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Cao L, She Z, Zhao Y, Cheng C, Li Y, Xu T, Mao H, Zhang Y, Hui X, Lin X, Wang T, Sun X, Huang K, Zhao L, Jin M. Inhibition of RAN Attenuates Influenza A Virus Replication and Nucleoprotein Nuclear Export. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024:2387910. [PMID: 39087696 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2387910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Nuclear export of the viral ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) is a critical step in the influenza A virus (IAV) life cycle and may be an effective target for the development of anti- IAV drugs. The host factor ras-related nuclear protein (RAN) is known to participates in the life cycle of several viruses, but its role in influenza virus replication remains unknown. In the present study, we aimed to determine the function of RAN in influenza virus replication using different cell lines and subtype strains. We found that RAN is essential for the nuclear export of vRNP, as it enhances the binding affinity of XPO1 toward the viral nuclear export protein NS2. Depletion of RAN constrained the vRNP complex in the nucleus and attenuated the replication of various subtypes of influenza virus. Using in silico compound screening, we identified bepotastine could dissociate the RAN-XPO1-vRNP trimeric complex and exhibit potent antiviral activity against influenza virus both in vitro and in vivo. This study demonstrates the important role of RAN in IAV replication and suggests its potential use as an antiviral agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Animal Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ziwei She
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Animal Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ya Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Animal Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chuxing Cheng
- Wuhan Keqian Biological Co. Ltd., Wuhan 430200, China
| | - Yaqin Li
- Wuhan Keqian Biological Co. Ltd., Wuhan 430200, China
| | - Ting Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Animal Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Haiying Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Animal Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yumei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Animal Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xianfeng Hui
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Animal Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xian Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Animal Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Animal Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiaomei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Animal Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Kun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Animal Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lianzhong Zhao
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Meilin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Animal Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Jiangxia Laboratory, Wuhan 430200, China
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Phosphorylation of Influenza A Virus Matrix Protein 1 at Threonine 108 Controls Its Multimerization State and Functional Association with the STRIPAK Complex. mBio 2023; 14:e0323122. [PMID: 36602306 PMCID: PMC9973344 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03231-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The influenza A virus (IAV)-encoded matrix protein 1 (M1) acts as a master regulator of virus replication and fulfills multiple structural and regulatory functions in different cell compartments. Therefore, the spatiotemporal regulation of M1 is achieved by different mechanisms, including its structural and pH-dependent flexibility, differential association with cellular factors, and posttranslational modifications. Here, we investigated the function of M1 phosphorylation at the evolutionarily conserved threonine 108 (T108) and found that its mutation to a nonphosphorylatable alanine prohibited virus replication. Absent T108, phosphorylation led to strongly increased self-association of M1 at the cell membrane and consequently prohibited its ability to enter the nucleus and to contribute to viral ribonucleoprotein nuclear export. M1 T108 phosphorylation also controls the binding affinity to the cellular STRIPAK (striatin-interacting phosphatases and kinases) complex, which contains different kinases and the phosphatase PP2A to shape phosphorylation-dependent signaling networks. IAV infection led to the redistribution of the STRIPAK scaffolding subunits STRN and STRN3 from the cell membrane to cytosolic and perinuclear clusters, where it colocalized with M1. Inactivation of the STRIPAK complex resulted in compromised M1 polymerization and IAV replication. IMPORTANCE Influenza viruses pose a major threat to human health and cause annual epidemics and occasional pandemics. Many virus-encoded proteins exert various functions in different subcellular compartments, as exemplified by the M1 protein, but the molecular mechanisms endowing the multiplicity of functions remain incompletely understood. Here, we report that phosphorylation of M1 at T108 is essential for virus replication and controls its propensity for self-association and nuclear localization. This phosphorylation also controls binding affinity of the M1 protein to the STRIPAK complex, which contributes to M1 polymerization and virus replication.
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SUMOylation of matrix protein M1 and filamentous morphology collectively contribute to the replication and virulence of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza viruses in mammals. J Virol 2021; 96:e0163021. [PMID: 34908445 PMCID: PMC8865470 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01630-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The matrix protein (M1) of influenza A virus plays an important role in replication, assembly, and budding. A previous study found that aspartic acid (D) at position 30 and alanine (A) at position 215 of M1 contribute to the high pathogenicity of H5N1 viruses in mice, and double mutations of D to asparagine (N) at position 30 (D30N) and A to threonine (T) at position 215 (A215T) in M1 dramatically attenuate H5N1 viruses in mice. However, the underlying mechanisms by which these M1 mutations attenuate the virulence of H5N1 viruses are unknown. Here, we found that the amino acid mutation A215T eliminates the SUMOylation of M1 by reducing its interaction with the host SUMO1 protein, significantly reducing the stability of M1, slowing the export of the M1-vRNP complex from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, and reducing viral replication in MDCK cells. We further found that the D30N mutation in M1 alters the shape of progeny viruses from filamentous to spherical virions. Our findings reveal an essential role for M1 215A SUMOylation and M1 30D-related filamentous morphology in the pathogenesis of avian influenza viruses, which could be targeted in novel antiviral drug designs. IMPORTANCE Identification of the pathogenic mechanism of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in mammals is helpful to develop novel anti-influenza virus strategies. Two amino acid mutations (D30N and A215T) in M1 were found to collectively attenuate H5N1 influenza viruses in mice, but the underlying mechanism remained unknown. This study found that the A215T mutation significantly decreases the SUMOylation of M1, which in turn attenuates the replication of H5N1 virus in mammalian cells. The D30N mutation in M1 was found to change the virion shape from filamentous to spherical. These findings are important for understanding the molecular mechanism of virulence of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in mammals.
