1
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He M, Matson JR, Yu M, Cleri A, Sunku SS, Janzen E, Mastel S, Folland TG, Edgar JH, Basov DN, Maria JP, Law S, Caldwell JD. Polariton design and modulation via van der Waals/doped semiconductor heterostructures. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7965. [PMID: 38042825 PMCID: PMC10693602 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43414-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperbolic phonon polaritons (HPhPs) can be supported in materials where the real parts of their permittivities along different directions are opposite in sign. HPhPs offer confinements of long-wavelength light to deeply subdiffractional scales, while the evanescent field allows for interactions with substrates, enabling the tuning of HPhPs by altering the underlying materials. Yet, conventionally used noble metal and dielectric substrates restrict the tunability of this approach. To overcome this challenge, here we show that doped semiconductor substrates, e.g., InAs and CdO, enable a significant tuning effect and dynamic modulations. We elucidated HPhP tuning with the InAs plasma frequency in the near-field, with a maximum difference of 8.3 times. Moreover, the system can be dynamically modulated by photo-injecting carriers into the InAs substrate, leading to a wavevector change of ~20%. Overall, the demonstrated hBN/doped semiconductor platform offers significant improvements towards manipulating HPhPs, and potential for engineered and modulated polaritonic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingze He
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37240, USA
| | - Joseph R Matson
- Interdisciplinary Materials Science Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37240, USA
| | - Mingyu Yu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Angela Cleri
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Sai S Sunku
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Eli Janzen
- Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | | | - Thomas G Folland
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - James H Edgar
- Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - D N Basov
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Jon-Paul Maria
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Stephanie Law
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Joshua D Caldwell
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37240, USA.
- Interdisciplinary Materials Science Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37240, USA.
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2
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Matson J, Wasserroth S, Ni X, Obst M, Diaz-Granados K, Carini G, Renzi EM, Galiffi E, Folland TG, Eng LM, Michael Klopf J, Mastel S, Armster S, Gambin V, Wolf M, Kehr SC, Alù A, Paarmann A, Caldwell JD. Controlling the propagation asymmetry of hyperbolic shear polaritons in beta-gallium oxide. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5240. [PMID: 37640711 PMCID: PMC10462611 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40789-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Structural anisotropy in crystals is crucial for controlling light propagation, particularly in the infrared spectral regime where optical frequencies overlap with crystalline lattice resonances, enabling light-matter coupled quasiparticles called phonon polaritons (PhPs). Exploring PhPs in anisotropic materials like hBN and MoO3 has led to advancements in light confinement and manipulation. In a recent study, PhPs in the monoclinic crystal β-Ga2O3 (bGO) were shown to exhibit strongly asymmetric propagation with a frequency dispersive optical axis. Here, using scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM), we directly image the symmetry-broken propagation of hyperbolic shear polaritons in bGO. Further, we demonstrate the control and enhancement of shear-induced propagation asymmetry by varying the incident laser orientation and polariton momentum using different sizes of nano-antennas. Finally, we observe significant rotation of the hyperbola axis by changing the frequency of incident light. Our findings lay the groundwork for the widespread utilization and implementation of polaritons in low-symmetry crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sören Wasserroth
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Berlin, Germany
| | - Xiang Ni
- School of Physics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maximilian Obst
- Institute of Applied Physics, TUD Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Giulia Carini
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Berlin, Germany
| | - Enrico Maria Renzi
- Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
- Physics Program, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emanuele Galiffi
- Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Lukas M Eng
- Institute of Applied Physics, TUD Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | - Sean Armster
- NG NEXT, Northrop Grumman Corporation, Redondo Beach, CA, USA
| | - Vincent Gambin
- NG NEXT, Northrop Grumman Corporation, Redondo Beach, CA, USA
| | - Martin Wolf
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne C Kehr
- Institute of Applied Physics, TUD Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andrea Alù
- Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
- Physics Program, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
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3
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Huang W, Folland TG, Sun F, Zheng Z, Xu N, Xing Q, Jiang J, Chen H, Caldwell JD, Yan H, Deng S. In-plane hyperbolic polariton tuners in terahertz and long-wave infrared regimes. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2716. [PMID: 37169788 PMCID: PMC10175486 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38214-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the main bottlenecks in the development of terahertz (THz) and long-wave infrared (LWIR) technologies is the limited intrinsic response of traditional materials. Hyperbolic phonon polaritons (HPhPs) of van der Waals semiconductors couple strongly with THz and LWIR radiation. However, the mismatch of photon - polariton momentum makes far-field excitation of HPhPs challenging. Here, we propose an In-Plane Hyperbolic Polariton Tuner that is based on patterning van der Waals semiconductors, here α-MoO3, into ribbon arrays. We demonstrate that such tuners respond directly to far-field excitation and give rise to LWIR and THz resonances with high quality factors up to 300, which are strongly dependent on in-plane hyperbolic polariton of the patterned α-MoO3. We further show that with this tuner, intensity regulation of reflected and transmitted electromagnetic waves, as well as their wavelength and polarization selection can be achieved. Our results can help the development of THz and LWIR miniaturized devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuchao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Thomas G Folland
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52245, USA
| | - Fengsheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Zebo Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Ningsheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
- The Frontier Institute of Chip and System, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Qiaoxia Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Department of Physics, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano-Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Jingyao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Huanjun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
| | - Joshua D Caldwell
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA.
