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Lee FFY, Harris C, Alper S. RNA Binding Proteins that Mediate LPS-induced Alternative Splicing of the MyD88 Innate Immune Regulator. J Mol Biol 2024; 436:168497. [PMID: 38369277 PMCID: PMC11001520 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2024.168497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Inflammation driven by Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathways is required to combat infection. However, inflammation can damage host tissues; thus it is essential that TLR signaling ultimately is terminated to prevent chronic inflammatory disorders. One mechanism that terminates persistent TLR signaling is alternative splicing of the MyD88 signaling adaptor, which functions in multiple TLR signaling pathways. While the canonical long isoform of MyD88 (MyD88-L) mediates TLR signaling and promotes inflammation, an alternatively-spliced shorter isoform of MyD88 (MyD88-S) produces a dominant negative inhibitor of TLR signaling. MyD88-S production is induced by inflammatory agonists including lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and thus MyD88-S induction is thought to act as a negative feedback loop that prevents chronic inflammation. Despite the potential role that MyD88-S production plays in inflammatory disorders, the mechanisms controlling MyD88 alternative splicing remain unclear. Here, we identify two RNA binding proteins, SRSF1 and HNRNPU, that regulate LPS-induced alternative splicing of MyD88.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Fang Yao Lee
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA; Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz, CO 80045, USA
| | - Chelsea Harris
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA; Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz, CO 80045, USA
| | - Scott Alper
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA; Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz, CO 80045, USA.
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Mariniello DF, D’Agnano V, Cennamo D, Conte S, Quarcio G, Notizia L, Pagliaro R, Schiattarella A, Salvi R, Bianco A, Perrotta F. Comorbidities in COPD: Current and Future Treatment Challenges. J Clin Med 2024; 13:743. [PMID: 38337438 PMCID: PMC10856710 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13030743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a heterogeneous lung condition, primarily characterized by the presence of a limited airflow, due to abnormalities of the airways and/or alveoli, that often coexists with other chronic diseases such as lung cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and metabolic disorders. Comorbidities are known to pose a challenge in the assessment and effective management of COPD and are also acknowledged to have an important health and economic burden. Local and systemic inflammation have been proposed as having a potential role in explaining the association between COPD and these comorbidities. Considering that the number of patients with COPD is expected to rise, understanding the mechanisms linking COPD with its comorbidities may help to identify new targets for therapeutic purposes based on multi-dimensional assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenica Francesca Mariniello
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80131 Naples, Italy; (D.F.M.); (V.D.); (D.C.); (S.C.); (G.Q.); (L.N.); (R.P.); (A.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Vito D’Agnano
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80131 Naples, Italy; (D.F.M.); (V.D.); (D.C.); (S.C.); (G.Q.); (L.N.); (R.P.); (A.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Donatella Cennamo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80131 Naples, Italy; (D.F.M.); (V.D.); (D.C.); (S.C.); (G.Q.); (L.N.); (R.P.); (A.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Stefano Conte
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80131 Naples, Italy; (D.F.M.); (V.D.); (D.C.); (S.C.); (G.Q.); (L.N.); (R.P.); (A.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Gianluca Quarcio
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80131 Naples, Italy; (D.F.M.); (V.D.); (D.C.); (S.C.); (G.Q.); (L.N.); (R.P.); (A.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Luca Notizia
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80131 Naples, Italy; (D.F.M.); (V.D.); (D.C.); (S.C.); (G.Q.); (L.N.); (R.P.); (A.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Raffaella Pagliaro
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80131 Naples, Italy; (D.F.M.); (V.D.); (D.C.); (S.C.); (G.Q.); (L.N.); (R.P.); (A.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Angela Schiattarella
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80131 Naples, Italy; (D.F.M.); (V.D.); (D.C.); (S.C.); (G.Q.); (L.N.); (R.P.); (A.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Rosario Salvi
- U.O.C. Chirurgia Toracica, Azienda Ospedaliera “S.G. Moscati”, 83100 Avellino, Italy;
| | - Andrea Bianco
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80131 Naples, Italy; (D.F.M.); (V.D.); (D.C.); (S.C.); (G.Q.); (L.N.); (R.P.); (A.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Fabio Perrotta
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80131 Naples, Italy; (D.F.M.); (V.D.); (D.C.); (S.C.); (G.Q.); (L.N.); (R.P.); (A.S.); (A.B.)
