1
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Omoda A, Matsumoto K, Yoshino KI, Tachibana M, Tsuboi T, Torii M, Ishino T, Iriko H. Skeleton binding protein 1 localizes to the Maurer's cleft and interacts with PfHSP70-1 and PfHSP70-x in Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte-infected erythrocytes. Parasitol Int 2024; 100:102864. [PMID: 38331312 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2024.102864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum accounts for the majority of malaria deaths, due to pathology provoked by the ability of infected erythrocytes to adhere to vascular endothelium within deep tissues. The parasite recognizes endothelium by trafficking and displaying protein ligands on the surface of asexual stage infected erythrocytes, such as members of the large family of pathogenic proteins, P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1). Parasite-encoded skeleton binding protein 1 (SBP1) plays an important role in the transport of these binding-related surface proteins, via cleft-like membranous structures termed Maurer's clefts, which are present within the cytoplasm of infected erythrocytes. Erythrocytes infected with gametocyte stages accumulate in the extravascular compartment of bone marrow; and it was suggested that their surface-expressed adhesion molecule profile and protein trafficking mechanisms might differ from those in asexual stage parasites. Protein trafficking mechanisms via Maurer's clefts have been well investigated in asexual stage parasite-infected erythrocytes; but little is known regarding the gametocyte stages. In this study, we characterized SBP1 during gametocyte maturation and demonstrated that SBP1 is expressed and localizes to dot-like Maurer's cleft structures in the cytoplasm of gametocyte-infected erythrocytes. Co-immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry assays indicated that SBP1 interacts with the molecular chaperones PfHSP70-1 and PfHSP70-x. Localization analysis suggested that some PfHSP70-1 and/or PfHSP70-x localize in a dot-like pattern within the cytoplasm of immature gametocyte-infected erythrocytes. These findings suggest that SBP1 may interact with HSP70 chaperones in the infected erythrocyte cytoplasm during the immature gametocyte stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayaka Omoda
- Division of Global Infectious Diseases, Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Konomi Matsumoto
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Kobe University School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | | | - Mayumi Tachibana
- Division of Molecular Parasitology, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Takafumi Tsuboi
- Division of Cell-Free Sciences, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan
| | - Motomi Torii
- Division of Global Infectious Diseases, Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan; Division of Molecular Parasitology, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Tomoko Ishino
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Iriko
- Division of Global Infectious Diseases, Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan; Faculty of Health Sciences, Kobe University School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan.
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2
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Sahu W, Bai T, Das A, Mukherjee S, Prusty A, Mallick NR, Elangovan S, Reddy KS. Plasmodium falciparum J-dot localized J domain protein A8iJp modulates the chaperone activity of human HSPA8. FEBS Lett 2024; 598:818-836. [PMID: 38418371 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum renovates the host erythrocyte to survive during intraerythrocytic development. This renovation requires many parasite proteins to unfold and move outside the parasitophorous vacuolar membrane, and chaperone-regulated protein folding becomes essential for the exported proteins to function. We report on a type-IV J domain protein (JDP), PF3D7_1401100, which we found to be processed before export and trafficked inside the lumen of parasite-derived structures known as J-dots. We found this protein to have holdase activity, as well as stimulate the ATPase and aggregation suppression activity of the human HSP70 chaperone HsHSPA8; thus, we named it "HSPA8-interacting J protein" (A8iJp). Moreover, we found a subset of HsHSPA8 to co-localize with A8iJp inside the infected human erythrocyte. Our results suggest that A8iJp modulates HsHSPA8 chaperone activity and may play an important role in host erythrocyte renovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Welka Sahu
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Tapaswini Bai
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Aleena Das
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Subhadip Mukherjee
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Aradhana Prusty
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Nipa Rani Mallick
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Selvakumar Elangovan
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - K Sony Reddy
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, India
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3