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A Noncanonical Function of Polycomb Repressive Complexes Promotes Human Cytomegalovirus Lytic DNA Replication and Serves as a Novel Cellular Target for Antiviral Intervention. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.02143-18. [PMID: 30814291 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02143-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromatin-based modifications of herpesviral genomes play a crucial role in dictating the outcome of infection. Consistent with this, host cell multiprotein complexes, such as polycomb repressive complexes (PRCs), were proposed to act as epigenetic regulators of herpesviral latency. In particular, PRC2 has recently been shown to contribute to the silencing of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) genomes. Here, we identify a novel proviral role of PRC1 and PRC2, the two main polycomb repressive complexes, during productive HCMV infection. Western blot analyses revealed strong HCMV-mediated upregulation of RING finger protein 1B (RING1B) and B lymphoma Moloney murine leukemia virus insertion region 1 homolog (BMI1) as well as of enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), suppressor of zeste 12 (SUZ12), and embryonic ectoderm development (EED), which constitute the core components of PRC1 and PRC2, respectively. Furthermore, we observed a relocalization of PRC components to viral replication compartments, whereas histone modifications conferred by the respective PRCs were specifically excluded from these sites. Depletion of individual PRC1/PRC2 proteins by RNA interference resulted in a significant reduction of newly synthesized viral genomes and, in consequence, a decreased release of viral particles. Furthermore, accelerated native isolation of protein on nascent DNA (aniPOND) revealed a physical association of EZH2 and BMI1 with nascent HCMV DNA, suggesting a direct contribution of PRC proteins to viral DNA replication. Strikingly, substances solely inhibiting the enzymatic activity of PRC1/2 did not exert antiviral effects, while drugs affecting the abundance of PRC core components strongly compromised HCMV genome synthesis and particle release. Taken together, our data reveal an enzymatically independent, noncanonical function of both PRC1 and PRC2 during HCMV DNA replication, which may serve as a novel cellular target for antiviral therapy.IMPORTANCE Polycomb group (PcG) proteins are primarily known as transcriptional repressors that modify chromatin and contribute to the establishment and maintenance of cell fates. Furthermore, emerging evidence indicates that overexpression of PcG proteins in various types of cancers contributes to the dysregulation of cellular proliferation. Consequently, several inhibitors targeting PcG proteins are presently undergoing preclinical and clinical evaluation. Here, we show that infection with human cytomegalovirus also induces a strong upregulation of several PcG proteins. Our data suggest that viral DNA replication depends on a noncanonical function of polycomb repressor complexes which is independent of the so-far-described enzymatic activities of individual PcG factors. Importantly, we observe that a subclass of inhibitory drugs that affect the abundance of PcG proteins strongly interferes with viral replication. This principle may serve as a novel promising target for antiviral treatment.
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Sekiya T, Murano K, Kato K, Kawaguchi A, Nagata K. Mitotic phosphorylation of CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) reduces its DNA binding activity. FEBS Open Bio 2017; 7:397-404. [PMID: 28286735 PMCID: PMC5337899 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During mitosis, higher order chromatin structures are disrupted and chromosomes are condensed to achieve accurate chromosome segregation. CCCTC‐binding factor (CTCF) is a highly conserved and ubiquitously expressed C2H2‐type zinc finger protein which is considered to be involved in epigenetic memory through regulation of higher order chromatin architecture. However, the regulatory mechanism of CTCF in mitosis is still unclear. Here we found that the DNA‐binding activity of CTCF is regulated in a phosphorylation‐dependent manner during mitosis. The linker domains of the CTCF zinc finger domain were found to be phosphorylated during mitosis. The phosphorylation of linker domains impaired the DNA‐binding activity in vitro. Mutation analyses showed that amino acid residues (Thr289, Thr317, Thr346, Thr374, Ser402, Ser461, and Thr518) located in the linker domains were phosphorylated during mitosis. Based on these results, we propose that the mitotic phosphorylation of the linker domains of CTCF is important for the dissociation of CTCF from mitotic chromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Sekiya
- Department of Infection Biology Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Science University of Tsukuba Japan
| | - Kensaku Murano
- Department of Molecular Biology Keio University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Kohsuke Kato
- Department of Infection BiologyFaculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Comprehensive Human ScienceUniversity of TsukubaJapan; Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TsukubaJapan
| | - Atsushi Kawaguchi
- Department of Infection BiologyFaculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Comprehensive Human ScienceUniversity of TsukubaJapan; Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TsukubaJapan
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