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Babicheva VE. Resonant Metasurfaces with Van Der Waals Hyperbolic Nanoantennas and Extreme Light Confinement. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:1539. [PMID: 39330695 PMCID: PMC11435046 DOI: 10.3390/nano14181539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2024] [Revised: 09/13/2024] [Accepted: 09/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
This work reports on a metasurface based on optical nanoantennas made of van der Waals material hexagonal boron nitride. The optical nanoantenna made of hyperbolic material was shown to support strong localized resonant modes stemming from the propagating high-k waves in the hyperbolic material. An analytical approach was used to determine the mode profile and type of cuboid nanoantenna resonances. An electric quadrupolar mode was demonstrated to be associated with a resonant magnetic response of the nanoantenna, which resembles the induction of resonant magnetic modes in high-refractive-index nanoantennas. The analytical model accurately predicts the modes of cuboid nanoantennas due to the strong boundary reflections of the high-k waves, a capability that does not extend to plasmonic or high-refractive-index nanoantennas, where the imperfect reflection and leakage of the mode from the cavity complicate the analysis. In the reported metasurface, excitations of the multipolar resonant modes are accompanied by directional scattering and a decrease in the metasurface reflectance to zero, which is manifested as the resonant Kerker effect. Van der Waals nanoantennas are envisioned to support localized resonances and can become an important functional element of metasurfaces and transdimensional photonic components. By designing efficient subwavelength scatterers with high-quality-factor resonances, this work demonstrates that this type of nanoantenna made of naturally occurring hyperbolic material is a viable substitute for plasmonic and all-dielectric nanoantennas in developing ultra-compact photonic components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriia E Babicheva
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, MSC01 11001, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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Lu G, Gubbin CR, Nolen JR, Folland TG, Diaz-Granados K, Kravchenko II, Spencer JA, Tadjer MJ, Glembocki OJ, De Liberato S, Caldwell JD. Collective Phonon-Polaritonic Modes in Silicon Carbide Subarrays. ACS NANO 2022; 16:963-973. [PMID: 34957830 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c08557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Localized surface phonon polaritons (LSPhPs) can be implemented to engineer light-matter interactions through nanoscale patterning for a range of midinfrared application spaces. However, the polar material systems studied to date have mainly focused on simple designs featuring a single element in the periodic unit cell. Increasing the complexity of the unit cell can serve to modify the resonant near-fields and intra- and inter-unit-cell coupling as well as to dictate spectral tuning in the far-field. In this work, we exploit more complicated unit-cell structures to realize LSPhP modes with additional degrees of design freedom, which are largely unexplored. Collectively excited LSPhP modes with distinctly symmetric and antisymmetric near-fields are supported in these subarray designs, which are based on nanopillars that are scaled by the number of subarray elements to ensure a constant unit-cell size. Moreover, we observe an anomalous mode-matching of the collective symmetric mode in our fabricated subarrays that is robust to changing numbers of pillars within the subarrays as well as to defects intentionally introduced in the form of missing pillars. This work therefore illustrates the hierarchical design of tailored LSPhP resonances and modal near-field profiles simultaneously for a variety of IR applications such as surface-enhanced spectroscopies and biochemical sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanyu Lu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, United States
| | - Christopher R Gubbin
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - J Ryan Nolen
- Interdisciplinary Materials Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, United States
| | - Thomas G Folland
- School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Katja Diaz-Granados
- Interdisciplinary Materials Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, United States
| | - Ivan I Kravchenko
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Joseph A Spencer
- US Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Marko J Tadjer
- US Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Orest J Glembocki
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, United States
| | - Simone De Liberato
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua D Caldwell
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, United States
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Clementi NC, Barba LA. Reproducible validation and replication studies in nanoscale physics. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2021; 379:20200068. [PMID: 33775146 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2020.0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Credibility building activities in computational research include verification and validation, reproducibility and replication, and uncertainty quantification. Though orthogonal to each other, they are related. This paper presents validation and replication studies in electromagnetic excitations on nanoscale structures, where the quantity of interest is the wavelength at which resonance peaks occur. The study uses the open-source software PyGBe: a boundary element solver with treecode acceleration and GPU capability. We replicate a result by Rockstuhl et al. (2005, doi:10/dsxw9d) with a two-dimensional boundary element method on silicon carbide (SiC) particles, despite differences in our method. The second replication case from Ellis et al. (2016, doi:10/f83zcb) looks at aspect ratio effects on high-order modes of localized surface phonon-polariton nanostructures. The results partially replicate: the wavenumber position of some modes match, but for other modes they differ. With virtually no information about the original simulations, explaining the discrepancies is not possible. A comparison with experiments that measured polarized reflectance of SiC nano pillars provides a validation case. The wavenumber of the dominant mode and two more do match, but differences remain in other minor modes. Results in this paper were produced with strict reproducibility practices, and we share reproducibility packages for all, including input files, execution scripts, secondary data, post-processing code and plotting scripts, and the figures (deposited in Zenodo). In view of the many challenges faced, we propose that reproducible practices make replication and validation more feasible. This article is part of the theme issue 'Reliability and reproducibility in computational science: implementing verification, validation and uncertainty quantification in silico'.
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Affiliation(s)
- N C Clementi
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
| | - L A Barba
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
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Breslin VM, Ratchford DC, Giles AJ, Dunkelberger AD, Owrutsky JC. Hyperbolic phonon polariton resonances in calcite nanopillars. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:11760-11772. [PMID: 33984951 DOI: 10.1364/oe.417405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We report the first experimental observation of hyperbolic phonon polariton (HP) resonances in calcite nanopillars, demonstrate that the HP modes redshift with increasing aspect ratio (AR = 0.5 to 1.1), observe a new, possibly higher order mode as the pitch is reduced, and compare the results to both numerical simulations and an analytical model. This work shows that a wide variety of polar dielectric materials can support phonon polaritons by demonstrating HPs in a new material, which is an important first step towards creating a library of materials with the appropriate phonon properties to extend phonon polariton applications throughout the infrared.
