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Masand VH, Al-Hussain S, Alzahrani AY, Al-Mutairi AA, Sultan Alqahtani A, Samad A, Alafeefy AM, Jawarkar RD, Zaki MEA. Unveiling dynamics of nitrogen content and selected nitrogen heterocycles in thrombin inhibitors: a ceteris paribus approach. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2024; 19:991-1009. [PMID: 38898679 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2024.2368743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the progress in comprehending molecular design principles and biochemical processes associated with thrombin inhibition, there is a crucial need to optimize efforts and curtail the recurrence of synthesis-testing cycles. Nitrogen and N-heterocycles are key features of many anti-thrombin drugs. Hence, a pragmatic analysis of nitrogen and N-heterocycles in thrombin inhibitors is important throughout the drug discovery pipeline. In the present work, the authors present an analysis with a specific focus on understanding the occurrence and distribution of nitrogen and selected N-heterocycles in the realm of thrombin inhibitors. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A dataset comprising 4359 thrombin inhibitors is used to scrutinize various categories of nitrogen atoms such as ring, non-ring, aromatic, and non-aromatic. In addition, selected aromatic and aliphatic N-heterocycles have been analyzed. RESULTS The analysis indicates that ~62% of thrombin inhibitors possess five or fewer nitrogen atoms. Substituted N-heterocycles have a high occurrence, like pyrrolidine (23.24%), pyridine (20.56%), piperidine (16.10%), thiazole (9.61%), imidazole (7.36%), etc. in thrombin inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS The majority of active thrombin inhibitors contain nitrogen atoms close to 5 and a combination of N-heterocycles like pyrrolidine, pyridine, piperidine, etc. This analysis provides crucial insights to optimize the transformation of lead compounds into potential anti-thrombin inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay H Masand
- Department of Chemistry, Vidya Bharati Mahavidyalaya, Amravati, India
| | - Sami Al-Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Y Alzahrani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, King Khalid University, Mohail Asser, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aamal A Al-Mutairi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arwa Sultan Alqahtani
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul Samad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tishk International University, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Ahmed M Alafeefy
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA [UiTM], Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rahul D Jawarkar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Dr Rajendra Gode Institute of Pharmacy, Amravati, India
| | - Magdi E A Zaki
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Ali MA, Sheikh H, Yaseen M, Faruqe MO, Ullah I, Kumar N, Bhat MA, Mollah MNH. Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Petiveria alliacea L. Phytochemicals: A Computational Study on Inhibiting SARS-CoV-2's Main Protease (Mpro). Molecules 2024; 29:2524. [PMID: 38893400 PMCID: PMC11173994 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29112524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of SARS-CoV-2, also known as the COVID-19 pandemic, is still a critical risk factor for both human life and the global economy. Although, several promising therapies have been introduced in the literature to inhibit SARS-CoV-2, most of them are synthetic drugs that may have some adverse effects on the human body. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to carry out an in-silico investigation into the medicinal properties of Petiveria alliacea L. (P. alliacea L.)-mediated phytocompounds for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infections since phytochemicals have fewer adverse effects compared to synthetic drugs. To explore potential phytocompounds from P. alliacea L. as candidate drug molecules, we selected the infection-causing main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2 as the receptor protein. The molecular docking analysis of these receptor proteins with the different phytocompounds of P. alliacea L. was performed using AutoDock Vina. Then, we selected the three top-ranked phytocompounds (myricitrin, engeletin, and astilbin) as the candidate drug molecules based on their highest binding affinity scores of -8.9, -8.7 and -8.3 (Kcal/mol), respectively. Then, a 100 ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulation study was performed for their complexes with Mpro using YASARA software, computed RMSD, RMSF, PCA, DCCM, MM/PBSA, and free energy landscape (FEL), and found their almost stable binding performance. In addition, biological activity, ADME/T, DFT, and drug-likeness analyses exhibited the suitable pharmacokinetics properties of the selected phytocompounds. Therefore, the results of this study might be a useful resource for formulating a safe treatment plan for SARS-CoV-2 infections after experimental validation in wet-lab and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Ahad Ali
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh;
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Humaira Sheikh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science & Technology University, Gopalganj 8100, Bangladesh;
| | - Muhammad Yaseen
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Swat, Main Campus, Charbagh 19130, Pakistan;
| | - Md Omar Faruqe
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh;
| | - Ihsan Ullah
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Swat, Main Campus, Charbagh 19130, Pakistan;
| | - Neeraj Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Bhupal Nobles’ College of Pharmacy, Udaipur 313001, Rajasthan, India;
| | - Mashooq Ahmad Bhat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Md. Nurul Haque Mollah
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh;
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3
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Tan Q, Li F, Zhang K, Liu Z, Tian Y, Zhu T. Proteomics Analysis of Knee Subchondral Bone Identifies Differentially Expressed Proteins Associated with Osteoarthritis. J Proteome Res 2024; 23:738-748. [PMID: 38206579 PMCID: PMC10846524 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.3c00584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent debilitating whole-joint disorder. Currently, a growing number of proteomic studies have been performed to evaluate molecular biomarkers in several tissues from OA patients; however, little is known about the protein profiles in subchondral bone of OA. In this study, proteomic analysis was performed on subchondral bone from patients with OA to identify differentially expressed proteins (DEPs). Bioinformatics tools were used to further investigate these DEPs. Thereafter, DEPs were validated in the samples from patients with OA, as well as in bilateral ovariectomy-induced OA (OVX-OA) rats using immunohistochemistry. A comprehensive subchondral bone proteome profile of patients with OA was constructed. Additionally, biological information analysis showed that a majority of DEPs participated in the dysregulation of the complement and coagulation cascades. The validation experiments suggested that SerpinA5, the protein involved in the complement and coagulation cascades, was significantly increased in severely damaged subchondral bone of patients with OA compared to the control group. Furthermore, the increase of SerpinA5 in OVX-OA rats compared to control rats was also confirmed. Our results indicated that the dysregulation of coagulation and complement pathways plays a role in the progression of OA, and it provides a promising therapeutic target of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qizhao Tan
- Department
of Orthopaedics, Peking University Third
Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
- Engineering
Research Center of Bone and Joint Precision Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Feng Li
- Department
of Orthopaedics, Peking University Third
Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
- Engineering