| | - Hugen Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Department of Physics, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano-Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Shaozhi Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
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4
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He M, Nolen JR, Nordlander J, Cleri A, Lu G, Arnaud T, McIlwaine NS, Diaz-Granados K, Janzen E, Folland TG, Edgar JH, Maria JP, Caldwell JD. Coupled Tamm Phonon and Plasmon Polaritons for Designer Planar Multiresonance Absorbers. Adv Mater 2023; 35:e2209909. [PMID: 36843308 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202209909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Wavelength-selective absorbers (WS-absorbers) are of interest for various applications, including chemical sensing and light sources. Lithography-free fabrication of WS-absorbers can be realized via Tamm plasmon polaritons (TPPs) supported by distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs) on plasmonic materials. While multifrequency and nearly arbitrary spectra can be realized with TPPs via inverse design algorithms, demanding and thick DBRs are required for high quality-factors (Q-factors) and/or multiband TPP-absorbers, increasing the cost and reducing fabrication error tolerance. Here, high Q-factor multiband absorption with limited DBR layers (3 layers) is experimentally demonstrated by Tamm hybrid polaritons (THPs) formed by coupling TPPs and Tamm phonon polaritons when modal frequencies are overlapped. Compared to the TPP component, the Q-factors of THPs are improved twofold, and the angular broadening is also reduced twofold, facilitating applications where narrow-band and nondispersive WS-absorbers are needed. Moreover, an open-source algorithm is developed to inversely design THP-absorbers consisting of anisotropic media and exemplify that the modal frequencies can be assigned to desirable positions. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that inversely designed THP-absorbers can realize same spectral resonances with fewer DBR layers than a TPP-absorber, thus reducing the fabrication complexity and enabling more cost-effective, lithography-free, wafer-scale WS-absorberss for applications such as free-space communications and gas sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingze He
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37240, USA
| | - Joshua Ryan Nolen
- Interdisciplinary Materials Science Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37240, USA
- Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Josh Nordlander
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Angela Cleri
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Guanyu Lu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37240, USA
| | - Thiago Arnaud
- Department of Physics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- Research Experience for Undergraduates (REU) program, Vanderbilt Institute for Nanoscale Science and Engineering (VINSE), Nashville, TN, 37240, USA
| | - Nathaniel S McIlwaine
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Katja Diaz-Granados
- Interdisciplinary Materials Science Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37240, USA
| | - Eli Janzen
- Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Thomas G Folland
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37240, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - James H Edgar
- Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Jon-Paul Maria
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Joshua D Caldwell
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37240, USA
- Interdisciplinary Materials Science Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37240, USA
- Sensorium Technological Laboratories, Nashville, TN, 37205, USA
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5
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Passler NC, Ni X, Hu G, Matson JR, Carini G, Wolf M, Schubert M, Alù A, Caldwell JD, Folland TG, Paarmann A. Hyperbolic shear polaritons in low-symmetry crystals. Nature 2022; 602:595-600. [PMID: 35197618 PMCID: PMC8866127 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04328-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The lattice symmetry of a crystal is one of the most important factors in determining its physical properties. Particularly, low-symmetry crystals offer powerful opportunities to control light propagation, polarization and phase1–4. Materials featuring extreme optical anisotropy can support a hyperbolic response, enabling coupled light–matter interactions, also known as polaritons, with highly directional propagation and compression of light to deeply sub-wavelength scales5. Here we show that monoclinic crystals can support hyperbolic shear polaritons, a new polariton class arising in the mid-infrared to far-infrared due to shear phenomena in the dielectric response. This feature emerges in materials in which the dielectric tensor cannot be diagonalized, that is, in low-symmetry monoclinic and triclinic crystals in which several oscillators with non-orthogonal relative orientations contribute to the optical response6,7. Hyperbolic shear polaritons complement previous observations of hyperbolic phonon polaritons in orthorhombic1,3,4 and hexagonal8,9 crystal systems, unveiling new features, such as the continuous evolution of their propagation direction with frequency, tilted wavefronts and asymmetric responses. The interplay between diagonal loss and off-diagonal shear phenomena in the dielectric response of these materials has implications for new forms of non-Hermitian and topological photonic states. We anticipate that our results will motivate new directions for polariton physics in low-symmetry materials, which include geological minerals10, many common oxides11 and organic crystals12, greatly expanding the material base and extending design opportunities for compact photonic devices. Shear phenomena in the infrared dielectric response of a monoclinic crystal are shown to unveil a new polariton class termed hyperbolic shear polariton that can emerge in any low-symmetry monoclinic or triclinic system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiang Ni
- Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Guangwei Hu
- Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Giulia Carini
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Wolf
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Andrea Alù
- Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA. .,Physics Program, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.