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Yang MY, Shao ZX, Wang YT, Hou YL, Zhu DK, Chen S, Zhang YH, Cao F, Jing YK, Lin B, Li ZL, Li DH, Hua HM. Stilbenes with potent cytotoxicity from the seedcases of Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2023; 205:113515. [PMID: 36403670 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Stilbenes (based on the 1,2-diphenylethylene skeleton) are a class of plant polyphenols with rich structural and bioactive diversity. Twenty-six stilbenes, including five undescribed compounds (7,8-dioxy-4,3',5'-trihydroxystilbene, trans-13'-methoxygnetin H, suffruticosol E, paestibenetrimerols A and B), were isolated from the seedcases of Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analyses and comparison with previously reported data. The absolute configurations of trans-13'-methoxygnetin H, suffruticosol E, paestibenetrimerols A and B were assigned from their respective electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra. Additionally, the structures of known compounds suffruticosols A, B and rockiol B were revised and the absolute configurations of them, and along with (+)-davidiol A, were also further determined by ECD. The isolated compounds, trans-gnetin H, cis-gnetin H and suffruticosol E, were found to have potent cytotoxicity against the DU-145 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines with IC50 values of 4.89-8.61 μM. The preliminary antitumor structure-activity relationship of these stilbenes is discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Yue Yang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
| | - Zhao-Xiang Shao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
| | - Yue-Tong Wang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Lian Hou
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
| | - Ding-Kang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
| | - Sha Chen
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
| | - Ya-Hui Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics of Education Ministry of China, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Cao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics of Education Ministry of China, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Kui Jing
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Lin
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
| | - Zhan-Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
| | - Da-Hong Li
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, PR China.
| | - Hui-Ming Hua
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, PR China.
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Lee FFY, Alper S. Alternative pre-mRNA splicing as a mechanism for terminating Toll-like Receptor signaling. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1023567. [PMID: 36531997 PMCID: PMC9755862 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1023567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
While inflammation induced by Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling is required to combat infection, persistent inflammation can damage host tissues and contribute to a myriad of acute and chronic inflammatory disorders. Thus, it is essential not only that TLR signaling be activated in the presence of pathogens but that TLR signaling is ultimately terminated. One mechanism that limits persistent TLR signaling is alternative pre-mRNA splicing. In addition to encoding the canonical mRNAs that produce proteins that promote inflammation, many genes in the TLR signaling pathway also encode alternative mRNAs that produce proteins that are dominant negative inhibitors of signaling. Many of these negative regulators are induced by immune challenge, so production of these alternative isoforms represents a negative feedback loop that limits persistent inflammation. While these alternative splicing events have been investigated on a gene by gene basis, there has been limited systemic analysis of this mechanism that terminates TLR signaling. Here we review what is known about the production of negatively acting alternative isoforms in the TLR signaling pathway including how these inhibitors function, how they are produced, and what role they may play in inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Fang Yao Lee
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine and Center for Genes, Environment, and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz, CO, United States
| | - Scott Alper
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine and Center for Genes, Environment, and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz, CO, United States,*Correspondence: Scott Alper,
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5