Research Center of Bone and Joint Precision Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- Department
of Orthopaedics, Peking University Third
Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
- Department
of Orthopaedics, Peking University International
Hospital, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Zhongjun Liu
- Department
of Orthopaedics, Peking University Third
Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yun Tian
- Department
of Orthopaedics, Peking University Third
Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
- Engineering
Research Center of Bone and Joint Precision Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Tengjiao Zhu
- Department
of Orthopaedics, Peking University Third
Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
- Engineering
Research Center of Bone and Joint Precision Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China
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4
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Byrnes JR, Lee T, Sharaby S, Campbell RA, Dobson DA, Holle LA, Luo M, Kangro K, Homeister JW, Aleman MM, Luyendyk JP, Kerlin BA, Dumond JB, Wolberg AS. Reciprocal stabilization of coagulation factor XIII-A and -B subunits is a determinant of plasma FXIII concentration. Blood 2024; 143:444-455. [PMID: 37883802 PMCID: PMC10862369 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2023022042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Transglutaminase factor XIII (FXIII) is essential for hemostasis, wound healing, and pregnancy maintenance. Plasma FXIII is composed of A and B subunit dimers synthesized in cells of hematopoietic origin and hepatocytes, respectively. The subunits associate tightly in circulation as FXIII-A2B2. FXIII-B2 stabilizes the (pro)active site-containing FXIII-A subunits. Interestingly, people with genetic FXIII-A deficiency have decreased FXIII-B2, and therapeutic infusion of recombinant FXIII-A2 (rFXIII-A2) increases FXIII-B2, suggesting FXIII-A regulates FXIII-B secretion, production, and/or clearance. We analyzed humans and mice with genetic FXIII-A deficiency and developed a mouse model of rFXIII-A2 infusion to define mechanisms mediating plasma FXIII-B levels. Like humans with FXIII-A deficiency, mice with genetic FXIII-A deficiency had reduced circulating FXIII-B2, and infusion of FXIII-A2 increased FXIII-B2. FXIII-A-deficient mice had normal hepatic function and did not store FXIII-B in liver, indicating FXIII-A does not mediate FXIII-B secretion. Transcriptional analysis and polysome profiling indicated similar F13b levels and ribosome occupancy in FXIII-A-sufficient and -deficient mice and in FXIII-A-deficient mice infused with rFXIII-A2, indicating FXIII-A does not induce de novo FXIII-B synthesis. Unexpectedly, pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling of FXIII-B antigen after rFXIII-A2 infusion in humans and mice suggested FXIII-A2 slows FXIII-B2 loss from plasma. Accordingly, comparison of free FXIII-B2 vs FXIII-A2-complexed FXIII-B2 (FXIII-A2B2) infused into mice revealed faster clearance of free FXIII-B2. These data show FXIII-A2 prevents FXIII-B2 loss from circulation and establish the mechanism underlying FXIII-B2 behavior in FXIII-A deficiency and during rFXIII-A2 therapy. Our findings reveal a unique, reciprocal relationship between independently synthesized subunits that mediate an essential hemostatic protein in circulation. This trial was registered at www.ClinicalTrials.com as #NCT00978380.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R. Byrnes
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and UNC Blood Research Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Taek Lee
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Sherif Sharaby
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Robert A. Campbell
- Molecular Medicine Program, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Dre’Von A. Dobson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and UNC Blood Research Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Lori A. Holle
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and UNC Blood Research Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Michelle Luo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and UNC Blood Research Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Kadri Kangro
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and UNC Blood Research Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Jonathon W. Homeister
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and UNC Blood Research Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Maria M. Aleman
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - James P. Luyendyk
- Department of Pathobiology & Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Bryce A. Kerlin
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/Blood & Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Julie B. Dumond
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Alisa S. Wolberg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and UNC Blood Research Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
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Soltani F, Kaartinen MT. Transglutaminases in fibrosis-overview and recent advances. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 325:C885-C894. [PMID: 37642242 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00322.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Transglutaminases (TGs) are a family of protein cross-linking enzymes that are capable of stiffening and insolubilizing proteins and creating protein networks, and thereby altering biological functions of proteins. Their role in fibrosis progression has been widely investigated with a focus on kidney, lung, liver, and heart where activity is triggered by various stimuli including hypoxia, inflammation, and hyperglycemia. TG2 has been considered one of the key enzymes in the pathogenesis of fibrosis mainly through transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) signaling and matrix cross-linking mechanisms. Although TG2 has been most widely studied in this context, the involvement of other TGs, TG1 and Factor XIII-A (FXIII-A), is beginning to emerge. This mini-review highlights the major steps taken in the TG and fibrosis research and summarizes the most recent advances and contributions of TG2, TG1, and FXIII-A to the progression of fibrosis in various animal models. Also, their mechanisms of action as well as therapeutic prospects are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Soltani
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mari T Kaartinen
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences (Biomedical Sciences), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Peptidic Inhibitors and a Fluorescent Probe for the Selective Inhibition and Labelling of Factor XIIIa Transglutaminase. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041634. [PMID: 36838622 PMCID: PMC9960274 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Factor XIIIa (FXIIIa) is a transglutaminase of major therapeutic interest for the development of anticoagulants due to its essential role in the blood coagulation cascade. While numerous FXIIIa inhibitors have been reported, they failed to reach clinical evaluation due to their lack of metabolic stability and low selectivity over transglutaminase 2 (TG2). Furthermore, the chemical tools available for the study of FXIIIa activity and localization are extremely limited. To combat these shortcomings, we designed, synthesised, and evaluated a library of 21 novel FXIIIa inhibitors. Electrophilic warheads, linker lengths, and hydrophobic units were varied on small molecule and peptidic scaffolds to optimize isozyme selectivity and potency. A previously reported FXIIIa inhibitor was then adapted for the design of a probe bearing a rhodamine B moiety, producing the innovative KM93 as the first known fluorescent probe designed to selectively label active FXIIIa with high efficiency (kinact/KI = 127,300 M-1 min-1) and 6.5-fold selectivity over TG2. The probe KM93 facilitated fluorescent microscopy studies within bone marrow macrophages, labelling FXIIIa with high efficiency and selectivity in cell culture. The structure-activity trends with these novel inhibitors and probes will help in the future study of the activity, inhibition, and localization of FXIIIa.
