1
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Picchio V, Pagano F, Carnevale R, D'Amico A, Cozzolino C, Floris E, Bordin A, Schirone L, Vecchio D, Saade W, Miraldi F, De Falco E, Sciarretta S, Peruzzi M, Biondi-Zoccai G, Frati G, Chimenti I. Exposure to serum from exclusive heated tobacco product smokers induces mTOR activation and fibrotic features in human cardiac stromal cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024:167350. [PMID: 39002704 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Chronic smokers have increased risk of fibrosis-related atrial fibrillation. The use of heated-tobacco products (HTPs) is increasing exponentially, and their health impact is still uncertain. We aim to investigate the effects of circulating molecules in exclusive HTP chronic smokers on the fibrotic behavior of human atrial cardiac stromal cells (CSCs). CSCs were isolated from atrial tissue of elective cardiac surgery patients, and exposed to serum lots from young healthy subjects, stratified in exclusive HTP smokers, tobacco combustion cigarette (TCC) smokers, or nonsmokers (NS). CSCs treated with TCC serum displayed impaired migration and increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Cells cultured with HTP serum showed increased levels of pro-fibrotic markers, and reduced expression of connexin-43. Both TCC and HTP sera increased collagen release and reduced secretion of angiogenic protective factors from CSCs, compared to NS sera. Paracrine support to tube-formation by endothelial cells and to viability of cardiomyocytes was significantly impaired. Treatment with sera of both smokers impaired H2O2/NO release balance by CSCs and reduced early phosphorylation of several pathways compared to NS serum, leading to mTOR activation. Cotreatment with rapamycin was able to reduce mTOR phosphorylation and differentiation into aSMA-positive myofibroblasts in CSCs exposed to TCC and HTP sera. In conclusion, the circulating molecules in the serum of chronic exclusive HTP smokers induce fibrotic behavior in CSCs through activation of the mTOR pathway, and reduce their beneficial paracrine effects on endothelial cells and cardiomyocytes. These results point to a potential risk for cardiac fibrosis in chronic HTP users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Picchio
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University, Latina, Italy; Department of AngioCardioNeurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Francesca Pagano
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Council of Research (IBBC-CNR), Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Roberto Carnevale
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University, Latina, Italy; Department of AngioCardioNeurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Alessandra D'Amico
- Department of Movement, Human, and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Cozzolino
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University, Latina, Italy
| | - Erica Floris
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University, Latina, Italy
| | - Antonella Bordin
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University, Latina, Italy
| | | | - Daniele Vecchio
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University, Latina, Italy
| | - Wael Saade
- Department of Clinical, Internal Medicine, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Miraldi
- Department of Clinical, Internal Medicine, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena De Falco
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University, Latina, Italy; Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, Cotignola, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Sciarretta
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University, Latina, Italy; Department of AngioCardioNeurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Mariangela Peruzzi
- Department of Clinical, Internal Medicine, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy; Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, Cotignola, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Biondi-Zoccai
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University, Latina, Italy; Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, Cotignola, Italy
| | - Giacomo Frati
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University, Latina, Italy; Department of AngioCardioNeurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Isotta Chimenti
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University, Latina, Italy; Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, Cotignola, Italy.
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2
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Matta A, Ohlmann P, Nader V, Moussallem N, Carrié D, Roncalli J. A review of therapeutic approaches for post-infarction left ventricular remodeling. Curr Probl Cardiol 2024; 49:102562. [PMID: 38599556 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2024.102562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Left ventricular remodeling is an adaptive process initially developed in response to acute myocardial infarction (AMI), but it ends up with negative adverse outcomes such as infarcted wall thinning, ventricular dilation, and cardiac dysfunction. A prolonged excessive inflammatory reaction to cardiomyocytes death and necrosis plays the crucial role in the pathophysiological mechanisms. The pharmacological treatment includes nitroglycerine, β-blockers, ACEi/ARBs, SGLT2i, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, and some miscellaneous aspects. Stem cells therapy, CD34+ cells transplantation and gene therapy constitute the promissing therapeutic approaches for post AMI cardiac remodeling, thereby enhancing angiogenesis, cardiomyocytes differenciation and left ventricular function on top of inhibiting apoptosis, inflammation, and collagen deposition. All these lead to reduce infarct size, scar formation and myocardial fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Matta
- Department of Cardiology, Civilian Hospitals of Colmar, Colmar, France; School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, P.O.Box 446, Jounieh, Lebanon.