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Li H, Wang Z, Li X. G-CSF as a potential early biomarker for diagnosis of bloodstream infection. J Clin Lab Anal 2021; 35:e23592. [PMID: 34725873 PMCID: PMC8649329 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.23592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cytokines play an important role in bacterial infection, and thus, we aim to find out cytokines that may be diagnostically significant in early stage of bacterial bloodstream infection. Methods Mice models infected with Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae were established. Then dynamic changes of nine serum cytokines were monitored within 48 hours after the infection. Cytokines with significant differences between the infected groups and control group were further analyzed. Clinical samples of patients who were suspected of bloodstream infection were collected. Then the diagnostic efficiency of screened cytokines was determined with receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Results As for mice models infected by Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae, six cytokines including IL‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐12p70, G‐CSF, IFN‐γ, and TNF‐α were significantly different (P < .05) between two bacterial infected groups. As for clinical samples, three cytokines including IL‐6, IL‐12p70, and G‐CSF showed significant differences between infection group (Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumonia group) and negative control group. With the area under curve of 0.7350 and 0.6431 for G‐CSF and IL‐6, respectively, these two cytokines were significantly different between Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae infection groups. Combination of G‐CSF and IL‐6 could improve the AUC to 0.8136. Conclusions G‐CSF cannot only identify bacterial bloodstream infection, but can also distinguish the infection of Staphylococcus aureus from Klebsiella pneumoniae. Further investigation should be performed concerning the diagnostic efficiency of G‐CSF in diagnosing different types of bacterial bloodstream infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Li
- Department of Infectious Disease, Jiaozhou People's Hospital, Jiaozhou, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Jiaozhou People's Hospital, Jiaozhou, China
| | - Xuehua Li
- Department of Infectious Disease, Jiaozhou Renmin Hospital, Jiaozhou, China
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Birru RL, Bein K, Wells H, Bondarchuk N, Barchowsky A, Di YP, Leikauf GD. Phloretin, an Apple Polyphenol, Inhibits Pathogen-Induced Mucin Overproduction. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 65:e2000658. [PMID: 33216464 PMCID: PMC8163070 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202000658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Bacterial infection induces mucus overproduction, contributing to acute exacerbations and lung function decline in chronic respiratory diseases. A diet enriched in apples may provide protection from pulmonary disease development and progression. This study examined whether phloretin, an apple polyphenol, inhibits mucus synthesis and secretion induced by the predominant bacteria associated with chronic respiratory diseases. METHODS AND RESULTS The expression of mucus constituent mucin 5AC (MUC5AC) in FVB/NJ mice and NCI-H292 epithelial cells is analyzed. Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi)-infected mice developed increased MUC5AC mRNA, which a diet containing phloretin inhibited. In NCI-H292 cells, NTHi, Moraxella catarrhalis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa increased MUC5AC mRNA, which phloretin inhibited. Phloretin also diminished NTHi-induced MUC5AC protein secretion. NTHi-induced increased MUC5AC required toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and NADH oxidase 4 (NOX4) signaling and subsequent activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Phloretin inhibited NTHi-induced TLR4/NOX4 and EGFR/MAPK signaling, thereby preventing increased MUC5AC mRNA. EGFR activation can also result from increased EGFR ligand synthesis and subsequent ligand activation by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). In NCI-H292 cells, NTHi increased EGFR ligand and MMP1 and MMP13 mRNA, which phloretin inhibited. CONCLUSIONS In summary, phloretin is a promising therapeutic candidate for preventing bacterial-induced mucus overproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahel L Birru
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Kiflai Bein
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Heather Wells
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Natalya Bondarchuk
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Aaron Barchowsky
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Yuanpu Peter Di
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - George D Leikauf
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
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Ma BN, Li XJ. Resveratrol extracted from Chinese herbal medicines: A novel therapeutic strategy for lung diseases. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2020; 12:349-358. [PMID: 32963508 PMCID: PMC7498443 DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung diseases and their related complications represent a critical source of morbidity and mortality globally and have become a research focus in recent years. There are plenty of hazards that threaten the health of lung by exposure to external environmental stimuli, such as dust, cigarette smoke, PM2.5, air pollution and pathogen infection. These risks lead to the impairment of lung function and subsequent lung diseases including pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Compared with antibiotics and corticosteroids therapies, traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions are more effective with fewer side effects. A considerable variety of bioactive ingredients have been extracted and identified from Chinese herbal medicines and are used for the treatment of different lung diseases, including resveratrol. Increasing studies have reported promising therapeutic effects of resveratrol against lung diseases by inhibiting oxidative stress, inflammation, aging, fibrosis and cancer both in vitro and in vivo. In this review, the recent progress in the studies of lung-protective effects and underlying mechanisms of resveratrol and also highlight the potency of resveratrol and traditional Chinese prescriptions containing resveratrol as promising therapeutic options were summarized for the treatment of lung and respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Ning Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiao-Jiaoyang Li