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7
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Javed H, Singh S, Urs SUR, Oldenburg J, Biswas A. Genetic landscape in coagulation factor XIII associated defects – Advances in coagulation and beyond. Blood Rev 2022; 59:101032. [PMID: 36372609 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2022.101032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Coagulation factor XIII (FXIII) acts as a fine fulcrum in blood plasma that maintains the balance between bleeding and thrombosis by covalently crosslinking the pre-formed fibrin clot into an insoluble one that is resistant to premature fibrinolysis. In plasma, FXIII circulates as a pro-transglutaminase complex composed of the dimeric catalytic FXIII-A encoded by the F13A1 gene and dimeric carrier/regulatory FXIII-B subunits encoded by the F13B gene. Growing evidence accumulated over decades of exhaustive research shows that not only does FXIII play major roles in both pathological extremes of hemostasis i.e. bleeding and thrombosis, but that it is, in fact, a pleiotropic protein with physiological roles beyond coagulation. However, the current FXIII genetic-epidemiological literature is overwhelmingly derived from the bleeding pathology associated with its deficiency. In this article we review the current clinical, functional, and molecular understanding of this fascinating multifaceted protein, especially putting into the same perspective its genetic landscape.
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8
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Anitua E, Zalduendo M, Troya M, Tierno R, Alkhraisat MH. The inclusion of leukocytes into platelet rich plasma reduces scaffold stability and hinders extracellular matrix remodelling. Ann Anat 2021; 240:151853. [PMID: 34767933 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2021.151853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scaffolds should have controllable degradation rate and allow cells to produce their own extracellular matrix. Platelet rich plasma (PRP) is a source of autologous growth factors and proteins embedded in a 3D fibrin scaffold. There is no consensus regarding the obtaining conditions and composition of PRPs. The aim of this study was to evaluate how the inclusion of leukocytes (L-PRP) in plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF) may alter the process of fibrinolysis. The effect of different combinations of cellular phenotypes with PRGF and L-PRP clots on both the fibrinolysis and matrix deposition process was also determined. METHODS PRGF and L-PRP clots were incubated for 14 days and D-dimer and type I collagen were determined in their conditioned media to evaluate clots' stability. For remodelling assays, gingival fibroblasts, alveolar osteoblasts and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were seeded onto the two types of clots for 14 days. D-dimer, type I collagen, and laminin α4 were measured by ELISA kits in their conditioned media. Morphological and histological analysis were also performed. Cell proliferation was additionally determined RESULTS: PRGF clots preserved their stability as shown by the low levels of both D-dimer and collagen type I compared to those obtained for L-PRP clots. The inclusion of both gingival fibroblasts and alveolar osteoblasts stimulated a higher fibrinolysis in the PRGF clots. In contrast to this, the degradation rates of both PRGF and L-PRP clots remained unchanged after culturing with the endothelial cells. In all cases, type I collagen and laminin α4 levels were in line with the degree of clots' degradation. In all phenotypes, cell proliferation was significantly higher in PRGF than in L-PRP clots. CONCLUSION The inclusion of leukocytes in PRGF scaffolds reduced their stability, decreased cell number and slowed down cell remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Anitua
- BTI-Biotechnology Institute, Vitoria, Spain; University Institute for Regenerative Medicine & Oral Implantology, UIRMI (UPV/EHU-Fundación Eduardo Anitua), Vitoria, Spain.
| | - Mar Zalduendo
- BTI-Biotechnology Institute, Vitoria, Spain; University Institute for Regenerative Medicine & Oral Implantology, UIRMI (UPV/EHU-Fundación Eduardo Anitua), Vitoria, Spain
| | | | - Roberto Tierno
- BTI-Biotechnology Institute, Vitoria, Spain; University Institute for Regenerative Medicine & Oral Implantology, UIRMI (UPV/EHU-Fundación Eduardo Anitua), Vitoria, Spain
| | - Mohammad H Alkhraisat
- BTI-Biotechnology Institute, Vitoria, Spain; University Institute for Regenerative Medicine & Oral Implantology, UIRMI (UPV/EHU-Fundación Eduardo Anitua), Vitoria, Spain
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9
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Study on the activity of recombinant mutant tissue-type plasminogen activator fused with the C-terminal fragment of hirudin. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2021; 52:880-888. [PMID: 33826053 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-021-02440-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, bifunctional fusion proteins were designed by fusing the kringle 2 and protease domains of tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) to the C-terminal fragment of hirudin. The thrombolytic and anticoagulant activities of these recombinant proteins from mammalian cells were investigated using in vitro coagulation models and chromogenic assays. The results showed that all assayed tPA mutants retained catalytic activity. The C-terminal fragment of hirudin may have weak affinity to thrombin and thus was insufficient to suppress thrombin-mediated fibrin agglutination. The strength of the thrombolytic activity only relied on the selected tPA sequences, and the fibrinolytic efficiency of single-chain protein significantly decreased. Our data indicate that truncated tPA combined with a hirudin peptide may provide a framework for the further development of a new antithrombotic agent.