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6
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Lu G, Gubbin CR, Nolen JR, Folland TG, Diaz-Granados K, Kravchenko II, Spencer JA, Tadjer MJ, Glembocki OJ, De Liberato S, Caldwell JD. Collective Phonon-Polaritonic Modes in Silicon Carbide Subarrays. ACS Nano 2022; 16:963-973. [PMID: 34957830 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c08557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Localized surface phonon polaritons (LSPhPs) can be implemented to engineer light-matter interactions through nanoscale patterning for a range of midinfrared application spaces. However, the polar material systems studied to date have mainly focused on simple designs featuring a single element in the periodic unit cell. Increasing the complexity of the unit cell can serve to modify the resonant near-fields and intra- and inter-unit-cell coupling as well as to dictate spectral tuning in the far-field. In this work, we exploit more complicated unit-cell structures to realize LSPhP modes with additional degrees of design freedom, which are largely unexplored. Collectively excited LSPhP modes with distinctly symmetric and antisymmetric near-fields are supported in these subarray designs, which are based on nanopillars that are scaled by the number of subarray elements to ensure a constant unit-cell size. Moreover, we observe an anomalous mode-matching of the collective symmetric mode in our fabricated subarrays that is robust to changing numbers of pillars within the subarrays as well as to defects intentionally introduced in the form of missing pillars. This work therefore illustrates the hierarchical design of tailored LSPhP resonances and modal near-field profiles simultaneously for a variety of IR applications such as surface-enhanced spectroscopies and biochemical sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanyu Lu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, United States
| | - Christopher R Gubbin
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - J Ryan Nolen
- Interdisciplinary Materials Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, United States
| | - Thomas G Folland
- School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Katja Diaz-Granados
- Interdisciplinary Materials Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, United States
| | - Ivan I Kravchenko
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Joseph A Spencer
- US Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Marko J Tadjer
- US Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Orest J Glembocki
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, United States
| | - Simone De Liberato
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua D Caldwell
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, United States
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7
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He M, Nolen JR, Nordlander J, Cleri A, McIlwaine NS, Tang Y, Lu G, Folland TG, Landman BA, Maria JP, Caldwell JD. Deterministic inverse design of Tamm plasmon thermal emitters with multi-resonant control. Nat Mater 2021; 20:1663-1669. [PMID: 34675374 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-021-01094-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Wavelength-selective thermal emitters (WS-EMs) are of interest due to the lack of cost-effective, narrow-band sources in the mid- to long-wave infrared. WS-EMs can be realized via Tamm plasmon polaritons (TPPs) supported by distributed Bragg reflectors on metals. However, the design of multiple resonances is challenging as numerous structural parameters must be optimized simultaneously. Here we use stochastic gradient descent to optimize TPP emitters (TPP-EMs) composed of an aperiodic distributed Bragg reflector deposited on doped cadmium oxide (CdO) film, where layer thicknesses and carrier density are inversely designed. The combination of the aperiodic distributed Bragg reflector with the designable plasma frequency of CdO enables multiple TPP-EM modes to be simultaneously designed with arbitrary spectral control not accessible with metal-based TPPs. Using this approach, we experimentally demonstrated and numerically proposed TPP-EMs exhibiting single or multiple emission bands with designable frequencies, line-widths and amplitudes. This thereby enables lithography-free, wafer-scale WS-EMs that are complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor compatible for applications such as free-space communications and gas sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingze He
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - J Ryan Nolen
- Interdisciplinary Materials Science Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Josh Nordlander
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Angela Cleri
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Nathaniel S McIlwaine
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Yucheng Tang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Guanyu Lu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Thomas G Folland
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Bennett A Landman
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jon-Paul Maria
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Joshua D Caldwell
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
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8
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Trogden KP, Lee J, Bracey KM, Ho KH, McKinney H, Zhu X, Arpag G, Folland TG, Osipovich AB, Magnuson MA, Zanic M, Gu G, Holmes WR, Kaverina I. Microtubules regulate pancreatic β-cell heterogeneity via spatiotemporal control of insulin secretion hot spots. eLife 2021; 10:59912. [PMID: 34783306 PMCID: PMC8635970 DOI: 10.7554/elife.59912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterogeneity of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in pancreatic islets is physiologically important but poorly understood. Here, we utilize mouse islets to determine how microtubules (MTs) affect secretion toward the vascular extracellular matrix at single cell and subcellular levels. Our data indicate that MT stability in the β-cell population is heterogenous, and that GSIS is suppressed in cells with highly stable MTs. Consistently, MT hyper-stabilization prevents, and MT depolymerization promotes the capacity of single β-cell for GSIS. Analysis of spatiotemporal patterns of secretion events shows that MT depolymerization activates otherwise dormant β-cells via initiation of secretion clusters (hot spots). MT depolymerization also enhances secretion from individual cells, introducing both additional clusters and scattered events. Interestingly, without MTs, the timing of clustered secretion is dysregulated, extending the first phase of GSIS and causing oversecretion. In contrast, glucose-induced Ca2+ influx was not affected by MT depolymerization yet required for secretion under these conditions, indicating that MT-dependent regulation of secretion hot spots acts in parallel with Ca2+ signaling. Our findings uncover a novel MT function in tuning insulin secretion hot spots, which leads to accurately measured and timed response to glucose stimuli and promotes functional β-cell heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn P Trogden
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States
| | - Justin Lee