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
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Health Benefits and Molecular Mechanisms of Resveratrol: A Narrative Review. Foods 2020; 9:foods9030340. [PMID: 32183376 PMCID: PMC7143620 DOI: 10.3390/foods9030340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol is a bioactive compound in many foods. Since its anticancer activity was reported in 1997, its health benefits have been intensively investigated. Resveratrol has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, glucose and lipid regulatory, neuroprotective, and cardiovascular protective effects, therefore, can protect against diverse chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), cancer, liver diseases, obesity, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. This review summarizes the main findings of resveratrol-related health benefits in recent epidemiological surveys, experimental studies, and clinical trials, highlighting its related molecular mechanisms. Resveratrol, therefore, has been regarded as a potent candidate for the development of nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals to prevent and treat certain chronic diseases.
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Puggioni F, Alves-Correia M, Mohamed MF, Stomeo N, Mager R, Marinoni M, Racca F, Paoletti G, Varricchi G, Giorgis V, Melioli G, Canonica GW, Heffler E. Immunostimulants in respiratory diseases: focus on Pidotimod. Multidiscip Respir Med 2019; 14:31. [PMID: 31700623 PMCID: PMC6827234 DOI: 10.1186/s40248-019-0195-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Usefulness of Pidotimod and its role as immunostimulant, has been discussed, we know, for several decades. Nevertheless, there is still much to know. Understanding its mechanisms and its potential usefulness in airway infections and its prevention, asthma both Th2 and non Th2 type, bronchiectasis, as adjuvant in vaccination and in allergen immunotherapy still remains to clearly unveil. The aim of this paper was to provide a useful updated review of the role of the main available immunostimulants, giving particular focus on Pidotimod use and its potentials utility in respiratory diseases. Pidotimod showed its usefulness in reducing need for antibiotics in airway infections, increasing the level of immunoglobulins (IgA, IgM, IgG) and T-lymphocyte subsets (CD3+, CD4+) endowed with immunomodulatory activity that affect both innate and adaptive immune responses. Higher expression of TLR2 and of HLA-DR molecules, induction of dendritic cell maturation and release of pro-inflammatory molecules, stimulation of T lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation toward a Th1 phenotype, as well as an increase of the phagocytosis have been demonstrated to be associated with Pidotimod in in vitro studies. All these activities are potentially useful for several respiratory conditions such as asthma, COPD, and recurrent respiratory tract infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Puggioni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, MI Italy
- Personalized Medicine, Allergy and Asthma - Humanitas Clinical and Research Center – IRCCS, Via Alessandro Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, MI Italy
| | - Magna Alves-Correia
- Personalized Medicine, Allergy and Asthma - Humanitas Clinical and Research Center – IRCCS, Via Alessandro Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, MI Italy
- Central Hospital of Funchal, SESARAM, EPE, Madeira, Portugal
| | - Manar-Farouk Mohamed
- Personalized Medicine, Allergy and Asthma - Humanitas Clinical and Research Center – IRCCS, Via Alessandro Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, MI Italy
- Ain Shams University, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Niccolò Stomeo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, MI Italy
| | - Riccardo Mager
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, MI Italy
| | | | - Francesca Racca
- Personalized Medicine, Allergy and Asthma - Humanitas Clinical and Research Center – IRCCS, Via Alessandro Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, MI Italy
| | - Giovanni Paoletti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, MI Italy
- Personalized Medicine, Allergy and Asthma - Humanitas Clinical and Research Center – IRCCS, Via Alessandro Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, MI Italy
| | - Gilda Varricchi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Veronica Giorgis
- Personalized Medicine, Allergy and Asthma - Humanitas Clinical and Research Center – IRCCS, Via Alessandro Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, MI Italy
| | - Giovanni Melioli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, MI Italy