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Hasan MM, Polino AJ, Mukherjee S, Vaupel B, Goldberg DE. The mature N-termini of Plasmodium effector proteins confer specificity of export. mBio 2023; 14:e0121523. [PMID: 37646514 PMCID: PMC10653839 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01215-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Malaria parasites export hundreds of proteins to the cytoplasm of the host red blood cells for their survival. A five amino acid sequence, called the PEXEL motif, is conserved among many exported proteins and is thought to be a signal for export. However, the motif is cleaved inside the endoplasmic reticulum of the parasite, and mature proteins starting from the fourth PEXEL residue travel to the parasite periphery for export. We showed that the PEXEL motif is dispensable for export as long as identical mature proteins can be efficiently produced via alternative means in the ER. We also showed that the exported and non-exported proteins are differentiated at the parasite periphery based on their mature N-termini; however, any discernible export signal within that region remained cryptic. Our study resolves a longstanding paradox in PEXEL protein trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad M. Hasan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Alexander J. Polino
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Sumit Mukherjee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Barbara Vaupel
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Daniel E. Goldberg
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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4
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Almaazmi SY, Singh H, Dutta T, Blatch GL. Exported J domain proteins of the human malaria parasite. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:978663. [PMID: 36120546 PMCID: PMC9470956 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.978663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The heat shock protein 40 (Hsp40) family, also called J domain proteins (JDPs), regulate their Hsp70 partners by ensuring that they are engaging the right substrate at the right time and in the right location within the cell. A number of JDPs can serve as co-chaperone for a particular Hsp70, and so one generally finds many more JDPs than Hsp70s in the cell. In humans there are 13 Hsp70s and 49 JDPs. The human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, has dedicated an unusually large proportion of its genome to molecular chaperones, with a disproportionately high number of JDPs (PfJDPs) of 49 members. Interestingly, just under half of the PfJDPs are exported into the host cell during the asexual stage of the life cycle, when the malaria parasite invades mature red blood cells. Recent evidence suggests that these PfJDPs may be functionalizing both host and parasite Hsp70s within the infected red blood cell, and thereby driving the renovation of the host cell towards pathological ends. PfJDPs have been found to localize to the host cytosol, mobile structures within the host cytosol (so called “J Dots”), the host plasma membrane, and specialized structures associated with malaria pathology such as the knobs. A number of these exported PfJDPs are essential, and there is growing experimental evidence that they are important for the survival and pathogenesis of the malaria parasite. This review critiques our understanding of the important role these exported PfJDPs play at the host-parasite interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaikha Y. Almaazmi
- Biomedical Research and Drug Discovery Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Higher Colleges of Technology, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Harpreet Singh
- Department of Bioinformatics, Hans Raj Mahila Maha Vidyalaya, Jalandhar, India
| | - Tanima Dutta
- Vice Chancellery, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA, Australia
- The Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- PathWest Nedlands, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Gregory L. Blatch
- Biomedical Research and Drug Discovery Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Higher Colleges of Technology, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Vice Chancellery, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA, Australia
- The Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Biomedical Biotechnology Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
- *Correspondence: Gregory L. Blatch,
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Barth J, Schach T, Przyborski JM. HSP70 and their co-chaperones in the human malaria parasite P. falciparum and their potential as drug targets. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:968248. [PMID: 35992276 PMCID: PMC9388776 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.968248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As part of their life-cycle, malaria parasites undergo rapid cell multiplication and division, with one parasite giving rise to over 20 new parasites within the course of 48 h. To support this, the parasite has an extremely high metabolic rate and level of protein biosynthesis. Underpinning these activities, the parasite encodes a number of chaperone/heat shock proteins, belonging to various families. Research over the past decade has revealed that these proteins are involved in a number of essential processes within the parasite, or within the infected host cell. Due to this, these proteins are now being viewed as potential targets for drug development, and we have begun to characterize their properties in more detail. In this article we summarize the current state of knowledge about one particular chaperone family, that of the HSP70, and highlight their importance, function, and potential co-chaperone interactions. This is then discussed with regard to the suitability of these proteins and interactions for drug development.