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States
| | - Kai M Bracey
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States
| | - Kung-Hsien Ho
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States
| | - Hudson McKinney
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States
| | - Xiaodong Zhu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States.,Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States
| | - Goker Arpag
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States
| | - Thomas G Folland
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States
| | - Anna B Osipovich
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States.,Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States
| | - Mark A Magnuson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States.,Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States
| | - Marija Zanic
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States.,Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States
| | - Guoqiang Gu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States
| | - William R Holmes
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States.,Department of Mathematics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States.,Quantitative Systems Biology Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States
| | - Irina Kaverina
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States
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9
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He M, Iyer GRS, Aarav S, Sunku SS, Giles AJ, Folland TG, Sharac N, Sun X, Matson J, Liu S, Edgar JH, Fleischer JW, Basov DN, Caldwell JD. Ultrahigh-Resolution, Label-Free Hyperlens Imaging in the Mid-IR. Nano Lett 2021; 21:7921-7928. [PMID: 34534432 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c01808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The hyperbolic phonon polaritons supported in hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) with long scattering lifetimes are advantageous for applications such as super-resolution imaging via hyperlensing. Yet, hyperlens imaging is challenging for distinguishing individual and closely spaced objects and for correlating the complicated hyperlens fields with the structure of an unknown object underneath. Here, we make significant strides to overcome each of these challenges. First, we demonstrate that monoisotopic h11BN provides significant improvements in spatial resolution, experimentally resolving structures as small as 44 nm and those with sub 25 nm spacings at 6.76 μm free-space wavelength. We also present an image reconstruction algorithm that provides a structurally accurate, visual representation of the embedded objects from the complex hyperlens field. Further, we offer additional insights into optimizing hyperlens performance on the basis of material properties, with an eye toward realizing far-field imaging modalities. Thus, our results significantly advance label-free, high-resolution, spectrally selective hyperlens imaging and image reconstruction methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingze He
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, United States
| | - Ganjigunte R S Iyer
- ASEE/NRC Postdoctoral Fellow residing at NRL, Washington D.C. 20375, United States
- U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Shaurya Aarav
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Sai S Sunku
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Alexander J Giles
- U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Thomas G Folland
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Nicholas Sharac
- ASEE/NRC Postdoctoral Fellow residing at NRL, Washington D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Xiaohang Sun
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Joseph Matson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, United States
| | - Song Liu
- Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - James H Edgar
- Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Jason W Fleischer
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - D N Basov
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Joshua D Caldwell
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, United States
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10
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Rufangura P, Khodasevych I, Agrawal A, Bosi M, Folland TG, Caldwell JD, Iacopi F. Enhanced Absorption with Graphene-Coated Silicon Carbide Nanowires for Mid-Infrared Nanophotonics. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2021; 11:nano11092339. [PMID: 34578654 PMCID: PMC8465231 DOI: 10.3390/nano11092339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The mid-infrared (MIR) is an exciting spectral range that also hosts useful molecular vibrational fingerprints. There is a growing interest in nanophotonics operating in this spectral range, and recent advances in plasmonic research are aimed at enhancing MIR infrared nanophotonics. In particular, the design of hybrid plasmonic metasurfaces has emerged as a promising route to realize novel MIR applications. Here we demonstrate a hybrid nanostructure combining graphene and silicon carbide to extend the spectral phonon response of silicon carbide and enable absorption and field enhancement of the MIR photon via the excitation and hybridization of surface plasmon polaritons and surface phonon polaritons. We combine experimental methods and finite element simulations to demonstrate enhanced absorption of MIR photons and the broadening of the spectral resonance of graphene-coated silicon carbide nanowires. We also indicate subwavelength confinement of the MIR photons within a thin oxide layer a few nanometers thick, sandwiched between the graphene and silicon carbide. This intermediate shell layer is characteristically obtained using our graphitization approach and acts as a coupling medium between the core and outer shell of the nanowires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Rufangura
- School of Electrical and Data Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia; (P.R.); (I.K.); (A.A.)
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence on Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, School of Electrical and Data Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Iryna Khodasevych
- School of Electrical and Data Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia; (P.R.); (I.K.); (A.A.)
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence on Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, School of Electrical and Data Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Arti Agrawal
- School of Electrical and Data Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia; (P.R.); (I.K.); (A.A.)
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence on Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, School of Electrical and Data Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Matteo Bosi
- IMEM-CNR, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, 43124 Parma, Italy;
| | - Thomas G. Folland
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
| | - Joshua D. Caldwell
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212, USA;
| | - Francesca Iacopi
- School of Electrical and Data Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia; (P.R.); (I.K.); (A.A.)