- Personalized Medicine, Allergy and Asthma - Humanitas Clinical and Research Center – IRCCS, Via Alessandro Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, MI Italy
| | - Giorgio Walter Canonica
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, MI Italy
- Personalized Medicine, Allergy and Asthma - Humanitas Clinical and Research Center – IRCCS, Via Alessandro Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, MI Italy
| | - Enrico Heffler
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, MI Italy
- Personalized Medicine, Allergy and Asthma - Humanitas Clinical and Research Center – IRCCS, Via Alessandro Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, MI Italy
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Hassan AH, Yoo SY, Lee KW, Yoon YM, Ryu HW, Jeong Y, Shin JS, Kang SY, Kim SY, Lee HH, Park BY, Lee KT, Lee YS. Repurposing mosloflavone/5,6,7-trimethoxyflavone-resveratrol hybrids: Discovery of novel p38-α MAPK inhibitors as potent interceptors of macrophage-dependent production of proinflammatory mediators. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 180:253-267. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Lung Cancer: Underlying Pathophysiology and New Therapeutic Modalities. Drugs 2019; 78:1717-1740. [PMID: 30392114 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-018-1001-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer are major lung diseases affecting millions worldwide. Both diseases have links to cigarette smoking and exert a considerable societal burden. People suffering from COPD are at higher risk of developing lung cancer than those without, and are more susceptible to poor outcomes after diagnosis and treatment. Lung cancer and COPD are closely associated, possibly sharing common traits such as an underlying genetic predisposition, epithelial and endothelial cell plasticity, dysfunctional inflammatory mechanisms including the deposition of excessive extracellular matrix, angiogenesis, susceptibility to DNA damage and cellular mutagenesis. In fact, COPD could be the driving factor for lung cancer, providing a conducive environment that propagates its evolution. In the early stages of smoking, body defences provide a combative immune/oxidative response and DNA repair mechanisms are likely to subdue these changes to a certain extent; however, in patients with COPD with lung cancer the consequences could be devastating, potentially contributing to slower postoperative recovery after lung resection and increased resistance to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Vital to the development of new-targeted therapies is an in-depth understanding of various molecular mechanisms that are associated with both pathologies. In this comprehensive review, we provide a detailed overview of possible underlying factors that link COPD and lung cancer, and current therapeutic advances from both human and preclinical animal models that can effectively mitigate this unholy relationship.
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Dutta S, Mahalanobish S, Saha S, Ghosh S, Sil PC. Natural products: An upcoming therapeutic approach to cancer. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 128:240-255. [PMID: 30991130 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death across the world. Different environmental and anthropogenic factors initiate mutations in different functional genes of growth factors and their receptors, anti-apoptotic proteins, self-renewal developmental proteins, tumor suppressors, transcription factors, etc. This phenomenon leads to altered protein homeostasis of the cell which in turn induces cancer initiation, development, progression and survival. From ancient times various natural products have been used as traditional medicine against different diseases. Natural products are readily applicable, inexpensive, accessible and acceptable therapeutic approach with minimum cytotoxicity. As most of the target-specific anticancer drugs failed to achieve the expected result so far, new multi-targeted therapies using natural products have become significant. In this review, we have summarized the efficacy of different natural compounds against cancer. They are capable of modulating cancer microenvironment and diverse cell signaling cascades; thus playing a major role in combating cancer. These compounds are found to be effective against several signaling pathways, mainly cell death pathways (apoptosis and autophagy) and embryonic developmental pathways (Notch pathway, Wnt pathway and Hedgehog pathway). This review article is expected to be helpful in understanding the recent progress of natural product research for the development of anticancer drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayanta Dutta
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12, CIT Scheme VII M, Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Sushweta Mahalanobish
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12, CIT Scheme VII M, Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Sukanya Saha
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12, CIT Scheme VII M, Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Shatadal Ghosh
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12, CIT Scheme VII M, Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Parames C Sil
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12, CIT Scheme VII M, Kolkata 700054, India.
