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Kioko M, Mwangi S, Njunge JM, Berkley JA, Bejon P, Abdi AI. Linking Cerebral Malaria Pathogenesis to APOE-Mediated Amyloidosis: Observations and Hypothesis. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04366-3. [PMID: 39023792 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04366-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Although most children with cerebral malaria fully recover, more than a fifth of the survivors develop post-discharge neurodevelopmental sequelae suggestive of advanced neuronal injury. However, the cerebral molecular processes initiating neurological dysfunction in cerebral malaria are still debatable. In this article, we explore available data and hypothesise that cerebral malaria might be linked to APOE-mediated amyloidosis, one of the pathological processes associated with Alzheimer's disease. If our hypothesis is tested and found to be true, it could have far-reaching implications for what we know about cerebral malaria pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mwikali Kioko
- Bioscience Department, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Shaban Mwangi
- Bioscience Department, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - James M Njunge
- Bioscience Department, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - James A Berkley
- Bioscience Department, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Philip Bejon
- Bioscience Department, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Abdirahman I Abdi
- Bioscience Department, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya.
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Pwani University Biosciences Research Centre, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya.
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2
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Carvalho Cabral P, Weinerman J, Olivier M, Cermakian N. Time of day and circadian disruption influence host response and parasite growth in a mouse model of cerebral malaria. iScience 2024; 27:109684. [PMID: 38680656 PMCID: PMC11053314 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a disease caused by infection with parasite Plasmodium spp. We studied the circadian regulation of host responses to the parasite, in a mouse model of cerebral malaria. The course of the disease was markedly affected by time of infection, with decreased parasitemia and increased inflammation upon infection in the middle of the night. At this time, there were fewer reticulocytes, which are target cells of the parasites. We next investigated the effects of desynchronization of host clocks on the infection: after 10 weeks of recurrent jet lags, mice showed decreased parasite growth and lack of parasite load rhythmicity, paralleled by a loss of glucose rhythm. Accordingly, disrupting host metabolic rhythms impacted parasite load rhythmicity. In summary, our findings of a circadian modulation of malaria parasite growth and infection shed light on aspects of the disease relevant to human malaria and could contribute to new therapeutic or prophylactic measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla Carvalho Cabral
- Douglas Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC H4H 1R3, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Joelle Weinerman
- Douglas Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Martin Olivier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Nicolas Cermakian
- Douglas Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC H4H 1R3, Canada
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3
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Liang R, Rao H, Pang Q, Xu R, Jiao Z, Lin L, Li L, Zhong L, Zhang Y, Guo Y, Xiao N, Liu S, Chen XF, Su XZ, Li J. Human ApoE2 protects mice against Plasmodium berghei ANKA experimental cerebral malaria. mBio 2023; 14:e0234623. [PMID: 37874152 PMCID: PMC10746236 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02346-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria (CM) is a severe neurological complication of Plasmodium falciparum infection with acute brain lesions. Genetic variations in both host and parasite have been associated with susceptibility to CM, but the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that variants of human apolipoprotein E (hApoE) impact the outcome of Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA)-induced experimental cerebral malaria (ECM). Mice carrying the hApoE2 isoform have fewer intracerebral hemorrhages and are more resistant to ECM than mice bearing the hApoE3, hApoE4, or endogenous murine ApoE (mApoE). hApoE2 mice infected with PbA showed increased splenomegaly and IFN-γ levels in serum but reduced cerebral cell apoptosis that correlated with the survival advantage against ECM. In addition, upregulated expression of genes associated with lipid metabolism and downregulated expression of genes linked to immune responses were observed in the brain tissue of hApoE2 mice relative to ECM-susceptible mice after PbA infection. Notably, serum cholesterol and the cholesterol content of brain-infiltrating CD8+ T cells are significantly higher in infected hApoE2 mice, which might contribute to a significant reduction in the sequestration of brain CD8+ T cells. Consistent with the finding that fewer brain lesions occurred in infected hApoE2 mice, fewer behavioral deficits were observed in the hApoE2 mice. Finally, a meta-analysis of publicly available data also showed an increased hApoE2 allele in the malaria-endemic African population, suggesting malaria selection. This study shows that hApoE2 protects mice from ECM through suppression of CD8+ T cell activation and migration to the brain and enhanced cholesterol metabolism.IMPORTANCECerebral malaria (CM) is the deadliest complication of malaria infection with an estimated 15%-25% mortality. Even with timely and effective treatment