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Lu G, Gubbin CR, Nolen JR, Folland T, Tadjer MJ, De Liberato S, Caldwell JD. Engineering the Spectral and Spatial Dispersion of Thermal Emission via Polariton-Phonon Strong Coupling. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:1831-1838. [PMID: 33587855 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c04767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Strong coupling between optical modes can be implemented into nanophotonic design to modify the energy-momentum dispersion relation. This approach offers potential avenues for tuning the thermal emission frequency, line width, polarization, and spatial coherence. Here, we employ three-mode strong coupling between propagating and localized surface phonon polaritons, with zone-folded longitudinal optic phonons within periodic arrays of 4H-SiC nanopillars. Energy exchange, mode evolution, and coupling strength between the three polariton branches are explored experimentally and theoretically. The influence of strong coupling upon the angle-dependent thermal emission was directly measured, providing excellent agreement with theory. We demonstrate a 5-fold improvement in the spatial coherence and 3-fold enhancement of the quality factor of the polaritonic modes, with these hybrid modes also exhibiting a mixed character that could enable opportunities to realize electrically driven emission. Our results show that polariton-phonon strong coupling enables thermal emitters, which meet the requirements for a host of IR applications in a simple, lightweight, narrow-band, and yet bright emitter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanyu Lu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, United States
| | - Christopher R Gubbin
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - J Ryan Nolen
- Interdisciplinary Materials Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, United States
| | - Thomas Folland
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, United States
- School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Marko J Tadjer
- US Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Simone De Liberato
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua D Caldwell
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, United States
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Gubbin CR, Berte R, Meeker MA, Giles AJ, Ellis CT, Tischler JG, Wheeler VD, Maier SA, Caldwell JD, De Liberato S. Hybrid longitudinal-transverse phonon polaritons. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1682. [PMID: 30975986 PMCID: PMC6459832 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09414-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Phonon polaritons, hybrid light-matter quasiparticles resulting from strong coupling of the electromagnetic field with the lattice vibrations of polar crystals are a promising platform for mid-infrared photonics but for the moment there has been no proposal allowing for their electrical pumping. Electrical currents in fact mainly generate longitudinal optical phonons, while only transverse ones participate in the creation of phonon polaritons. We demonstrate how to exploit long-cell polytypes of silicon carbide to achieve strong coupling between transverse phonon polaritons and zone-folded longitudinal optical phonons. We develop a microscopic theory predicting the existence of the resulting hybrid longitudinal-transverse excitations. We then provide an experimental observation by tuning the resonance of a nanopillar array through the folded longitudinal optical mode, obtaining a clear spectral anti-crossing. The hybridisation of phonon polaritons with longitudinal phonons could represent an important step toward the development of phonon polariton-based electrically pumped mid-infrared emitters. Phonon polaritons are promising for mid-infrared photonics but only longitudinal optical phonons are directly accessed by electrical currents. Here, the authors predict and experimentally confirm hybrid longitudinal-transverse excitations. This could lead to phonon polariton-based electrically pumped mid-infrared emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Gubbin
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Rodrigo Berte
- CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasilia, DF, 70040-020, Brazil.,Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539, München, Germany
| | | | | | - Chase T Ellis
- U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, 20375, USA
| | | | | | - Stefan A Maier
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539, München, Germany
| | - Joshua D Caldwell
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, 37205, USA
| | - Simone De Liberato
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
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Kılıç U, Mock A, Feder R, Sekora D, Hilfiker M, Korlacki R, Schubert E, Argyropoulos C, Schubert M. Tunable plasmonic resonances in Si-Au slanted columnar heterostructure thin films. Sci Rep 2019; 9:71. [PMID: 30635603 PMCID: PMC6329775 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37153-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We report on fabrication of spatially-coherent columnar plasmonic nanostructure superlattice-type thin films with high porosity and strong optical anisotropy using glancing angle deposition. Subsequent and repeated depositions of silicon and gold lead to nanometer-dimension subcolumns with controlled lengths. We perform generalized spectroscopic ellipsometry measurements and finite element method computations to elucidate the strongly anisotropic optical properties of the highly-porous Si-Au slanted columnar heterostructures. The occurrence of a strongly localized plasmonic mode with displacement pattern reminiscent of a dark quadrupole mode is observed in the vicinity of the gold subcolumns. We demonstrate tuning of this quadrupole-like mode frequency within the near-infrared spectral range by varying the geometry of Si-Au slanted columnar heterostructures. In addition, coupled-plasmon-like and inter-band transition-like modes occur in the visible and ultra-violet spectral regions, respectively. We elucidate an example for the potential use of Si-Au slanted columnar heterostructures as a highly porous plasmonic sensor with optical read out sensitivity to few parts-per-million solvent levels in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ufuk Kılıç
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA.
| | - Alyssa Mock
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA.,THz Materials Analysis Center, Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, Linköping University, 58183, Linköping, Sweden
| | - René Feder
- Fraunhofer Institute for Microstructure of Materials and Systems (IMWS), D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Derek Sekora
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Matthew Hilfiker
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Rafał Korlacki
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Eva Schubert
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Christos Argyropoulos
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA.
| | - Mathias Schubert
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA.,THz Materials Analysis Center, Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, Linköping University, 58183, Linköping, Sweden.,Leibniz Institute for Polymer Research, Dresden, D-01005, Germany
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