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Pathobiological mechanisms underlying metabolic syndrome (MetS) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): clinical significance and therapeutic strategies. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 198:160-188. [PMID: 30822464 PMCID: PMC7112632 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major incurable global health burden and is currently the 4th largest cause of death in the world. Importantly, much of the disease burden and health care utilisation in COPD is associated with the management of its comorbidities (e.g. skeletal muscle wasting, ischemic heart disease, cognitive dysfunction) and infective viral and bacterial acute exacerbations (AECOPD). Current pharmacological treatments for COPD are relatively ineffective and the development of effective therapies has been severely hampered by the lack of understanding of the mechanisms and mediators underlying COPD. Since comorbidities have a tremendous impact on the prognosis and severity of COPD, the 2015 American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society (ATS/ERS) Research Statement on COPD urgently called for studies to elucidate the pathobiological mechanisms linking COPD to its comorbidities. It is now emerging that up to 50% of COPD patients have metabolic syndrome (MetS) as a comorbidity. It is currently not clear whether metabolic syndrome is an independent co-existing condition or a direct consequence of the progressive lung pathology in COPD patients. As MetS has important clinical implications on COPD outcomes, identification of disease mechanisms linking COPD to MetS is the key to effective therapy. In this comprehensive review, we discuss the potential mechanisms linking MetS to COPD and hence plausible therapeutic strategies to treat this debilitating comorbidity of COPD.
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Multi-target natural products as alternatives against oxidative stress in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Eur J Med Chem 2019; 163:911-931. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Kirsanov KI, Vlasova OA, Fetisov TI, Zenkov RG, Lesovaya EA, Belitsky GA, Gurova K, Yakubovskaya MG. Influence of DNA-binding compounds with cancer preventive activity on the mechanisms of gene expression regulation. ADVANCES IN MOLECULAR ONCOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.17650/2313-805x-2018-5-4-41-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. I. Kirsanov
- N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of Russia; Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
| | - O. A. Vlasova
- N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of Russia
| | - T. I. Fetisov
- N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of Russia
| | - R. G. Zenkov
- N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of Russia
| | - E. A. Lesovaya
- N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of Russia; I.P. Pavlov Ryazan State Medical University
| | - G. A. Belitsky
- N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of Russia
| | | | - M. G. Yakubovskaya
- N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of Russia
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Elshaer M, Chen Y, Wang XJ, Tang X. Resveratrol: An overview of its anti-cancer mechanisms. Life Sci 2018; 207:340-349. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Rauf A, Imran M, Suleria HAR, Ahmad B, Peters DG, Mubarak MS. A comprehensive review of the health perspectives of resveratrol. Food Funct 2018; 8:4284-4305. [PMID: 29044265 DOI: 10.1039/c7fo01300k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Many natural products present in our diet, including flavonoids, can prevent the progression of cancer and other diseases. Resveratrol, a natural polyphenol present in various fruits and vegetables, plays an important role as a therapeutic and chemopreventive agent used in the treatment of various illnesses. It exhibits effects against different types of cancer through different pathways. It additionally exerts antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidant effects in a variety of cell types. Furthermore, the cardiovascular protective capacities of resveratrol are associated with multiple molecular targets and may lead to the development of novel therapeutic strategies for atherosclerosis, ischemia/reperfusion, metabolic syndrome, and heart failure. Accordingly, this article presents an overview of recent developments in the use of resveratrol for the prevention and treatment of different diseases along with various mechanisms. In addition, the present review summarizes the most recent literature pertaining to resveratrol as a chemotherapeutic agent against multiple diseases and provides an assessment of the potential of this natural compound as a complementary or alternative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdur Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Anbar-23561, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