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10
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Functional and Structural Characterization of Nucleic Acid Ligands That Bind to Activated Coagulation Factor XIII. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10040677. [PMID: 33578732 PMCID: PMC7916480 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10040677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Coagulation factor XIII (FXIII) is a protransglutaminase which plays an important role in clot stabilization and composition by cross-linking the α- and γ-chains of fibrin and increasing the resistance of the clot to mechanical and proteolytic challenges. In this study, we selected six DNA aptamers specific for activated FXIII (FXIIIa) and investigated the functional characterization of FXIIIa after aptamer binding. One of these aptamers, named FA12, efficiently captures FXIIIa even in the presence of zymogenic FXIII subunits. Furthermore, this aptamer inhibits the incorporation of FXIII and α2-antiplasmin (α2AP) into fibrin(ogen) with IC50-values of 38 nM and 17 nM, respectively. In addition to FA12, also another aptamer, FA2, demonstrated significant effects in plasma-based thromboelastometry (rotational thromboelastometry analysis, ROTEM)-analysis where spiking of the aptamers into plasma decreased clot stiffness and elasticity (p < 0.0001). The structure–function correlations determined by combining modeling/docking strategies with quantitative in vitro assays revealed spatial overlap of the FA12 binding site with the binding sites of two FXIII substrates, fibrinogen and α2AP, while FA2 binding sites only overlap those of fibrinogen. Taken together, these features especially render the aptamer FA12 as an interesting candidate molecule for the development of FXIIIa-targeting therapeutic strategies and diagnostic assays.
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11
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Schmitz T, Paul George AA, Nubbemeyer B, Bäuml CA, Steinmetzer T, Ohlenschläger O, Biswas A, Imhof D. NMR-Based Structural Characterization of a Two-Disulfide-Bonded Analogue of the FXIIIa Inhibitor Tridegin: New Insights into Structure-Activity Relationships. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020880. [PMID: 33477282 PMCID: PMC7830451 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The saliva of blood-sucking leeches contains a plethora of anticoagulant substances. One of these compounds derived from Haementeria ghilianii, the 66mer three-disulfide-bonded peptide tridegin, specifically inhibits the blood coagulation factor FXIIIa. Tridegin represents a potential tool for antithrombotic and thrombolytic therapy. We recently synthesized two-disulfide-bonded tridegin variants, which retained their inhibitory potential. For further lead optimization, however, structure information is required. We thus analyzed the structure of a two-disulfide-bonded tridegin isomer by solution 2D NMR spectroscopy in a combinatory approach with subsequent MD simulations. The isomer was studied using two fragments, i.e., the disulfide-bonded N-terminal (Lys1–Cys37) and the flexible C-terminal part (Arg38–Glu66), which allowed for a simplified, label-free NMR-structure elucidation of the 66mer peptide. The structural information was subsequently used in molecular modeling and docking studies to provide insights into the structure–activity relationships. The present study will prospectively support the development of anticoagulant-therapy-relevant compounds targeting FXIIIa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schmitz
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany; (T.S.); (A.A.P.G.); (B.N.); (C.A.B.)
| | - Ajay Abisheck Paul George
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany; (T.S.); (A.A.P.G.); (B.N.); (C.A.B.)
- BioSolveIT GmbH, An der Ziegelei 79, D-53757 Sankt Augustin, Germany
| | - Britta Nubbemeyer
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany; (T.S.); (A.A.P.G.); (B.N.); (C.A.B.)
| | - Charlotte A. Bäuml
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany; (T.S.); (A.A.P.G.); (B.N.); (C.A.B.)
| | - Torsten Steinmetzer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University of Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6, 35032 Marburg, Germany;
| | - Oliver Ohlenschläger
- Leibniz Institute on Aging—Fritz-Lipmann-Institute, Beutenbergstr. 11, D-07745 Jena, Germany;
| | - Arijit Biswas
- Institute of Experimental Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, D-53127 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Diana Imhof
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany; (T.S.); (A.A.P.G.); (B.N.); (C.A.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)228-735-254
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12
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Anderson JR, Phelan MM, Foddy L, Clegg PD, Peffers MJ. Ex Vivo Equine Cartilage Explant Osteoarthritis Model: A Metabolomics and Proteomics Study. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:3652-3667. [PMID: 32701294 PMCID: PMC7476031 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
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Osteoarthritis is an age-related
degenerative musculoskeletal disease
characterized by loss of articular cartilage, synovitis, and subchondral
bone sclerosis. Osteoarthritis pathogenesis is yet to be fully elucidated
with no osteoarthritis-specific biomarkers in clinical use. Ex vivo equine cartilage explants (n =
5) were incubated in tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)/interleukin-1β
(IL-1β)-supplemented culture media for 8 days, with the media
removed and replaced at 2, 5, and 8 days. Acetonitrile metabolite
extractions of 8 day cartilage explants and media samples at all time
points underwent one-dimensional (1D) 1H nuclear magnetic
resonance metabolomic analysis, with media samples also undergoing
mass spectrometry proteomic analysis. Within the cartilage, glucose
and lysine were elevated following TNF-α/IL-1β treatment,
while adenosine, alanine, betaine, creatine, myo-inositol, and uridine
decreased. Within the culture media, 4, 4, and 6 differentially abundant
metabolites and 154, 138, and 72 differentially abundant proteins
were identified at 1–2, 3–5, and 6–8 days, respectively,
including reduced alanine and increased isoleucine, enolase 1, vimentin,
and lamin A/C following treatment. Nine potential novel osteoarthritis
neopeptides were elevated in the treated media. Implicated pathways
were dominated by those involved in cellular movement. Our innovative
study has provided insightful information on early osteoarthritis
pathogenesis, enabling potential translation for clinical markers
and possible new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Anderson
- Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, U.K
| | - Marie M Phelan
- NMR Metabolomics Facility, Technology Directorate & Department of Biochemistry & Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K
| | - Laura Foddy
- School of Veterinary Science, Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GH, U.K
| | - Peter D Clegg
- Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, U.K
| | - Mandy J Peffers
- Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, U.K
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13
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Vasilyeva AD, Yurina LV, Leonova VB, Azarova DY, Bugrova AE, Konstantinova TS, Indeykina MI, Kononikhin AS, Nikolaev EN, Rosenfeld MA. Oxidative Modification of Coagulation Factor XIII: Structural and Functional Aspects. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990793120030276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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14