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6
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Blatch GL. Plasmodium falciparum Molecular Chaperones: Guardians of the Malaria Parasite Proteome and Renovators of the Host Proteome. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:921739. [PMID: 35652103 PMCID: PMC9149364 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.921739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum is a unicellular protozoan parasite and causative agent of the most severe form of malaria in humans. The malaria parasite has had to develop sophisticated mechanisms to preserve its proteome under the changing stressful conditions it confronts, particularly when it invades host erythrocytes. Heat shock proteins, especially those that function as molecular chaperones, play a key role in protein homeostasis (proteostasis) of P. falciparum. Soon after invading erythrocytes, the malaria parasite exports a large number of proteins including chaperones, which are responsible for remodeling the infected erythrocyte to enable its survival and pathogenesis. The infected host cell has parasite-resident and erythrocyte-resident chaperones, which appear to play a vital role in the folding and functioning of P. falciparum proteins and potentially host proteins. This review critiques the current understanding of how the major chaperones, particularly the Hsp70 and Hsp40 (or J domain proteins, JDPs) families, contribute to proteostasis of the malaria parasite-infected erythrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory L Blatch
- The Vice Chancellery, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA, Australia.,Biomedical Biotechnology Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa.,Biomedical Research and Drug Discovery Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Higher Colleges of Technology, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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7
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Daniyan MO. Heat Shock Proteins as Targets for Novel Antimalarial Drug Discovery. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1340:205-236. [PMID: 34569027 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-78397-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum, the parasitic agent that is responsible for a severe and dangerous form of human malaria, has a history of long years of cohabitation with human beings with attendant negative consequences. While there have been some gains in the fight against malaria through the application of various control measures and the use of chemotherapeutic agents, and despite the global decline in malaria cases and associated deaths, the continual search for new and effective therapeutic agents is key to achieving sustainable development goals. An important parasite survival strategy, which is also of serious concern to the scientific community, is the rate at which the parasites continually develop resistance to drugs. Among the key players in the parasite's ability to develop resistance, maintain cellular integrity, and survives within an unusual environment of the red blood cells are the molecular chaperones of the heat shock proteins (HSP) family. HSPs constitute a novel avenue for antimalarial drug discovery and by exploring their ubiquitous nature and multifunctional activities, they may be suitable targets for the discovery of multi-targets antimalarial drugs, needed to fight incessant drug resistance. In this chapter, features of selected families of plasmodial HSPs that can be exploited in drug discovery are presented. Also, known applications of HSPs in small molecule screening, their potential usefulness in high throughput drug screening, as well as possible challenges are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Oluwatoyin Daniyan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria.
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8
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Yadavalli R, Peterson JW, Drazba JA, Sam-Yellowe TY. Trafficking and Association of Plasmodium falciparum MC-2TM with the Maurer's Clefts. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10040431. [PMID: 33916455 PMCID: PMC8066109 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10040431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated stage specific expression, trafficking, solubility and topology of endogenous PfMC-2TM in P. falciparum (3D7) infected erythrocytes. Following Brefeldin A (BFA) treatment of parasites, PfMC-2TM traffic was evaluated using immunofluorescence with antibodies reactive with PfMC-2TM. PfMC-2TM is sensitive to BFA treatment and permeabilization of infected erythrocytes with streptolysin O (SLO) and saponin, showed that the N and C-termini of PfMC-2TM are exposed to the erythrocyte cytoplasm with the central portion of the protein protected in the MC membranes. PfMC-2TM was expressed as early as 4 h post invasion (hpi), was tightly colocalized with REX-1 and trafficked to the erythrocyte membrane without a change in solubility. PfMC-2TM associated with the MC and infected erythrocyte membrane and was resistant to extraction with alkaline sodium carbonate, suggestive of protein-lipid interactions with membranes of the MC and erythrocyte. PfMC-2TM is an additional marker of the nascent MCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghavendra Yadavalli
- Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA;
| | - John W. Peterson
- Imaging Core Facility, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; (J.W.P.); (J.A.D.)
| | - Judith A. Drazba
- Imaging Core Facility, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; (J.W.P.); (J.A.D.)