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence on Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, School of Electrical and Data Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
- Correspondence:
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11
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He M, Halimi SI, Folland TG, Sunku SS, Liu S, Edgar JH, Basov DN, Weiss SM, Caldwell JD. Guided Mid-IR and Near-IR Light within a Hybrid Hyperbolic-Material/Silicon Waveguide Heterostructure. Adv Mater 2021; 33:e2004305. [PMID: 33522035 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202004305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Silicon waveguides have enabled large-scale manipulation and processing of near-infrared optical signals on chip. Yet, expanding the bandwidth of guided waves to other frequencies will further increase the functionality of silicon as a photonics platform. Frequency multiplexing by integrating additional architectures is one approach to the problem, but this is challenging to design and integrate within the existing form factor due to scaling with the free-space wavelength. This paper demonstrates that a hexagonal boron nitride (hBN)/silicon hybrid waveguide can simultaneously enable dual-band operation at both mid-infrared (6.5-7.0 µm) and telecom (1.55 µm) frequencies, respectively. The device is realized via the lithography-free transfer of hBN onto a silicon waveguide, maintaining near-infrared operation. In addition, mid-infrared waveguiding of the hyperbolic phonon polaritons (HPhPs) supported in hBN is induced by the index contrast between the silicon waveguide and the surrounding air underneath the hBN, thereby eliminating the need for deleterious etching of the hyperbolic medium. The behavior of HPhP waveguiding in both straight and curved trajectories is validated within an analytical waveguide theoretical framework. This exemplifies a generalizable approach based on integrating hyperbolic media with silicon photonics for realizing frequency multiplexing in on-chip photonic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingze He
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
| | - Sami I Halimi
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
| | - Thomas G Folland
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Sai S Sunku
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Song Liu
- Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - James H Edgar
- Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - D N Basov
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Sharon M Weiss
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
| | - Joshua D Caldwell
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
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12
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Abedini Dereshgi S, Folland TG, Murthy AA, Song X, Tanriover I, Dravid VP, Caldwell JD, Aydin K. Lithography-free IR polarization converters via orthogonal in-plane phonons in α-MoO 3 flakes. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5771. [PMID: 33188172 PMCID: PMC7666183 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19499-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Exploiting polaritons in natural vdW materials has been successful in achieving extreme light confinement and low-loss optical devices and enabling simplified device integration. Recently, α-MoO3 has been reported as a semiconducting biaxial vdW material capable of sustaining naturally orthogonal in-plane phonon polariton modes in IR. In this study, we investigate the polarization-dependent optical characteristics of cavities formed using α-MoO3 to extend the degrees of freedom in the design of IR photonic components exploiting the in-plane anisotropy of this material. Polarization-dependent absorption over 80% in a multilayer Fabry-Perot structure with α-MoO3 is reported without the need for nanoscale fabrication on the α-MoO3. We observe coupling between the α-MoO3 optical phonons and the Fabry-Perot cavity resonances. Using cross-polarized reflectance spectroscopy we show that the strong birefringence results in 15% of the total power converted into the orthogonal polarization with respect to incident wave. These findings can open new avenues in the quest for polarization filters and low-loss, integrated planar IR photonics and in dictating polarization control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Abedini Dereshgi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Thomas G Folland
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Akshay A Murthy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.,International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Xianglian Song
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.,International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronic Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Engineering Technology Research Center for 2D material Information Function Devices and Systems of Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ibrahim Tanriover
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Vinayak P Dravid
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.,International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.,Northwestern University Atomic and Nanoscale Characterization Experimental (NUANCE) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Joshua D Caldwell
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
| | - Koray Aydin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA. .,International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.
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13
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Álvarez-Pérez G, Folland TG, Errea I, Taboada-Gutiérrez J, Duan J, Martín-Sánchez J, Tresguerres-Mata AIF, Matson JR, Bylinkin A, He M, Ma W, Bao Q, Martín JI, Caldwell JD, Nikitin AY, Alonso-González P. Infrared Permittivity of the Biaxial van der Waals Semiconductor α-MoO 3 from Near- and Far-Field Correlative Studies. Adv Mater 2020; 32:e1908176. [PMID: 32495483 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201908176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The biaxial van der Waals semiconductor α-phase molybdenum trioxide (α-MoO3 ) has recently received significant attention due to its ability to support highly anisotropic phonon polaritons (PhPs)-infrared (IR) light coupled to lattice vibrations-offering an unprecedented platform for controlling the flow of energy at the nanoscale. However, to fully exploit the extraordinary IR response of this material, an accurate dielectric function is required. Here, the accurate IR dielectric function of α-MoO3 is reported by modeling far-field polarized IR reflectance spectra acquired on a single thick flake of this material. Unique to this work, the far-field model is refined by contrasting the experimental dispersion and damping of PhPs, revealed by polariton interferometry using scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) on thin flakes of α-MoO3 , with analytical and transfer-matrix calculations, as well as full-wave simulations. Through these correlative efforts, exceptional quantitative agreement is attained to both far- and near-field properties for multiple flakes, thus providing strong verification of the accuracy of this model, while offering a novel approach to extracting dielectric functions of nanomaterials. In addition, by employing density functional theory (DFT), insights into the various vibrational states dictating the dielectric function model and the intriguing optical properties of α-MoO3 are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Álvarez-Pérez