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Zhu XD, Lei XP, Dong WB. Resveratrol as a potential therapeutic drug for respiratory system diseases. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2017; 11:3591-3598. [PMID: 29290681 PMCID: PMC5736354 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s148868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory system diseases are common and major ailments that seriously endanger human health. Resveratrol, a polyphenolic phytoalexin, is considered an anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer agent. Thanks to its wide range of biological activities, resveratrol has become a hotspot in many fields, including respiratory system diseases. Indeed, research has demonstrated that resveratrol is helpful to relieve pulmonary function in the general population. Meanwhile, growing evidence indicates that resveratrol plays a protective role in respiratory system diseases. This review aimed to summarize the main protective effects of resveratrol in respiratory system diseases, including its anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, antioxidant, antifibrotic, antihypertensive, and anticancer activities. We found that resveratrol plays a protective role in the respiratory system through a variety of mechanisms, and so it may become a new drug for the treatment of respiratory system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Dan Zhu
- Department of Newborn Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Ping Lei
- Department of Newborn Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Bin Dong
- Department of Newborn Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
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Euba B, López-López N, Rodríguez-Arce I, Fernández-Calvet A, Barberán M, Caturla N, Martí S, Díez-Martínez R, Garmendia J. Resveratrol therapeutics combines both antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties against respiratory infection by nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12860. [PMID: 29038519 PMCID: PMC5643544 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13034-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The respiratory pathogen nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) is an important cause of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) that requires efficient treatments. A previous screening for host genes differentially expressed upon NTHi infection identified sirtuin-1, which encodes a NAD-dependent deacetylase protective against emphysema and is activated by resveratrol. This polyphenol concomitantly reduces NTHi viability, therefore highlighting its therapeutic potential against NTHi infection at the COPD airway. In this study, resveratrol antimicrobial effect on NTHi was shown to be bacteriostatic and did not induce resistance development in vitro. Analysis of modulatory properties on the NTHi-host airway epithelial interplay showed that resveratrol modulates bacterial invasion but not subcellular location, reduces inflammation without targeting phosphodiesterase 4B gene expression, and dampens β defensin-2 gene expression in infected cells. Moreover, resveratrol therapeutics against NTHi was evaluated in vivo on mouse respiratory and zebrafish septicemia infection model systems, showing to decrease NTHi viability in a dose-dependent manner and reduce airway inflammation upon infection, and to have a significant bacterial clearing effect without signs of host toxicity, respectively. This study presents resveratrol as a therapeutic of particular translational significance due to the attractiveness of targeting both infection and overactive inflammation at the COPD airway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Euba
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, CSIC-Universidad Pública Navarra-Gobierno Navarra, Mutilva, Spain
| | - Nahikari López-López
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, CSIC-Universidad Pública Navarra-Gobierno Navarra, Mutilva, Spain
| | - Irene Rodríguez-Arce
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, CSIC-Universidad Pública Navarra-Gobierno Navarra, Mutilva, Spain
| | - Ariadna Fernández-Calvet
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, CSIC-Universidad Pública Navarra-Gobierno Navarra, Mutilva, Spain
| | | | - Nuria Caturla
- Monteloeder, Elche Parque Empresarial, Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - Sara Martí
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain.,Departamento Microbiología, Hospital Universitari Bellvitge, University of Barcelona, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roberto Díez-Martínez
- Ikan Biotech SL, The Zebrafish Lab, Centro Europeo de Empresas e Innovación de Navarra (CEIN), Noáin, Spain
| | - Junkal Garmendia
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain. .,Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, CSIC-Universidad Pública Navarra-Gobierno Navarra, Mutilva, Spain.