| | - Tobili Y. Sam-Yellowe
- Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-216-687-2068
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9
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Structural-functional diversity of malaria parasite's PfHSP70-1 and PfHSP40 chaperone pair gives an edge over human orthologs in chaperone-assisted protein folding. Biochem J 2021; 477:3625-3643. [PMID: 32893851 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum, the human malaria parasite harbors a metastable proteome which is vulnerable to proteotoxic stress conditions encountered during its lifecycle. How parasite's chaperone machinery is able to maintain its aggregation-prone proteome in functional state, is poorly understood. As HSP70-40 system forms the central hub in cellular proteostasis, we investigated the protein folding capacity of PfHSP70-1 and PfHSP40 chaperone pair and compared it with human orthologs (HSPA1A and DNAJA1). Despite the structural similarity, we observed that parasite chaperones and their human orthologs exhibit striking differences in conformational dynamics. Comprehensive biochemical investigations revealed that PfHSP70-1 and PfHSP40 chaperone pair has better protein folding, aggregation inhibition, oligomer remodeling and disaggregase activities than their human orthologs. Chaperone-swapping experiments suggest that PfHSP40 can also efficiently cooperate with human HSP70 to facilitate the folding of client-substrate. SPR-derived kinetic parameters reveal that PfHSP40 has higher binding affinity towards unfolded substrate than DNAJA1. Interestingly, the observed slow dissociation rate of PfHSP40-substrate interaction allows PfHSP40 to maintain the substrate in folding-competent state to minimize its misfolding. Structural investigation through small angle x-ray scattering gave insights into the conformational architecture of PfHSP70-1 (monomer), PfHSP40 (dimer) and their complex. Overall, our data suggest that the parasite has evolved functionally diverged and efficient chaperone machinery which allows the human malaria parasite to survive in hostile conditions. The distinct allosteric landscapes and interaction kinetics of plasmodial chaperones open avenues for the exploration of small-molecule based antimalarial interventions.
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10
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Role of Heat Shock Proteins in Immune Modulation in Malaria. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1340:169-186. [PMID: 34569025 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-78397-6_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is one of the major parasitic killer diseases worldwide. Severe cases of malaria are mostly in children under the age of 5 years due to their naïve immune system and in pregnant women with weakened immune responses. Inflammatory immune responses against the parasite involve complement activation as well as the antibody and effector cell-mediated immune system. However, after an infection with Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum), the most dangerous malaria species, the host-derived immunity is often insufficient to completely inhibit the infection cycles of the parasite in red blood cells for yet unknown reasons. In the present chapter we aim to elucidate the role of the host's and the parasite's heat shock proteins (HSPs) in the development of a novel anti-malaria therapeutic approach.
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11
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Shonhai A, Blatch GL. Heat Shock Proteins of Malaria: Highlights and Future Prospects. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1340:237-246. [PMID: 34569028 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-78397-6_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The deadliest malaria parasite of humans, Plasmodium falciparum, is an obligate parasite that has had to develop mechanisms for survival under the unfavourable conditions it confronts within host cells. The chapters in the book "Heat Shock Proteins of Malaria" provide a critique of the evidence that heat shock proteins (Hsps) play a key role in the survival of P. falciparum in host cells. The role of the plasmodial Hsp arsenal is not limited to the protection of the parasite cell (largely through their role as molecular chaperones), as some of these proteins also promote the pathological development of malaria. This is largely due to the export of a large number of these proteins into the infected erythrocyte cytosol. Although P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1) is the main virulence factor for the malaria parasite, some of the exported plasmodial Hsps appear to augment parasite virulence. While this book largely delves into experimentally validated information on the role of Hsps in the development and pathogenicity of malaria, some of the information is based on hypotheses yet to be fully tested. Therefore, here we highlight what we know to be definite roles of plasmodial Hsps. Furthermore, we distill information that could provide practical insights on the options available for future research directions, including interventions against malaria that may target the role of Hsps in the development of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Addmore Shonhai
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa.