- Department of Physics, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, 33006, Spain
- Center of Research on Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CINN (CSIC-Universidad de Oviedo), El Entrego, 33940, Spain
| | - Thomas G Folland
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Ion Errea
- Fisika Aplikatua 1 Saila, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Donostia/San Sebastián, 20018, Spain
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Donostia/San Sebastián, 20018, Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia/San Sebastián, 20018, Spain
| | - Javier Taboada-Gutiérrez
- Department of Physics, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, 33006, Spain
- Center of Research on Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CINN (CSIC-Universidad de Oviedo), El Entrego, 33940, Spain
| | - Jiahua Duan
- Department of Physics, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, 33006, Spain
- Center of Research on Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CINN (CSIC-Universidad de Oviedo), El Entrego, 33940, Spain
| | - Javier Martín-Sánchez
- Department of Physics, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, 33006, Spain
- Center of Research on Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CINN (CSIC-Universidad de Oviedo), El Entrego, 33940, Spain
| | | | - Joseph R Matson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Andrei Bylinkin
- CIC nanoGUNE, Donostia/San Sebastián, 20018, Spain
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, 141700, Russia
| | - Mingze He
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Weiliang Ma
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies (FLEET), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Qiaoliang Bao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies (FLEET), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - José Ignacio Martín
- Department of Physics, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, 33006, Spain
- Center of Research on Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CINN (CSIC-Universidad de Oviedo), El Entrego, 33940, Spain
| | - Joshua D Caldwell
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Alexey Y Nikitin
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia/San Sebastián, 20018, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, 48013, Spain
| | - Pablo Alonso-González
- Department of Physics, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, 33006, Spain
- Center of Research on Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CINN (CSIC-Universidad de Oviedo), El Entrego, 33940, Spain
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14
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Lu G, Nolen JR, Folland TG, Tadjer MJ, Walker DG, Caldwell JD. Narrowband Polaritonic Thermal Emitters Driven by Waste Heat. ACS Omega 2020; 5:10900-10908. [PMID: 32455210 PMCID: PMC7241014 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
There are a broad range of applications for narrowband long-wave infrared (LWIR) sources, especially within the 8-12 μm atmospheric window. These include infrared beacons, free-space communications, spectroscopy, and potentially on-chip photonics. Unfortunately, commercial light-emitting diode (LED) sources are not available within the LWIR, leaving only gas-phase and quantum cascade lasers, which exhibit low wall-plug efficiencies and in many cases require large footprints, precluding their use for many applications. Recent advances in nanophotonics have demonstrated the potential for tailoring thermal emission into an LED-like response, featuring narrowband, polarized thermal emitters. In this work, we demonstrate that such nanophotonic IR emitting metamaterials (NIREMs), featuring near-unity absorption, can serve as LWIR sources with effectively no net power consumption, enabling their operation entirely by waste heat from conventional electronics. Using experimental emissivity spectra from a SiC NIREM device in concert with a thermodynamic compact model, we verify this feasibility for two test cases: a NIREM device driven by waste heat from a CPU heat sink and one operating using a low-power resistive heater for elevated temperature operation. To validate these calculations, we experimentally determine the temperature-dependent NIREM irradiance and the angular radiation pattern. We purport that these results provide a first proof-of-concept for waste heat-driven thermal emitters potentially employable in a variety of infrared application spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanyu Lu
- Department of Mechanical
Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, United States
| | - Joshua Ryan Nolen
- Interdisciplinary Materials Science, Vanderbilt
University, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, United States
| | - Thomas G. Folland
- Department of Mechanical
Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, United States
| | - Marko J. Tadjer
- US Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, Washington,
D.C. 20375, United
States
| | - Don Greg Walker
- Department of Mechanical
Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, United States
| | - Joshua D. Caldwell
- Department of Mechanical
Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, United States
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15
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Ramer G, Tuteja M, Matson JR, Davanco M, Folland TG, Kretinin A, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, Novoselov KS, Caldwell JD, Centrone A. High- Q dark hyperbolic phonon-polaritons in hexagonal boron nitride nanostructures. Nanophotonics 2020; 9:10.1515/nanoph-2020-0048. [PMID: 33365225 PMCID: PMC7754710 DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2020-0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The anisotropy of hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) gives rise to hyperbolic phonon-polaritons (HPhPs), notable for their volumetric frequency-dependent propagation and strong confinement. For frustum (truncated nanocone) structures, theory predicts five, high-order HPhPs, sets, but only one set was observed previously with far-field reflectance and scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy. In contrast, the photothermal induced resonance (PTIR) technique has recently permitted sampling of the full HPhP dispersion and observing such elusive predicted modes; however, the mechanism underlying PTIR sensitivity to these weakly-scattering modes, while critical to their understanding, has not yet been clarified. Here, by comparing conventional contact- and newly developed tapping-mode PTIR, we show that the PTIR sensitivity to those weakly-scattering, high-Q (up to ≈280) modes is, contrary to a previous hypothesis, unrelated to the probe operation (contact or tapping) and is instead linked to PTIR ability to detect tip-launched dark, volumetrically-confined polaritons, rather than nanostructure-launched HPhPs modes observed by other techniques. Furthermore, we show that in contrast with plasmons and surface phonon-polaritons, whose Q-factors and optical cross-sections are typically degraded by the proximity of other nanostructures, the high-Q HPhP resonances are preserved even in high-density hBN frustum arrays, which is useful in sensing and quantum emission applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Ramer