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Bäuml CA, Paul George AA, Schmitz T, Sommerfeld P, Pietsch M, Podsiadlowski L, Steinmetzer T, Biswas A, Imhof D. Distinct 3-disulfide-bonded isomers of tridegin differentially inhibit coagulation factor XIIIa: The influence of structural stability on bioactivity. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 201:112474. [PMID: 32698061 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tridegin is a 66mer cysteine-rich coagulation factor XIIIa (FXI-IIa) inhibitor from the giant amazon leech Haementeria ghilianii of yet unknown disulfide connectivity. This study covers the structural and functional characterization of five different 3-disulfide-bonded tridegin isomers. In addition to three previously identified isomers, one isomer containing the inhibitory cystine knot (ICK, knottin) motif, and one isomer with the leech antihemostatic protein (LAP) motif were synthesized in a regioselective manner. A fluorogenic enzyme activity assay revealed a positive correlation between the constriction of conformational flexibility in the N-terminal part of the peptide and the inhibitory potential towards FXI-IIa with clear differences between the isomers. This observation was supported by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and subsequent molecular docking studies. The presented results provide detailed structure-activity relationship studies of different tridegin disulfide isomers towards FXI-IIa and reveal insights into the possibly existing native linkage compared to non-native disulfide tridegin species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte A Bäuml
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ajay Abisheck Paul George
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmitz
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Paul Sommerfeld
- Institute II of Pharmacology, Center of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Gleueler Str. 24, D-50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Markus Pietsch
- Institute II of Pharmacology, Center of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Gleueler Str. 24, D-50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lars Podsiadlowski
- Center for Molecular Biodiversity Research (ZMB), Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig (ZFMK), Adenauerallee 160, D-53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Torsten Steinmetzer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University of Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6, D-35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Arijit Biswas
- Institute of Experimental Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, D-53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Diana Imhof
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121, Bonn, Germany.
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15
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Inhibitors of blood coagulation factor XIII. Anal Biochem 2020; 605:113708. [PMID: 32335064 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2020.113708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The blood coagulation factor XIII (FXIII) plays an essential role in the stabilization of fibrin clots. This factor, belonging to the class of transglutaminases, catalyzes the final step of secondary hemostasis, i.e. the crosslinking of fibrin polymers. These crosslinks protect the clots against premature fibrinolysis. Consequently, FXIII is an interesting target for the therapeutic treatment of cardiovascular diseases. In this context, inhibitors can influence FXIII in the activation process of the enzyme itself or in its catalytic activity. To date, there is no FXIII inhibitor in medical application, but several studies have been conducted in the past. These studies provided a better understanding of FXIII and identified new lead structures for FXIII inhibitors. Next to small molecule inhibitors, the most promising candidates for the development of clinically applicable FXIII inhibitors are the peptide inhibitors tridegin and transglutaminase-inhibiting Michael acceptors (TIMAs) due to their selectivity towards activated FXIII (FXIIIa). In this review, select FXIII inhibitors and their pharmacological potential are discussed.
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16
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The Plasma Factor XIII Heterotetrameric Complex Structure: Unexpected Unequal Pairing within a Symmetric Complex. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9120765. [PMID: 31766577 PMCID: PMC6995596 DOI: 10.3390/biom9120765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Factor XIII (FXIII) is a predominant determinant of clot stability, strength, and composition. Plasma FXIII circulates as a pro-transglutaminase with two catalytic A subunits and two carrier-protective B subunits in a heterotetramer (FXIII-A2B2). FXIII-A2 and -B2 subunits are synthesized separately and then assembled in plasma. Following proteolytic activation by thrombin and calcium-mediated dissociation of the B subunits, activated FXIII (FXIIIa) covalently cross links fibrin, promoting clot stability. The zymogen and active states of the FXIII-A subunits have been structurally characterized; however, the structure of FXIII-B subunits and the FXIII-A2B2 complex have remained elusive. Using integrative hybrid approaches including atomic force microscopy, cross-linking mass spectrometry, and computational approaches, we have constructed the first all-atom model of the FXIII-A2B2 complex. We also used molecular dynamics simulations in combination with isothermal titration calorimetry to characterize FXIII-A2B2 assembly, activation, and dissociation. Our data reveal unequal pairing of individual subunit monomers in an otherwise symmetric complex, and suggest this unusual structure is critical for both assembly and activation of this complex. Our findings enhance understanding of mechanisms associating FXIII-A2B2 mutations with disease and have important implications for the rational design of molecules to alter FXIII assembly or activity to reduce bleeding and thrombotic complications.
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17
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Singh S, Dodt J, Volkers P, Hethershaw E, Philippou H, Ivaskevicius V, Imhof D, Oldenburg J, Biswas A. Structure functional insights into calcium binding during the activation of coagulation factor XIII A. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11324. [PMID: 31383913 PMCID: PMC6683118 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47815-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The dimeric FXIII-A2, a pro-transglutaminase is the catalytic part of the heterotetrameric coagulation FXIII-A2B2 complex that upon activation by calcium binding/thrombin cleavage covalently cross-links preformed fibrin clots protecting them from premature fibrinolysis. Our study characterizes the recently disclosed three calcium binding sites of FXIII-A concerning evolution, mutual crosstalk, thermodynamic activation profile, substrate binding, and interaction with other similarly charged ions. We demonstrate unique structural aspects within FXIII-A calcium binding sites that give rise to functional differences making FXIII unique from other transglutaminases. The first calcium binding site showed an antagonistic relationship towards the other two. The thermodynamic profile of calcium/thrombin-induced FXIII-A activation explains the role of bulk solvent in transitioning its zymogenic dimeric form to an activated monomeric form. We also explain the indirect effect of solvent ion concentration on FXIII-A activation. Our study suggests FXIII-A calcium binding sites could be putative pharmacologically targetable regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Singh
- Institute of Experimental Hematology and Transfusion medicine, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, 53127, Germany
| | | | | | - Emma Hethershaw
- Discovery and Translational Science Department, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS29JT, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Philippou
- Discovery and Translational Science Department, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS29JT, United Kingdom
| | - Vytautus Ivaskevicius
- Institute of Experimental Hematology and Transfusion medicine, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, 53127, Germany
| | - Diana Imhof
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, Bonn, 53121, Germany
| | - Johannes Oldenburg
- Institute of Experimental Hematology and Transfusion medicine, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, 53127, Germany
| | - Arijit Biswas
- Institute of Experimental Hematology and Transfusion medicine, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, 53127, Germany.