| | - Gregory L Blatch
- The Vice Chancellery, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA, Australia. .,Biomedical Biotechnology Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa. .,The Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia. .,Faculty of Health Sciences, Higher Colleges of Technology, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
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12
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Jonsdottir TK, Gabriela M, Gilson PR. The Role of Malaria Parasite Heat Shock Proteins in Protein Trafficking and Remodelling of Red Blood Cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1340:141-167. [PMID: 34569024 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-78397-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The genus Plasmodium comprises intracellular eukaryotic parasites that infect many vertebrate groups and cause deadly malaria disease in humans. The parasites employ a suite of heat shock proteins to help traffic other proteins to different compartments within their own cells and that of the host cells they parasitise. This review will cover the role of these chaperones in protein export and host cell modification in the asexual blood stage of the human parasite P. falciparum which is the most deadly and well-studied parasite species. We will examine the role chaperones play in the import of proteins into the secretory pathway from where they are escorted to the vacuole space surrounding the intraerythrocytic parasite. Here, other heat shock proteins unfold protein cargoes and extrude them into the red blood cell (RBC) cytosol from where additional chaperones of parasite and possibly host origin refold the cargo proteins and guide them to their final functional destinations within their RBC host cells. The secretory pathway also serves as a launch pad for proteins targeted to the non-photosynthetic apicoplast organelle of endosymbiotic origin, and the role of heat shock proteins in trafficking proteins here will be reviewed. Finally, the function of chaperones in protein trafficking into the mitochondrion, the remaining organelle of endosymbiotic origin, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorey K Jonsdottir
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Mikha Gabriela
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia
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13
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Chitama BYA, Miyazaki S, Zhu X, Kagaya W, Yahata K, Kaneko O. Multiple charged amino acids of Plasmodium falciparum SURFIN4.1 N-terminal region are important for efficient export to the red blood cell. Parasitol Int 2019; 71:186-193. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2019.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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14
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Behl A, Kumar V, Bisht A, Panda JJ, Hora R, Mishra PC. Cholesterol bound Plasmodium falciparum co-chaperone 'PFA0660w' complexes with major virulence factor 'PfEMP1' via chaperone 'PfHsp70-x'. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2664. [PMID: 30804381 PMCID: PMC6389991 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39217-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Lethality of Plasmodium falciparum caused malaria results from ‘cytoadherence’, which is mainly effected by exported Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1) family. Several exported P. falciparum proteins (exportome) including chaperones alongside cholesterol rich microdomains are crucial for PfEMP1 translocation to infected erythrocyte surface. An exported Hsp40 (heat shock protein 40) ‘PFA0660w’ functions as a co-chaperone of ‘PfHsp70-x’, and these co-localize to specialized intracellular mobile structures termed J-dots. Our studies attempt to understand the function of PFA0660w-PfHsp70-x chaperone pair using recombinant proteins. Biochemical assays reveal that N and C-terminal domains of PFA0660w and PfHsp70-x respectively are critical for their activity. We show the novel direct interaction of PfHsp70-x with the cytoplasmic tail of PfEMP1, and binding of PFA0660w with cholesterol. PFA0660w operates both as a chaperone and lipid binding molecule via its separate substrate and cholesterol binding sites. PfHsp70-x interacts with cholesterol bound PFA0660w and PfEMP1 simultaneously in vitro to form a complex. Collectively, our results and the past literature support the hypothesis that PFA0660w-PfHsp70-x chaperone pair assists PfEMP1 transport across the host erythrocyte through cholesterol containing ‘J-dots’. These findings further the understanding of PfEMP1 export in malaria parasites, though their in vivo validation remains to be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Behl
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Vikash Kumar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Anjali Bisht
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Mohali, India
| | - Jiban J Panda
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Mohali, India
| | - Rachna Hora
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
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15
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Batista FA, Dores-Silva PR, Borges JC. Molecular Chaperones Involved in Protein Recovery from Aggregates are Present in Protozoa Causative of Malaria and Leishmaniasis. CURR PROTEOMICS 2018. [DOI: 10.2174/1570164615666180626123823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Molecular chaperones have several critical functions in protein metabolism. Among them,
some are involved in processes that culminate in the extraction of entangled polypeptides from protein
aggregates, releasing unfolded structures prone to be refolded or directed to degradation. This action
avoids the effect of toxic aggregates on cells and tissues. Molecular chaperones belonging to the
Hsp100 family are widely distributed from unicellular and sessile organisms up to fungi and plants,
exerting key functions related to the reduction of the effects caused by different forms of stress. The
Hsp100 proteins belong to the AAA+ (ATPases Associated with diverse cellular Activities) family and
form multichaperone systems with Hsp70 and small Hsp chaperones families. However, Hsp100 are
absent in metazoan, where protein disaggregation action is performed by a system involving the Hsp70
family, including Hsp110 and J-protein co-chaperones. Here, the structural and functional aspects of
these protein disaggregation systems will be reviewed and discussed in the perspective of the Hsp100
system absent in the metazoan kingdom. This feature focuses on Hsp100 as a hot spot for drug discovery
against human infectious diseases such as leishmaniasis and malaria, as Hsp100 is critical for microorganisms.