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr., Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA; Maryland Nanocenter, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Mohit Tuteja
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr., Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA; Maryland Nanocenter, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Joseph R. Matson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 101 Olin Hall, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
| | - Marcelo Davanco
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr., Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Thomas G. Folland
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 101 Olin Hall, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
| | - Andrey Kretinin
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Maniki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Maniki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Kostya S. Novoselov
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK; Chongqing 2D Materials Institute, Liangjiang New Area, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Joshua D. Caldwell
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 101 Olin Hall, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
| | - Andrea Centrone
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr., Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
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16
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Fali A, White ST, Folland TG, He M, Aghamiri NA, Liu S, Edgar JH, Caldwell JD, Haglund RF, Abate Y. Refractive Index-Based Control of Hyperbolic Phonon-Polariton Propagation. Nano Lett 2019; 19:7725-7734. [PMID: 31650843 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b02651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Hyperbolic phonon polaritons (HPhPs) are generated when infrared photons couple to polar optic phonons in anisotropic media, confining long-wavelength light to nanoscale volumes. However, to realize the full potential of HPhPs for infrared optics, it is crucial to understand propagation and loss mechanisms on substrates suitable for applications from waveguiding to infrared sensing. We employ scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) and nano-Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, in concert with analytical and numerical calculations, to elucidate HPhP characteristics as a function of the complex substrate dielectric function. We consider propagation on suspended, dielectric and metallic substrates to demonstrate that the thickness-normalized wavevector can be reduced by a factor of 25 simply by changing the substrate from dielectric to metallic behavior. Moreover, by incorporating the imaginary contribution to the dielectric function in lossy materials, the wavevector can be dynamically controlled by small local variations in loss or carrier density. Counterintuitively, higher-order HPhP modes are shown to exhibit the same change in the polariton wavevector as the fundamental mode, despite the drastic differences in the evanescent ranges of these polaritons. However, because polariton refraction is dictated by the fractional change in the wavevector, this still results in significant differences in polariton refraction and reduced sensitivity to substrate-induced losses for the higher-order HPhPs. Such effects may therefore be used to spatially separate hyperbolic modes of different orders and for index-based sensing schemes. Our results advance our understanding of fundamental hyperbolic polariton excitations and their potential for on-chip photonics and planar metasurface optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Fali
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia 30602 , United States
| | - Samuel T White
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , Tennessee 37235 , United States
| | - Thomas G Folland
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , Tennessee 37212 , United States
| | - Mingze He
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , Tennessee 37212 , United States
| | - Neda A Aghamiri
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia 30602 , United States
| | - Song Liu
- Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering , Kansas State University , Manhattan , Kansas 66506 United States
| | - James H Edgar
- Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering , Kansas State University , Manhattan , Kansas 66506 United States
| | - Joshua D Caldwell
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , Tennessee 37212 , United States
- Interdisciplinary Materials Science Program , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , Tennessee 37212 , United States
| | - Richard F Haglund
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , Tennessee 37235 , United States
- Interdisciplinary Materials Science Program , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , Tennessee 37212 , United States
| | - Yohannes Abate
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia 30602 , United States
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17
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Runnerstrom EL, Kelley KP, Folland TG, Nolen JR, Engheta N, Caldwell JD, Maria JP. Polaritonic Hybrid-Epsilon-near-Zero Modes: Beating the Plasmonic Confinement vs Propagation-Length Trade-Off with Doped Cadmium Oxide Bilayers. Nano Lett 2019; 19:948-957. [PMID: 30582700 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b04182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polaritonic materials that support epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) modes offer the opportunity to design light-matter interactions at the nanoscale through extreme subwavelength light confinement, producing phenomena like resonant perfect absorption. However, the utility of ENZ modes in nanophotonic applications has been limited by a flat spectral dispersion, which leads to small group velocities and extremely short propagation lengths. Here, we overcome this constraint by hybridizing ENZ and surface plasmon polariton (SPP) modes in doped cadmium oxide epitaxial bilayers. This results in strongly coupled hybrid modes that are characterized by an anticrossing in the polariton dispersion and a large spectral splitting on the order of 1/3 of the mode frequency. These hybrid modes simultaneously achieve modal propagation and ENZ mode-like interior field confinement, adding propagation character to ENZ mode properties. We subsequently tune the resonant frequencies, dispersion, and coupling of these polaritonic-hybrid-epsilon-near-zero (PH-ENZ) modes by tailoring the modal oscillator strength and the ENZ-SPP spectral overlap. PH-ENZ modes ultimately leverage the most desirable characteristics of both ENZ and SPP modes, allowing us to overcome the canonical plasmonic trade-off between confinement and propagation length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan L Runnerstrom