| | - Patrick Ohlmann
- Department of Cardiology, Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
| | - Vanessa Nader
- Department of Cardiology, Civilian Hospitals of Colmar, Colmar, France
| | - Nicolas Moussallem
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, P.O.Box 446, Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - Didier Carrié
- Department of Cardiology, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Jerome Roncalli
- Department of Cardiology, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
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3
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McCauley MD, Iacobellis G, Li N, Nattel S, Goldberger JJ. Targeting the Substrate for Atrial Fibrillation: JACC Review Topic of the Week. J Am Coll Cardiol 2024; 83:2015-2027. [PMID: 38749620 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2024.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/17/2024]
Abstract
The identification of the pulmonary veins as a trigger source for atrial fibrillation (AF) has established pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) as a key target for AF ablation. However, PVI alone does not prevent recurrent AF in many patients, and numerous additional ablation strategies have failed to improve on PVI outcomes. This therapeutic limitation may be due, in part, to a failure to identify and intervene specifically on the pro-fibrillatory substrate within the atria and pulmonary veins. In this review paper, we highlight several emerging approaches with clinical potential that target atrial cardiomyopathy-the underlying anatomic, electrical, and/or autonomic disease affecting the atrium-in various stages of practice and investigation. In particular, we consider the evolving roles of risk factor modification, targeting of epicardial adipose tissue, tissue fibrosis, oxidative stress, and the inflammasome, along with aggressive early anti-AF therapy in AF management. Attention to combatting substrate development promises to improve outcomes in AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D McCauley
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Gianluca Iacobellis
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Na Li
- Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Stanley Nattel
- Department of Medicine and Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Institute of Pharmacology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; IHU LIRYC and Fondation Bordeaux Université, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jeffrey J Goldberger
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
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4
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Pagano F, Picchio V, Bordin A, Cavarretta E, Nocella C, Cozzolino C, Floris E, Angelini F, Sordano A, Peruzzi M, Miraldi F, Biondi-Zoccai G, De Falco E, Carnevale R, Sciarretta S, Frati G, Chimenti I. Progressive stages of dysmetabolism are associated with impaired biological features of human cardiac stromal cells mediated by the oxidative state and autophagy. J Pathol 2022; 258:136-148. [PMID: 35751644 PMCID: PMC9542980 DOI: 10.1002/path.5985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac stromal cells (CSCs) are the main players in fibrosis. Dysmetabolic conditions (metabolic syndrome—MetS, and type 2 diabetes mellitus—DM2) are strong pathogenetic contributors to cardiac fibrosis. Moreover, modulation of the oxidative state (OxSt) and autophagy is a fundamental function affecting the fibrotic commitment of CSCs, that are adversely modulated in MetS/DM2. We aimed to characterize CSCs from dysmetabolic patients, and to obtain a beneficial phenotypic setback from such fibrotic commitment by modulation of OxSt and autophagy. CSCs were isolated from 38 patients, stratified as MetS, DM2, or controls. Pharmacological modulation of OxSt and autophagy was obtained by treatment with trehalose and NOX4/NOX5 inhibitors (TREiNOX). Flow‐cytometry and real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR) analyses showed significantly increased expression of myofibroblasts markers in MetS‐CSCs at baseline (GATA4, ACTA2, THY1/CD90) and after starvation (COL1A1, COL3A1). MetS‐ and DM2‐CSCs displayed a paracrine profile distinct from control cells, as evidenced by screening of 30 secreted cytokines, with a significant reduction in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and endoglin confirmed by enzyme‐linked immunoassay (ELISA). DM2‐CSCs showed significantly reduced support for endothelial cells in angiogenic assays, and significantly increased H2O2 release and NOX4/5 expression levels. Autophagy impairment after starvation (reduced ATG7 and LC3‐II proteins) was also detectable in DM2‐CSCs. TREiNOX treatment significantly reduced ACTA2, COL1A1, COL3A1, and NOX4 expression in both DM2‐ and MetS‐CSCs, as well as GATA4 and THY1/CD90 in DM2, all versus control cells. Moreover, TREiNOX significantly increased VEGF release by DM2‐CSCs, and VEGF and endoglin release by both MetS‐ and DM2‐CSCs, also recovering the angiogenic support to endothelial cells by DM2‐CSCs. In conclusion, DM2 and MetS worsen microenvironmental conditioning by CSCs. Appropriate modulation of autophagy and OxSt in human CSCs appears to restore these features, mostly in DM2‐CSCs, suggesting a novel strategy against cardiac fibrosis in dysmetabolic patients. © 2022 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Pagano
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Council of Research (IBBC-CNR), Monterotondo (RM), Italy
| | - Vittorio Picchio
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University, Latina, Italy
| | - Antonella Bordin
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University, Latina, Italy
| | - Elena Cavarretta
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University, Latina, Italy.,Mediterranea Cardiocentro, Napoli, Italy
| | - Cristina Nocella
- Department of Clinical, Internal Medicine, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Cozzolino
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University, Latina, Italy
| | - Erica Floris
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University, Latina, Italy
| | - Francesco Angelini
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University, Latina, Italy
| | - Alessia Sordano