The current data available for Hsp100 in Leishmania spp. and Plasmodium spp. are also
reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda A.H. Batista
- Instituto de Quimica de Sao Carlos, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo R. Dores-Silva
- Instituto de Quimica de Sao Carlos, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Júlio C. Borges
- Instituto de Quimica de Sao Carlos, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil
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16
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Mabate B, Zininga T, Ramatsui L, Makumire S, Achilonu I, Dirr HW, Shonhai A. Structural and biochemical characterization of Plasmodium falciparum Hsp70-x reveals functional versatility of its C-terminal EEVN motif. Proteins 2018; 86:1189-1201. [PMID: 30183110 PMCID: PMC6282620 DOI: 10.1002/prot.25600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum, the main agent of malaria expresses six members of the heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) family. Hsp70s serve as protein folding facilitators in the cell. Amongst the six Hsp70 species that P. falciparum expresses, Hsp70-x (PfHsp70-x), is partially exported to the host red blood cell where it is implicated in host cell remodeling. Nearly 500 proteins of parasitic origin are exported to the parasite-infected red blood cell (RBC) along with PfHsp70-x. The role of PfHsp70-x in the infected human RBC remains largely unclear. One of the defining features of PfHsp70-x is the presence of EEVN residues at its C-terminus. In this regard, PfHsp70-x resembles canonical eukaryotic cytosol-localized Hsp70s which possess EEVD residues at their C-termini in place of the EEVN residues associated with PfHsp70-x. The EEVD residues of eukaryotic Hsp70s facilitate their interaction with co-chaperones. Characterization of the role of the EEVN residues of PfHsp70-x could provide insights into the function of this protein. In the current study, we expressed and purified recombinant PfHsp70-x (full length) and its EEVN minus form (PfHsp70-xT ). We then conducted structure- function assays towards establishing the role of the EEVN motif of PfHsp70-x. Our findings suggest that the EEVN residues of PfHsp70-x are important for its ATPase activity and chaperone function. Furthermore, the EEVN residues are crucial for the direct interaction between PfHsp70-x and human Hsp70-Hsp90 organizing protein (hHop) in vitro. Hop facilitates functional cooperation between Hsp70 and Hsp90. However, it remains to be established if PfHsp70-x and hHsp90 cooperate in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ikechukwu Achilonu
- Protein Structure‐Function Research UnitSchool of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of the WitwatersrandJohannesburgSouth Africa
| | - Heini W. Dirr
- Protein Structure‐Function Research UnitSchool of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of the WitwatersrandJohannesburgSouth Africa
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17
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Shevtsov M, Huile G, Multhoff G. Membrane heat shock protein 70: a theranostic target for cancer therapy. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 373:rstb.2016.0526. [PMID: 29203711 PMCID: PMC5717526 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the 70 kDa stress protein family are found in nearly all subcellular compartments of nucleated cells where they fulfil a number of chaperoning functions. Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), also termed HSPA1A, the major stress-inducible member of this family is overexpressed in a large variety of different tumour types. Apart from its intracellular localization, a tumour-selective HSP70 membrane expression has been determined. A membrane HSP70–positive tumour phenotype is associated with aggressiveness and therapy resistance, but also serves as a recognition structure for targeted therapies. Furthermore, membrane-bound and extracellularly residing HSP70 derived from tumour cells play pivotal roles in eliciting anti-tumour immune responses. Herein, we want to shed light on the multiplicity of different activities of HSP70, depending on its intracellular, membrane and extracellular localization with the goal to use membrane HSP70 as a target for novel therapies including nanoparticle-based approaches for the treatment of cancer. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Heat shock proteins as modulators and therapeutic targets of chronic disease: an integrated perspective’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Shevtsov
- Klinikum rechts der Isar, Department of Radiation Oncology, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Strasse 22, Munich 81675, Germany.,Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Avenue, 4, St Petersburg 194064, Russia
| | - Gao Huile
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Gabriele Multhoff
- Klinikum rechts der Isar, Department of Radiation Oncology, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Strasse 22, Munich 81675, Germany
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18
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Cabral FJ, Vianna LG, Medeiros MM, Carlos BC, Martha RD, Silva NM, Silva LHPD, Stabeli RG, Wunderlich G. Immunoproteomics of Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cell membrane fractions. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2017; 112:850-856. [PMID: 29211247 PMCID: PMC5719555 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760170041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The surface of infected red blood cells (iRBCs) has been widely investigated
because of the molecular complexity and pathogenesis mechanisms involved.