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695 , United States
| | - Kyle P Kelley
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695 , United States
| | - Thomas G Folland
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , Tennessee 37212 , United States
| | - J Ryan Nolen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , Tennessee 37212 , United States
- Interdisciplinary Materials Science Program , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , Tennessee 37212 , United States
| | - Nader Engheta
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Joshua D Caldwell
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , Tennessee 37212 , United States
| | - Jon-Paul Maria
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695 , United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
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18
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Sharac N, Giles AJ, Perkins K, Tischler J, Bezares F, Prokes SM, Folland TG, Glembocki OJ, Caldwell JD. Implementation of plasmonic band structure to understand polariton hybridization within metamaterials. Opt Express 2018; 26:29363-29374. [PMID: 30470101 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.029363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Gap surface plasmons (GSPs) serve a diverse range of plasmonic applications, including energy harvesting, communications, molecular sensing, and optical detection. GSPs may be realized where tightly spaced plasmonic structures exhibit strong spatial overlap between the evanescent fields. We demonstrate that within similar, nested geometries that the near-fields of the GSPs within the individual nanostructures are hybridized. This creates two or more distinct resonances exhibiting near-field distributions extended over adjacent spatial regions. In contrast, dissimilar, nested structures exhibit two distinct resonances with nominally uncoupled near-fields, resulting in two or more individual antenna resonance modes. We deploy plasmonic band structure calculations to provide insight into the type and degree of hybridization within these systems, comparing the individual components. This understanding can be used in the optimized design of polaritonic metamaterial structures for desired applications.
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Folland TG, Fali A, White ST, Matson JR, Liu S, Aghamiri NA, Edgar JH, Haglund RF, Abate Y, Caldwell JD. Reconfigurable infrared hyperbolic metasurfaces using phase change materials. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4371. [PMID: 30349033 PMCID: PMC6197242 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06858-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Metasurfaces control light propagation at the nanoscale for applications in both free-space and surface-confined geometries. However, dynamically changing the properties of metasurfaces can be a major challenge. Here we demonstrate a reconfigurable hyperbolic metasurface comprised of a heterostructure of isotopically enriched hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) in direct contact with the phase-change material (PCM) single-crystal vanadium dioxide (VO2). Metallic and dielectric domains in VO2 provide spatially localized changes in the local dielectric environment, enabling launching, reflection, and transmission of hyperbolic phonon polaritons (HPhPs) at the PCM domain boundaries, and tuning the wavelength of HPhPs propagating in hBN over these domains by a factor of 1.6. We show that this system supports in-plane HPhP refraction, thus providing a prototype for a class of planar refractive optics. This approach offers reconfigurable control of in-plane HPhP propagation and exemplifies a generalizable framework based on combining hyperbolic media and PCMs to design optical functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G Folland
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
| | - A Fali
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-2451, USA
| | - S T White
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
| | - J R Matson
- Interdisciplinary Materials Science Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
| | - S Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - N A Aghamiri
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-2451, USA
| | - J H Edgar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - R F Haglund
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
- Interdisciplinary Materials Science Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
| | - Y Abate
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-2451, USA.
| | - J D Caldwell
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA.
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Folland TG, Marshall OP, Beere HE, Ritchie DA, Chakraborty S. Coherent detection of THz laser signals in optical fiber systems. Opt Express 2017; 25:25566-25573. [PMID: 29041222 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.025566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Terahertz (THz) coherent detectors are crucial for the stabilization and measurement of the properties of quantum cascade lasers (QCLs). This paper describes the exploitation of intra-cavity sum frequency generation to up-convert the emission of a THz QCL to the near infrared for detection with fiber optic coupled components alone. Specifically, a low cost infrared photodiode is used to detect a radio frequency (RF) signal with a signal-to-noise ratio of approximately 20dB, generated by beating the up-converted THz wave and a near infrared local oscillator. This RF beat note allows direct analysis of the THz QCL emission in time and frequency domains. The application of this technique for QCL characterization is demonstrated by analyzing the continuous tuning of the RF signal over 2 GHz, which arises from mode tuning across the QCL's operational current range.
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Folland TG, Hua L, Chakraborty S. Threshold gain in aperiodic lattice lasers. Opt Express 2016; 24:30024-30030. [PMID: 28059387 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.030024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Aperiodic lattices are a promising route to achieving tunable or multi-frequency lasing, but their threshold spectrum remains largely unstudied. We find that holographically designed aperiodic lattices can possess a multimode spectral response, containing both defect and band-edge photonic states. Under the influence of facet feedback the aperiodic lattice maintains remarkable spectral control at multiple frequencies over a wide bandwidth. This control arises from enhancement to the photon density of states at the designed frequencies, reducing the threshold of modes in the Fabry Perot coupled aperiodic lattice laser. Our results suggest that aperiodic lattice lasers are robust against fabrication imperfections, as exemplified by experimental demonstrations in prior work.
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