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Cardioprotective Effect of Resveratrol in a Postinfarction Heart Failure Model. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:6819281. [PMID: 29109832 PMCID: PMC5646324 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6819281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Despite great advances in therapies observed during the last decades, heart failure (HF) remained a major health problem in western countries. In order to further improve symptoms and survival in patients with heart failure, novel therapeutic strategies are needed. In some animal models of HF resveratrol (RES), it was able to prevent cardiac hypertrophy, contractile dysfunction, and remodeling. Several molecular mechanisms are thought to be involved in its protective effects, such as inhibition of prohypertrophic signaling molecules, improvement of myocardial Ca2+ handling, regulation of autophagy, and the reduction of oxidative stress and inflammation. In our present study, we wished to further examine the effects of RES on prosurvival (Akt-1, GSK-3β) and stress signaling (p38-MAPK, ERK 1/2, and MKP-1) pathways, on oxidative stress (iNOS, COX-2 activity, and ROS formation), and ultimately on left ventricular function, hypertrophy and fibrosis in a murine, and isoproterenol- (ISO-) induced postinfarction heart failure model. RES treatment improved left ventricle function, decreased interstitial fibrosis, cardiac hypertrophy, and the level of plasma BNP induced by ISO treatment. ISO also increased the activation of P38-MAPK, ERK1/2Thr183-Tyr185, COX-2, iNOS, and ROS formation and decreased the phosphorylation of Akt-1, GSK-3β, and MKP-1, which were favorably influenced by RES. According to our results, regulation of these pathways may also contribute to the beneficial effects of RES in HF.
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Thiel G, Rössler OG. Resveratrol regulates gene transcription via activation of stimulus-responsive transcription factors. Pharmacol Res 2017; 117:166-176. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Chen L, Wang T, Chen G, Wang N, Gui L, Dai F, Fang Z, Zhang Q, Lu Y. Influence of resveratrol on endoplasmic reticulum stress and expression of adipokines in adipose tissues/adipocytes induced by high-calorie diet or palmitic acid. Endocrine 2017; 55:773-785. [PMID: 28070709 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-016-1212-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to determine whether resveratrol treatment alleviates endoplasmic reticulum stress and changes the expression of adipokines in adipose tissues and cells. METHODS 8-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were fed a high-calorie diet (HCD group) or high-calorie diet supplemented with resveratrol (high-calorie diet + resveratrol group) for 3 months. Insulin resistance, serum lipids and proinflammatory indices, the size and inflammatory cell infiltration in subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissues were analyzed. The gene expressions of endoplasmic reticulum stress, adipokines, and inflammatory cytokines were determined. The induced mature 3T3-L1 cells were pretreated with resveratrol and then palmitic acid, and the gene expressions of endoplasmic reticulum stress, adipokines, and inflammatory cytokines were determined. RESULTS Subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissues in the high-calorie diet-fed mice exhibited adipocyte hypertrophy, inflammatory activation, and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Resveratrol alleviated high-calorie diet-induced insulin resistance and endoplasmic reticulum stress, increased expression of SIRT1, and reversed expression of adipokines in varying degrees in both subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissues. The effects of resveratrol on palmitic acid-treated adipocytes were similar to those shown in the tissues. CONCLUSIONS Resveratrol treatment obviously reversed adipocyte hypertrophy and insulin resistance by attenuating endoplasmic reticulum stress and inflammation, thus increasing the expression of SIRT1 and inverting the expression of adipokines in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Clinical Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Endocrinology Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, China
| | - Guanjun Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China
| | - Nuojin Wang
- Endocrinology Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, China
| | - Li Gui
- The Comprehensive Laboratory, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China
| | - Fang Dai
- Endocrinology Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, China
| | - Zhaohui Fang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China
| | - Qiu Zhang
- Endocrinology Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, China
| | - Yunxia Lu
- The Comprehensive Laboratory, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, China.
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