Asymptomatic individuals are important in the field because they can
perpetuate transmission as natural reservoirs and present a challenge for
diagnosing malaria because of their low levels of circulating parasites.
Recent studies of iRBC antibody recognition have shown that responses are
quantitatively similar in symptomatic and asymptomatic infections, but no
studies have characterised the plasmodial proteins targeted by this
response. OBJECTIVES Our main objective was to identify Plasmodium falciparum
proteins associated with iRBC ghosts recognised by antibodies in the sera of
symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals in the Brazilian Amazon. METHODS We collected symptomatic and asymptomatic sera from patients residing in the
Brazilian Amazon and P. falciparum iRBC ghosts to identify
the proteins involved in natural antibody recognition by 2D-electrophoresis,
western blotting, and high- resolution mass spectrometry. FINDINGS 2D gel-based immunoproteome analysis using symptomatic and asymptomatic sera
identified 11 proteins with at least one unique peptide, such as chaperones
HSP70-1 and HSP70-x, which likely are components of the secretion
machinery/PTEX translocon. PfEMP1 is involved in antigenic variation in
symptomatic infections and we found putative membrane proteins whose
functions are unknown. MAIN FINDINGS Our results suggest a potential role of old and new proteins, such as
antigenic variation proteins, iRBC remodelling, and membrane proteins, with
no assigned functions related to the immune response against P.
falciparum, providing insights into the pathogenesis,
erythrocyte remodelling, and secretion machinery important for alternative
diagnosis and/or malaria therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda J Cabral
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Campinas, SP, Brasil.,Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Parasitologia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Marcia M Medeiros
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Parasitologia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.,Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Bianca Cechetto Carlos
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Parasitologia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Nadia Maria Silva
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | | | | | - Gerhard Wunderlich
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Parasitologia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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19
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The Exported Chaperone PfHsp70x Is Dispensable for the Plasmodium falciparum Intraerythrocytic Life Cycle. mSphere 2017; 2:mSphere00363-17. [PMID: 28959740 PMCID: PMC5615134 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00363-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Half of the world’s population lives at risk for malaria. The intraerythrocytic life cycle of Plasmodium spp. is responsible for clinical manifestations of malaria; therefore, knowledge of the parasite’s ability to survive within the erythrocyte is needed to combat the deadliest agent of malaria, P. falciparum. An outstanding question in the field is how P. falciparum undertakes the essential process of trafficking its proteins within the host cell. In most organisms, chaperones such as Hsp70 are employed in protein trafficking. Of the Plasmodium species causing human disease, the chaperone PfHsp70x is unique to P. falciparum, and it is the only parasite protein of its kind exported to the host (S. Külzer et al., Cell Microbiol 14:1784–1795, 2012). This has placed PfHsp70x as an ideal target to inhibit protein trafficking and kill the parasite. However, we show that PfHsp70x is not required for export of parasite effectors and it is not essential for parasite survival inside the RBC. Export of parasite proteins into the host erythrocyte is essential for survival of Plasmodium falciparum during its asexual life cycle. While several studies described key factors within the parasite that are involved in protein export, the mechanisms employed to traffic exported proteins within the host cell are currently unknown. Members of the Hsp70 family of chaperones, together with their Hsp40 cochaperones, facilitate protein trafficking in other organisms, and are thus likely used by P. falciparum in the trafficking of its exported proteins. A large group of Hsp40 proteins is encoded by the parasite and exported to the host cell, but only one Hsp70, P. falciparum Hsp70x (PfHsp70x), is exported with them. PfHsp70x is absent in most Plasmodium species and is found only in P. falciparum and closely related species that infect apes. Herein, we have utilized clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/Cas9 genome editing in P. falciparum to investigate the essentiality of PfHsp70x. We show that parasitic growth was unaffected by knockdown of PfHsp70x using both the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR)-based destabilization domain and the glmS ribozyme system. Similarly, a complete gene knockout of PfHsp70x did not affect the ability of P. falciparum to proceed through its intraerythrocytic life cycle. The effect of PfHsp70x knockdown/knockout on the export of proteins to the host red blood cell (RBC), including the critical virulence factor P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1), was tested, and we found that this process was unaffected. These data show that although PfHsp70x is the sole exported Hsp70, it is not essential for the asexual development of P. falciparum. IMPORTANCE Half of the world’s population lives at risk for malaria. The intraerythrocytic life cycle of Plasmodium spp. is responsible for clinical manifestations of malaria; therefore, knowledge of the parasite’s ability to survive within the erythrocyte is needed to combat the deadliest agent of malaria, P. falciparum. An outstanding question in the field is how P. falciparum undertakes the essential process of trafficking its proteins within the host cell. In most organisms, chaperones such as Hsp70 are employed in protein trafficking. Of the Plasmodium species causing human disease, the chaperone PfHsp70x is unique to P. falciparum, and it is the only parasite protein of its kind exported to the host (S. Külzer et al., Cell Microbiol 14:1784–1795, 2012). This has placed PfHsp70x as an ideal target to inhibit protein trafficking and kill the parasite. However, we show that PfHsp70x is not required for export of parasite effectors and it is not essential for parasite survival inside the RBC.