with antimalarial drugs such as quinine and artemisinin derivatives, survivors of CM may suffer long-term cognitive and neurological impairment. Here, we show that human apolipoprotein E variant 2 (hApoE2) protects mice from experimental CM (ECM) via suppression of CD8+ T cell activation and infiltration to the brain, enhanced cholesterol metabolism, and increased IFN-γ production, leading to reduced endothelial cell apoptosis, BBB disruption, and ECM symptoms. Our results suggest that hApoE can be an important factor for risk assessment and treatment of CM in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Hengjun Rao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Qin Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Ruixue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Zhiwei Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Lirong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Li Zhong
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yixin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yazhen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Nengming Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Shengfa Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Xiao-Fen Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xin-zhuan Su
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
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4
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Muppidi P, Wright E, Wassmer SC, Gupta H. Diagnosis of cerebral malaria: Tools to reduce Plasmodium falciparum associated mortality. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1090013. [PMID: 36844403 PMCID: PMC9947298 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1090013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria (CM) is a major cause of mortality in Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) infection and is associated with the sequestration of parasitised erythrocytes in the microvasculature of the host's vital organs. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are key to a positive outcome in CM. However, current diagnostic tools remain inadequate to assess the degree of brain dysfunction associated with CM before the window for effective treatment closes. Several host and parasite factor-based biomarkers have been suggested as rapid diagnostic tools with potential for early CM diagnosis, however, no specific biomarker signature has been validated. Here, we provide an updated review on promising CM biomarker candidates and evaluate their applicability as point-of-care tools in malaria-endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranavi Muppidi
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emily Wright
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel C. Wassmer
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Himanshu Gupta
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Applied Sciences & Humanities, GLA University, Mathura, UP, India
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5
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Albrecht-Schgoer K, Lackner P, Schmutzhard E, Baier G. Cerebral Malaria: Current Clinical and Immunological Aspects. Front Immunol 2022; 13:863568. [PMID: 35514965 PMCID: PMC9067128 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.863568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on current clinical and immunological aspects of cerebral malaria induced by Plasmodium falciparum infection. Albeit many issues concerning the inflammatory responses remain unresolved and need further investigations, current knowledge of the underlying molecular mechanisms is highlighted. Furthermore, and in the light of significant limitations in preventative diagnosis and treatment of cerebral malaria, this review mainly discusses our understanding of immune mechanisms in the light of the most recent research findings. Remarkably, the newly proposed CD8+ T cell-driven pathophysiological aspects within the central nervous system are summarized, giving first rational insights into encouraging studies with immune-modulating adjunctive therapies that protect from symptomatic cerebral participation of Plasmodium falciparum infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Albrecht-Schgoer
- Division of Translational Cell Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Peter Lackner
- Department of Neurology, Klinik Floridsdorf, Wien, Austria
| | - Erich Schmutzhard
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gottfried Baier
- Division of Translational Cell Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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6
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Idro R, Ogwang R, Barragan A, Raimondo JV, Masocha W. Neuroimmunology of Common Parasitic Infections in Africa. Front Immunol 2022; 13:791488. [PMID: 35222377 PMCID: PMC8866860 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.791488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic infections of the central nervous system are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in Africa. The neurological, cognitive, and psychiatric sequelae of these infections result from a complex interplay between the parasites and the host inflammatory response. Here we review some of the diseases caused by selected parasitic organisms known to infect the nervous system including Plasmodium falciparum, Toxoplasma gondii, Trypanosoma brucei spp., and Taenia solium species. For each parasite, we describe the geographical distribution, prevalence, life cycle, and typical clinical symptoms of infection and pathogenesis. We pay particular attention to how the parasites infect the brain and the interaction between each organism and the host immune system. We describe how an understanding of these processes may guide optimal diagnostic and therapeutic strategies to treat these disorders. Finally, we highlight current gaps in our understanding of disease pathophysiology and call for increased interrogation of these often-neglected disorders of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Idro
