicities of some intermediates were higher than the parent pollutant, especially the formation of 2-CP dimer which was seldom reported in the advanced oxidation process. The findings of using AG as the carrier and conductive adhesive for catalytic material and the assessment methods for the possible increasing risks from the intermediates were reported firstly in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Liu
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China
| | - Zhaocheng Zhang
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China
| | - Miao Ren
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China
| | - Jiunian Guan
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China
| | - Nan Lu
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China
| | - Jiao Qu
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China.
| | - Xing Yuan
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China
| | - Ya-Nan Zhang
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China.
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Liu H, Ren M, Zhang Z, Qu J, Ma Y, Lu N. A novel electrocatalytic approach for effective degradation of Rh-B in water using carbon nanotubes and agarose. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:12361-12372. [PMID: 29455356 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1516-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs)/agarose (AG) membrane on the ITO (indium tin oxide) conductive glass, with high efficiency of electrocatalytic degradation for rhodamine B (Rh-B) in water, was prepared using an easy and green method. The prepared CNTs/AG membrane was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive spectra (EDS), infrared spectroscopy (IR), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results revealed that CNTs were dispersed in the AG membrane. Additionally, the electrocatalytic activities for Rh-B were conducted on the electrochemical workstation with a three-electrode system. Both initial pH and potential played an important role in the process of electrocatalytic degradation. At pH 3 and potential reaching 4 V, the removal rate of Rh-B (10 mg/L) in water achieved 96% within 20 min. The stability of the prepared CNTs/AG membrane was also investigated. Besides, the toxicities of the main intermediates from the electrocatalytic degradation for Rh-B were calculated using the ECOSAR program and EPIWIN software, and results indicated that the toxicities of some intermediates were higher than those of the parent pollutant (Rh-B). These findings provided a light-spot to simplify the preparation of efficient working electrode and emphasized the possible potential risks from intermediates at the same time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Liu
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, No. 2555 Jingyue Street, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, China
| | - Miao Ren
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, No. 2555 Jingyue Street, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, China
| | - Zhaocheng Zhang
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, No. 2555 Jingyue Street, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, China
| | - Jiao Qu
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, No. 2555 Jingyue Street, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, China.
| | - Ying Ma
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, No. 2555 Jingyue Street, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, China
| | - Nan Lu
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, No. 2555 Jingyue Street, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, China.
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Han W, Li Z, Li Y, Fan X, Zhang F, Zhang G, Peng W. The Promoting Role of Different Carbon Allotropes Cocatalysts for Semiconductors in Photocatalytic Energy Generation and Pollutants Degradation. Front Chem 2017; 5:84. [PMID: 29164101 PMCID: PMC5674929 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2017.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Semiconductor based photocatalytic process is of great potential for solving the fossil fuels depletion and environmental pollution. Loading cocatalysts for the modification of semiconductors could increase the separation efficiency of the photogenerated hole-electron pairs, enhance the light absorption ability of semiconductors, and thus obtain new composite photocatalysts with high activities. Kinds of carbon allotropes, such as activated carbon, carbon nanotubes, graphene, and carbon quantum dots have been used as effective cocatalysts to enhance the photocatalytic activities of semiconductors, making them widely used for photocatalytic energy generation, and pollutants degradation. This review focuses on the loading of different carbon allotropes as cocatalysts in photocatalysis, and summarizes the recent progress of carbon materials based photocatalysts, including their synthesis methods, the typical applications, and the activity enhancement mechanism. Moreover, the cocatalytic effect among these carbon cocatalysts is also compared for different applications. We believe that our work can provide enriched information to harvest the excellent special properties of carbon materials as a platform to develop more efficient photocatalysts for solar energy utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Fengbao Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | | | - Wenchao Peng
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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12
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Saha S, Singhal RK, Basu H, Pimple MV. Ammonium molybdate phosphate functionalized silicon dioxide impregnated in calcium alginate for highly efficient removal of 137Cs from aquatic bodies. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra20283g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of new hybrid material (SiO2-AMP–Ca-Alg beads) for cesium uptake without disturbing the water quality parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudeshna Saha
- Analytical Chemistry Division
- Bhabha Atomic Research Center
- Mumbai-400085
- India
| | - R. K. Singhal
- Analytical Chemistry Division
- Bhabha Atomic Research Center
- Mumbai-400085
- India
| | - H. Basu
- Analytical Chemistry Division
- Bhabha Atomic Research Center
- Mumbai-400085
- India
| | - M. V. Pimple
- Analytical Chemistry Division
- Bhabha Atomic Research Center
- Mumbai-400085
- India
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