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20
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Charnaud SC, Dixon MWA, Nie CQ, Chappell L, Sanders PR, Nebl T, Hanssen E, Berriman M, Chan JA, Blanch AJ, Beeson JG, Rayner JC, Przyborski JM, Tilley L, Crabb BS, Gilson PR. The exported chaperone Hsp70-x supports virulence functions for Plasmodium falciparum blood stage parasites. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181656. [PMID: 28732045 PMCID: PMC5521827 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is caused by five different Plasmodium spp. in humans each of which modifies the host erythrocyte to survive and replicate. The two main causes of malaria, P. falciparum and P. vivax, differ in their ability to cause severe disease, mainly due to differences in the cytoadhesion of infected erythrocytes (IE) in the microvasculature. Cytoadhesion of P. falciparum in the brain leads to a large number of deaths each year and is a consequence of exported parasite proteins, some of which modify the erythrocyte cytoskeleton while others such as PfEMP1 project onto the erythrocyte surface where they bind to endothelial cells. Here we investigate the effects of knocking out an exported Hsp70-type chaperone termed Hsp70-x that is present in P. falciparum but not P. vivax. Although the growth of Δhsp70-x parasites was unaffected, the export of PfEMP1 cytoadherence proteins was delayed and Δhsp70-x IE had reduced adhesion. The Δhsp70-x IE were also more rigid than wild-type controls indicating changes in the way the parasites modified their host erythrocyte. To investigate the cause of this, transcriptional and translational changes in exported and chaperone proteins were monitored and some changes were observed. We propose that PfHsp70-x is not essential for survival in vitro, but may be required for the efficient export and functioning of some P. falciparum exported proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew W. A. Dixon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Lia Chappell
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | | | - Thomas Nebl
- Walter & Eliza Hall Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eric Hanssen
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew Berriman
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Jo-Anne Chan
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adam J. Blanch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Julian C. Rayner
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | | | - Leann Tilley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brendan S. Crabb
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul R. Gilson
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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21
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Jha P, Laskar S, Dubey S, Bhattacharyya MK, Bhattacharyya S. Plasmodium Hsp40 and human Hsp70: A potential cochaperone-chaperone complex. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2017; 214:10-13. [PMID: 28322872 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Out of the total forty four members of Plasmodium falciparum Hsp40 protein family, nineteen of them possess a PEXEL motif, and are predicted to be exported into the cytosol of an infected RBC. It is speculated that the human Hsp70 (hHsp70), which resides into the cytosol of the host erythrocyte, along with the exported PfHsp40s assists in the folding of parasitic proteins, thus playing a crucial role in the establishment of virulence. However, till date no experimental evidence supports this hypothesis. Our work establishes that the PEXEL motifs containing Type II PfDNAJ proteins specifically interact with hHsp70 (HSPA1A). It suggests that there exists a specific factor in PfDNAJ that determines the choice of cognate Hsp70. This opens up an interesting avenue of malaria research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payal Jha
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Telangana, 500046, India
| | - Shyamasree Laskar
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Telangana, 500046, India
| | - Swati Dubey
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Telangana, 500046, India
| | - Mrinal K Bhattacharyya
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Telangana, 500046, India.
| | - Sunanda Bhattacharyya
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Telangana, 500046, India.
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