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.,Centre of Tropical Neuroscience, Kitgum, Uganda.,Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rodney Ogwang
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.,Centre of Tropical Neuroscience, Kitgum, Uganda.,Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Antonio Barragan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joseph Valentino Raimondo
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Human Biology, Neuroscience Institute and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Willias Masocha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
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7
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Bergstrom CP, Dahiya S, Chen W, Zhang CC, Zhu H, Yan J, Madanat Y, Patel P, Vusirkala M, Ramakrishnan P, Rizvi S, Chung S, Awan F, Anderson LD, Collins R, Kansagra A. The association of leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor subfamily B-4 expression in acute myeloid leukemia and central nervous system involvement. Leuk Res 2020; 100:106480. [PMID: 33285315 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2020.106480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) involvement in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) varies, ranging from 0.6%-46%. Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor B4 (LILRB4) has been shown to be critical in orchestration of infiltration of AML cells into the CNS in animal models, however it is unknown if an association exists between LILRB4 and CNS involvement (CNS+) in human patients with AML. LILRB4 was measured by flow cytometry in a heterogeneous population of fifty-six AML patients. Patients were then followed clinically for the development of CNS + . LILRB4 was positive in 91 % of patients with CNS + compared to 38 % without CNS involvement (p < 0.002). In logistic analysis: age, BMI, serum albumin and positive LILRB4 were predictive for CNS+ [OR, 95 % CI, p-value]: 0.95, 0.92-0.99, p < 0.01; 0.85, 0.73-0.998, p < 0.05; 0.23, 0.066-0.78, p < 0.02; 16.46, 1.93-140.2, p < 0.02, respectively. This finding of the association of LILRB4 with CNS + in combination with earlier findings suggests that LILRB4 has a mechanistic role in infiltration of the CNS and may provide insight into the pathogenesis of AML seeding the CNS. Moreover, this proof of concept and the findings in the present study may lead to the development of innovative and novel therapies to improve the lives of patients with AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin P Bergstrom
- Department of Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA.
| | - Saurabh Dahiya
- Department of Medicine, Department of Hematology and Oncology, Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Weina Chen
- Department of Pathology, Department of Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
| | - Cheng Cheng Zhang
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
| | - Hong Zhu
- Department of Population and Data Science, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Dallas, USA
| | - Jingsheng Yan
- Department of Population and Data Science, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Dallas, USA
| | - Yazan Madanat
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
| | - Prapti Patel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
| | - Madhuri Vusirkala
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
| | - Praveen Ramakrishnan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
| | - Syed Rizvi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
| | - Stephen Chung
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
| | - Farrukh Awan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
| | - Larry D Anderson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
| | - Robert Collins
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
| | - Ankit Kansagra
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
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8
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Coenzyme Q10 and cerebral malaria in mice: Questionable interpretations, improbable usefulness in humans. Parasitol Int 2020; 74:101970. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2019.101970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Nyariki JN, Ochola LA, Jillani NE, Nyamweya NO, Amwayi PE, Yole DS, Azonvide L, Isaac AO. Oral administration of Coenzyme Q 10 protects mice against oxidative stress and neuro-inflammation during experimental cerebral malaria. Parasitol Int 2019; 71:106-120. [PMID: 30981893 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In animal model of experimental cerebral malaria (ECM), the genesis of neuropathology is associated with oxidative stress and inflammatory mediators. There is limited progress in the development of new approaches to the treatment of cerebral malaria. Here, we tested whether oral supplementation of Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) would offer protection against oxidative stress and brain associated inflammation following Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA) infection in C57BL/6 J mouse model. For this purpose, one group of C57BL/6 mice was used as control; second group of mice were orally supplemented with 200 mg/kg CoQ10 and then infected with PbA and the third group was PbA infected alone. Clinical, biochemical, immunoblot and immunological features of ECM was monitored. We observed that oral administration of CoQ10 for 1 month and after PbA infection was able to improve survival, significantly reduced oedema, TNF-α and MIP-1β gene expression in brain samples in PbA infected mice. The result also shows the ability of CoQ10 to reduce cholesterol and triglycerides lipids, levels of matrix metalloproteinases-9, angiopoietin-2 and angiopoietin-1 in the brain. In addition, CoQ10 was very effective in decreasing NF-κB phosphorylation. Furthermore, CoQ10 supplementation abrogated Malondialdehyde, and 8-OHDG and restored cellular glutathione. These results constitute the first demonstration that oral supplementation of CoQ10 can protect mice against PbA induced oxidative stress and neuro-inflammation usually observed in ECM. Thus, the need to study CoQ10 as a candidate of antioxidant and immunomodulatory molecule in ECM and testing it in clinical studies either alone or in combination with antimalaria regimens to provide insight into a potential translatable therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- James N Nyariki