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18
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Singh S, Akhter MS, Dodt J, Volkers P, Reuter A, Reinhart C, Krettler C, Oldenburg J, Biswas A. Identification of Potential Novel Interacting Partners for Coagulation Factor XIII B (FXIII-B) Subunit, a Protein Associated with a Rare Bleeding Disorder. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20112682. [PMID: 31159152 PMCID: PMC6600159 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Coagulation factor XIII (FXIII) is a plasma-circulating heterotetrameric pro-transglutaminase complex that is composed of two catalytic FXIII-A and two protective/regulatory FXIII-B subunits. FXIII acts by forming covalent cross-links within a preformed fibrin clots to prevent its premature fibrinolysis. The FXIII-A subunit is known to have pleiotropic roles outside coagulation, but the FXIII-B subunit is a relatively unexplored entity, both structurally as well as functionally. Its discovered roles so far are limited to that of the carrier/regulatory protein of its partner FXIII-A subunit. In the present study, we have explored the co-presence of protein excipients in commercial FXIII plasma concentrate FibrogamminP by combination of protein purification and mass spectrometry-based verification. Complement factor H was one of the co-excipients observed in this analysis. This was followed by performing pull down assays from plasma in order to detect the putative novel interacting partners for the FXIII-B subunit. Complement system proteins, like complement C3 and complement C1q, were amongst the proteins that were pulled down. The only protein that was observed in both experimental set ups was alpha-2-macroglobulin, which might therefore be a putative interacting partner of the FXIII/FXIII-B subunit. Future functional investigations will be needed to understand the physiological significance of this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Singh
- Institute of Experimental Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, University Clinic Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Mohammad Suhail Akhter
- Institute of Experimental Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, University Clinic Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, 82911 Jazan, Saudi Arabia.
| | | | | | | | - Christoph Reinhart
- Department of Molecular Membrane Biology, Max-Planck Institute for Biophysics, Max-Von Laue Str 3, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Christoph Krettler
- Department of Molecular Membrane Biology, Max-Planck Institute for Biophysics, Max-Von Laue Str 3, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Johannes Oldenburg
- Institute of Experimental Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, University Clinic Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Arijit Biswas
- Institute of Experimental Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, University Clinic Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
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19
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Bagoly Z, Muszbek L. Factor XIII: What does it look like? J Thromb Haemost 2019; 17:714-716. [PMID: 30884069 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsa Bagoly
- Division of Clinical Laboratory Science, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- MTA-DE Cerebrovascular and Neurodegenerative Research Group, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Muszbek
- Division of Clinical Laboratory Science, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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20
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Protopopova AD, Ramirez A, Klinov DV, Litvinov RI, Weisel JW. Factor XIII topology: organization of B subunits and changes with activation studied with single-molecule atomic force microscopy. J Thromb Haemost 2019; 17:737-748. [PMID: 30773828 PMCID: PMC6917434 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Essentials Factor XIII is a heterotetramer with 2 catalytic A subunits and 2 non-catalytic B subunits. Structure of active and inactive factor XIII was studied with atomic force microscopy. Inactive factor XIII is made of an A2 globule and 2 flexible B subunits extending from it. Activated factor XIII separates into a B2 homodimer and 2 monomeric active A subunits. SUMMARY: Background Factor XIII (FXIII) is a precursor of the blood plasma transglutaminase (FXIIIa) that is generated by thrombin and Ca2+ and covalently crosslinks fibrin to strengthen blood clots. Inactive plasma FXIII is a heterotetramer with two catalytic A subunits and two non-catalytic B subunits. Inactive A subunits have been characterized crystallographically, whereas the atomic structure of the entire FXIII and B subunits is unknown and the oligomerization state of activated A subunits remains controversial. Objectives Our goal was to characterize the (sub)molecular structure of inactive FXIII and changes upon activation. Methods Plasma FXIII, non-activated or activated with thrombin and Ca2+ , was studied by single-molecule atomic force microscopy. Additionally, recombinant separate A and B subunits were visualized and compared with their conformations and dimensions in FXIII and FXIIIa. Results and Conclusions We showed that heterotetrameric FXIII forms a globule composed of two catalytic A subunits with two flexible strands comprising individual non-catalytic B subunits that protrude on one side of the globule. Each strand corresponds to seven to eight out of 10 tandem repeats building each B subunit, called sushi domains. The remainder were not seen, presumably because they were tightly bound to the globular A2 dimer. Some FXIII molecules had one or no visible strands, suggesting dissociation of the B subunits from the globular core. After activation of FXIII with thrombin and Ca2+ , B subunits dissociated and formed B2 homodimers, whereas the activated globular A subunits dissociated into monomers. These results characterize the molecular organization of FXIII and changes with activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna D Protopopova
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andrea Ramirez
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Border Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Dmitry V Klinov
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Rustem I Litvinov
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - John W Weisel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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21
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Disruption of Structural Disulfides of Coagulation FXIII-B Subunit; Functional Implications for a Rare Bleeding Disorder. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20081956. [PMID: 31013569 PMCID: PMC6514982 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20081956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital FXIII deficiency is a rare bleeding disorder in which mutations are detected in F13A1 and F13B genes that express the two subunits of coagulation FXIII, the catalytic FXIII-A, and protective FXIII-B. Mutations in FXIII-B subunit are considerably rarer compared to FXIII-A. Three mutations in the F13B gene have been reported on its structural disulfide bonds. In the present study, we investigate the structural and functional importance of all 20 structural disulfide bonds in FXIII-B subunit. All disulfide bonds were ablated by individually mutating one of its contributory cysteine’s, and these variants were transiently expressed in HEK293t cell lines. The expression products were studied for stability, secretion, the effect on oligomeric state, and on FXIII-A activation. The structural flexibility of these disulfide bonds was studied using classical MD simulation performed on a FXIII-B subunit monomer model. All 20 FXIII-B were found to be important for the secretion and stability of the protein since ablation of any of these led to a secretion deficit. However, the degree of effect that the disruption of disulfide bond had on the protein differed between individual disulfide bonds reflecting a functional hierarchy/diversity within these disulfide bonds.