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Technical University of Kenya, P.O. Box, 52428, 00200 Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Lucy A Ochola
- Department of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Primate Research, P.O. Box, 24481, 00502 Karen, Kenya
| | - Ngalla E Jillani
- Department of Non-communicable diseases, Institute of Primate Research, P.O. Box, 24481, 00502 Karen, Kenya
| | - Nemwel O Nyamweya
- Departmwent of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536, Egerton, Kenya
| | - Peris E Amwayi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Technical University of Kenya, P.O. Box, 52428, 00200 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Dorcas S Yole
- School of Biological and Life Sciences, Technical University of Kenya, P.O. Box, 52428, 00200 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Laurent Azonvide
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alfred Orina Isaac
- School of Health Sciences, Technical University of Kenya, P.O. Box, 52428, 00200 Nairobi, Kenya
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10
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Genetic analysis of cerebral malaria in the mouse model infected with Plasmodium berghei. Mamm Genome 2018; 29:488-506. [DOI: 10.1007/s00335-018-9752-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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11
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Huang HM, McMorran BJ, Foote SJ, Burgio G. Host genetics in malaria: lessons from mouse studies. Mamm Genome 2018; 29:507-522. [PMID: 29594458 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-018-9744-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Malaria remains a deadly parasitic disease caused by Plasmodium, claiming almost half a million lives every year. While parasite genetics and biology are often the major targets in many studies, it is becoming more evident that host genetics plays a crucial role in the outcome of the infection. Similarly, Plasmodium infections in mice also rely heavily on the genetic background of the mice, and often correlate with observations in human studies, due to their high genetic homology with humans. As such, murine models of malaria are a useful tool for understanding host responses during Plasmodium infections, as well as dissecting host-parasite interactions through various genetic manipulation techniques. Reverse genetic approach such as quantitative trait loci studies and random mutagenesis screens have been employed to discover novel host genes that affect malaria susceptibility in mouse models, while other targeted studies utilize mouse models to validate observation from human studies. Herein, we review the findings from the past and present studies on murine models of hepatic and erythrocytic stages of malaria and speculate on how the current mouse models benefit from the recent development in CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Ming Huang
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, 131 Garran Road, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Brendan J McMorran
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, 131 Garran Road, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Simon J Foote
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, 131 Garran Road, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Gaetan Burgio
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, 131 Garran Road, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.
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12
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Yusuf FH, Hafiz MY, Shoaib M, Ahmed SA. Cerebral malaria: insight into pathogenesis, complications and molecular biomarkers. Infect Drug Resist 2017; 10:57-59. [PMID: 28203097 PMCID: PMC5298296 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s125436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria is a medical emergency. All patients with Plasmodium falciparum malaria with neurologic manifestations of any degree should be urgently treated as cases of cerebral malaria. Pathogenesis of cerebral malaria is due to damaged vascular endothelium by parasite sequestration, inflammatory cytokine production and vascular leakage, which result in brain hypoxia, as indicated by increased lactate and alanine concentrations. The levels of the biomarkers’ histidine-rich protein II, angiopoietin-Tie-2 system and plasma osteoprotegrin serve as diagnostic and prognostic markers. Brain imaging may show neuropathology around the caudate and putamen. Mortality is high and patients who survive sustain brain injury which manifests as long-term neurocognitive impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Hafiz Yusuf
- Department of Medicine, Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences
| | | | - Maria Shoaib
- Department of Medicine, Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences
| | - Syed Ahsanuddin Ahmed
- Department of Medicine, Sindh Medical College, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
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