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22
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Akhter MS, Singh S, Yadegari H, Ivaskevicius V, Oldenburg J, Biswas A. Exploring the structural similarity yet functional distinction between coagulation factor XIII-B and complement factor H sushi domains. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2019; 48:95-102. [PMID: 30915671 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-019-01841-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Coagulation factor XIII (FXIII) covalently crosslinks pre-formed fibrin clots preventing their premature fibrinolysis. In plasma, FXIII circulates as a zymogenic heterotetramer composed of catalytic FXIII-A subunits, and carrier/regulatory FXIII-B subunits. FXIII-A is a well characterized component of this complex, and has been associated with several pleiotropic roles outside coagulation as well. In comparison only protective/regulatory roles towards the FXIII-A subunit have been identified for FXIII-B. Strong homology between FXIII-B and complement regulator Complement factor H suggests a putative role of FXIII-B in complement activation. In the current study we have analyzed the similarities and yet functional divergence of these two proteins using in silico sequence alignment and structural analysis. We have evaluated complement activation post reconstitution of FXIII components into FXIII deficient and CFH deficient plasma. We have also transiently expressed FXIII-B in SH-SY5Y cell lines and evaluated its effect on the endogenous complement activation. Our investigations show no effect of FXIII-B subunit on the rate of complement activation. Therefore we conclude that at a physiological level, FXIII-B subunit plays no role in the complement system, although a vestigial function in altered pathological states might still exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Suhail Akhter
- Institute of Experimental Haematology and Transfusion Medicine, University Clinic Bonn, Sigmund Freud Str. 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sneha Singh
- Institute of Experimental Haematology and Transfusion Medicine, University Clinic Bonn, Sigmund Freud Str. 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Hamideh Yadegari
- Institute of Experimental Haematology and Transfusion Medicine, University Clinic Bonn, Sigmund Freud Str. 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Vytautas Ivaskevicius
- Institute of Experimental Haematology and Transfusion Medicine, University Clinic Bonn, Sigmund Freud Str. 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Johannes Oldenburg
- Institute of Experimental Haematology and Transfusion Medicine, University Clinic Bonn, Sigmund Freud Str. 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Arijit Biswas
- Institute of Experimental Haematology and Transfusion Medicine, University Clinic Bonn, Sigmund Freud Str. 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany.
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23
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Fekete A, Komáromi I, Mucs D. On the early events of the calcium-induced activation of coagulation factor XIII-A 2 and tissue transglutaminase: an in silico study. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2019; 38:152-167. [PMID: 30707083 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2019.1574604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Both coagulation factor XIII-A2 (FXIII-A2) and tissue transglutaminase (TG2) play distinctive and important roles in homeostasis by crosslinking proteins or peptides via isopeptide bonds. In this present study, a series of microsecond-long all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were carried out in order to reveal the dynamic, atomic-level events which may contribute to the activation of these proteins via the binding of calcium ions. In addition to previously conducted in vitro and crystallographic studies, further suggestions have been made concerning the calcium binding features of these enzymes. The different systems used for running the simulations were based on the zymogen, computationally cleaved and even the activation peptide (AP-FXIII) free FXIII-A2' homodimer form. The effects of various ionic environments have also been explored in the simulations of FXIII-A2. Our results suggest that the presence of calcium ions can cause increased AP fluctuations, which ultimately could lead to their relocation on the homodimer surface. The release of these APs seems to be crucial for rotation of the A subunits based on equilibrium MD simulations. The primary evidence for this assumption comes from the predicted principal component eigenvector which is considered as the first, large-scale event of the overall activation process. To get a more accurate atomic-level description, the calcium binding sites of TG2 have also been investigated in our extensive in silico experiments, which suggests the presence of previously unidentified binding sites as well.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Fekete
- Governmental Information-Technology Development Agency, Budapest, Hungary.,Division of Clinical Laboratory Science, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - István Komáromi
- Division of Clinical Laboratory Science, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Research Group of Vascular Biology, Haemostasis and Thrombosis, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Dániel Mucs
- Division of Clinical Laboratory Science, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Swetox, Karolinska Institutet, Unit of Toxicology Sciences, Södertälje, Sweden.,Unit of Work Environment Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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24
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Hethershaw EL, Adamson PJ, Smith KA, Goldsberry WN, Pease RJ, Radford SE, Grant PJ, Ariëns RAS, Maurer MC, Philippou H. The role of β-barrels 1 and 2 in the enzymatic activity of factor XIII A-subunit. J Thromb Haemost 2018; 16:1391-1401. [PMID: 29675848 PMCID: PMC6175083 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Essentials The roles of β-barrels 1 and 2 in factor XIII (FXIII) are currently unknown. FXIII truncations lacking β-barrel 2, both β-barrels, or full length FXIII, were made. Removing β-barrel 2 caused total loss of activity, removing both β-barrels returned 30% activity. β-barrel 2 is necessary for exposure of the active site cysteine during activation. SUMMARY Background Factor XIII is composed of an activation peptide segment, a β-sandwich domain, a catalytic core, and, finally, β-barrels 1 and 2. FXIII is activated following cleavage of its A-subunits by thrombin. The resultant transglutaminase activity leads to increased resistance of fibrin clots to fibrinolysis. Objectives To assess the functional roles of β-barrels 1 and 2 in FXIII, we expressed and characterized the full-length FXIII A-subunit (FXIII-A) and variants truncated to residue 628 (truncated to β-barrel 1 [TB1]), residue 515 (truncated to catalytic core [TCC]), and residue 184 (truncated to β-sandwich). Methods Proteins were analyzed by gel electrophoresis, circular dichroism, fluorometric assays, and colorimetric activity assays, clot structure was analyzed by turbidity measurements and confocal microscopy, and clot formation was analyzed with a Chandler loop system. Results and Conclusions Circular dichroism spectroscopy and tryptophan fluorometry indicated that full-length FXIII-A and the truncation variants TCC and TB1 retain their secondary and tertiary structure. Removal of β-barrel 2 (TB1) resulted in total loss of transglutaminase activity, whereas the additional removal of β-barrel 1 (TCC) restored enzymatic activity to ~ 30% of that of full-length FXIII-A. These activity trends were observed with physiological substrates and smaller model substrates. Our data suggest that the β-barrel 1 domain protects the active site cysteine in the FXIII protransglutaminase, whereas the β-barrel 2 domain is necessary for exposure of the active site cysteine during activation. This study demonstrates the importance of individual β-barrel domains in modulating access to the FXIII active site region.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. L. Hethershaw
- Discovery and Translational Science DepartmentLeeds Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic MedicineFaculty of Medicine and HealthUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - P. J. Adamson
- Discovery and Translational Science DepartmentLeeds Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic MedicineFaculty of Medicine and HealthUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - K. A. Smith
- Discovery and Translational Science DepartmentLeeds Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic MedicineFaculty of Medicine and HealthUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | | | - R. J. Pease
- Discovery and Translational Science DepartmentLeeds Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic MedicineFaculty of Medicine and HealthUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - S. E. Radford
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular BiologySchool of Molecular and Cellular BiologyUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - P. J. Grant
- Discovery and Translational Science DepartmentLeeds Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic MedicineFaculty of Medicine and HealthUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - R. A. S. Ariëns
- Discovery and Translational Science DepartmentLeeds Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic MedicineFaculty of Medicine and HealthUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - M. C. Maurer
- Chemistry DepartmentUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKYUSA
| | - H. Philippou
- Discovery and Translational Science DepartmentLeeds Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic MedicineFaculty of Medicine and HealthUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
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Oxidation-induced modifications of the catalytic subunits of plasma fibrin-stabilizing factor at the different stages of its activation identified by mass spectrometry. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2018; 1866:875-884. [PMID: 29738861 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Plasma fibrin-stabilizing factor (pFXIII) is a heterotetrameric proenzyme composed of two catalytic A subunits (FXIII-A2) and two inhibitory/carrier B subunits (FXIII-B2). The main function of the protein is the formation of cross-links between the polypeptide chains of the fibrin clot. The conversion of pFXIII into the enzymatic form FXIII-A2* is a multistage process. Like many other blood plasma proteins, pFXIII is an oxidant-susceptible target. The influence of distinct sites susceptible to oxidation-mediated modifications on the changes in the structural-functional characteristics of the protein remains fully unexplored. For the first time, a set of the oxidation sites within FXIII-A2 under ozone-induced oxidation of pFXIII at different stages of its activation have been identified by mass spectrometry, and the extent as well as the chemical nature of these modifications have been explored. It was shown that the set of amino acid residues susceptible to oxidative attack and the degree of oxidation of these residues in FXIII-A2 of non-activated pFXIII, pFXIII activated by Ca2+ and fully activated pFXIII treated with thrombin and Ca2+ significantly differ. The obtained data enable one to postulate that in the process of the proenzyme conversion into FXIII-A2*, new earlier-unexposed amino acid residues become available for the oxidizer while some of the initially surface-exhibited residues are buried within the protein globule.
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Rosenfeld MA, Vasilyeva AD, Yurina LV, Bychkova AV. Oxidation of proteins: is it a programmed process? Free Radic Res 2017; 52:14-38. [DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2017.1402305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Rosenfeld
- N. M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexandra D. Vasilyeva
- N. M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Lyubov V. Yurina
- N. M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna V. Bychkova
- N. M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Anokhin BA, Stribinskis V, Dean WL, Maurer MC. Activation of factor XIII is accompanied by a change in oligomerization state. FEBS J 2017; 284:3849-3861. [PMID: 28915348 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Factor XIII A (FXIIIA) is a member of the transglutaminase enzyme family that cross-links both intra- and extracellular protein substrates. To prevent undesired cross-linking, FXIIIA is expressed as an inactive zymogen and exists intracellularly as an A2 homodimer. In plasma, FXIII A2 is complexed with two protective factor XIII B subunits (A2 B2 ) that dissociate upon activation of the zymogen. Based on limited experimental data, activated FXIII was considered a dimer of two catalytically active A subunits. However, accumulating but indirect evidence has suggested activation may lead to a monomeric state instead. In the present study, we employed analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC) to directly explore the oligomerization state of zymogen as well as active FXIIIA in solution. We first confirmed that the zymogen was a FXIIIA2 dimer. When we activated FXIIIA nonproteolytically (by high mm Ca2+ ), the protein dissociated to monomers. More importantly, FXIIIA incubation with its physiological partner, the protease thrombin, led to a monomeric state as well. AUC studies of partially cleaved FXIIIA further suggested that thrombin cleavage of a single activation peptide in a zymogen dimer is sufficient to weaken intersubunit interactions, initiating the transition to monomer. The enzymatic activity of the thrombin-cleaved species was higher than nonproteolytically activated enzyme, suggesting that displacement of the activation peptide renders the FXIIIA more accessible to substrates. Thus, results provide evidence that FXIII undergoes a change in oligomerization state as part of the activation process, and emphasize the role of the activation peptide in preventing FXIIIA catalytic activity. ENZYMES Factor XIIIA (EC2.3.2.13).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vilius Stribinskis
- Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, KY, USA
| | - William L Dean
- Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, KY, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, KY, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville, KY, USA
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