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University, Latina, Italy
| | - Mariangela Peruzzi
- Mediterranea Cardiocentro, Napoli, Italy.,Department of Clinical, Internal Medicine, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Miraldi
- Department of Clinical, Internal Medicine, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Biondi-Zoccai
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University, Latina, Italy.,Mediterranea Cardiocentro, Napoli, Italy
| | - Elena De Falco
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University, Latina, Italy.,Mediterranea Cardiocentro, Napoli, Italy
| | - Roberto Carnevale
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University, Latina, Italy.,Mediterranea Cardiocentro, Napoli, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Sciarretta
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University, Latina, Italy.,Department of AngioCardioNeurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Giacomo Frati
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University, Latina, Italy.,Department of AngioCardioNeurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Isotta Chimenti
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University, Latina, Italy.,Mediterranea Cardiocentro, Napoli, Italy
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5
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The impact of autophagy modulation on phenotype and survival of cardiac stromal cells under metabolic stress. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:149. [PMID: 35365624 PMCID: PMC8975847 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-00924-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac stromal cells (CSCs) embrace multiple phenotypes and are a contributory factor in tissue homeostasis and repair. They can be exploited as therapeutic mediators against cardiac fibrosis and remodeling, but their survival and cardioprotective properties can be decreased by microenvironmental cues. We evaluated the impact of autophagy modulation by different pharmacological/genetic approaches on the viability and phenotype of murine CSCs, which had been subjected to nutrient deprivation or hyperglycemia, in order to mimic relevant stress conditions and risk factors of cardiovascular diseases. Our results show that autophagy is activated in CSCs by nutrient deprivation, and that autophagy induction by trehalose or autophagy-related protein 7 (ATG7)-overexpression can significantly preserve CSC viability. Furthermore, autophagy induction is associated with a higher proportion of primitive, non-activated stem cell antigen 1 (Sca1)-positive cells, and with a reduced fibrotic fraction (positive for the discoidin domain-containing receptor 2, DDR2) in the CSC pool after nutrient deprivation. Hyperglycemia, on the other hand, is associated with reduced autophagic flux in CSCs, and with a significant reduction in primitive Sca1+ cells. Autophagy induction by adenoviral-mediated ATG7-overexpression maintains a cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic paracrine profile of CSCs exposed to hyperglycemia for 1 week. Finally, autophagy induction by ATG7-overexpression during hyperglycemia can significantly preserve cell viability in CSCs, which were subsequently exposed to nutrient deprivation, reducing hyperglycemia-induced impairment of cell resistance to stress. In conclusion, our results show that autophagy stimulation preserves CSC viability and function in response to metabolic stressors, suggesting that it may boost the beneficial functions of CSCs in cardiac repair mechanisms.
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6
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Picchio V, Bordin A, Floris E, Cozzolino C, Dhori X, Peruzzi M, Frati G, De Falco E, Pagano F, Chimenti I. The dynamic facets of the cardiac stroma: from classical markers to omics and translational perspectives. Am J Transl Res 2022; 14:1172-1187. [PMID: 35273721 PMCID: PMC8902528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac stromal cells have been long underestimated in their functions in homeostasis and repair. Recent evidence has changed this perspective in that many more players and facets than just "cardiac fibroblasts" have entered the field. Single cell transcriptomic studies on cardiac interstitial cells have shed light on the phenotypic plasticity of the stroma, whose transcriptional profile is dynamically regulated in homeostatic conditions and in response to external stimuli. Different populations and/or functional states that appear in homeostasis and pathology have been described, particularly increasing the complexity of studying the cardiac response to injury. In this review, we outline current phenotypical and molecular markers, and the approaches developed for identifying and classifying cardiac stromal cells. Significant advances in our understanding of cardiac stromal populations will provide a deeper knowledge on myocardial functional cellular components, as well as a platform for future developments of novel therapeutic strategies to counteract cardiac fibrosis and adverse cardiac remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Picchio
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of RomeItaly
| | - Antonella Bordin
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of RomeItaly
| | - Erica Floris
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of RomeItaly
| | - Claudia Cozzolino
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of RomeItaly
| | - Xhulio Dhori
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of RomeItaly
| | - Mariangela Peruzzi
- Mediterranea CardiocentroNapoli, Italy
- Department of Clinical, Internal Medicine, Anaesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of RomeItaly
| | - Giacomo Frati
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of RomeItaly
- IRCCS NeuromedPozzilli, Italy
| | - Elena De Falco
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of RomeItaly
- Mediterranea CardiocentroNapoli, Italy
| | - Francesca Pagano
- Biochemistry and Cellular Biology Institute, CNRMonterotondo, Italy
| | - Isotta Chimenti
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of RomeItaly
- Mediterranea CardiocentroNapoli, Italy
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7
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Taylor DA, Chacon-Alberty L, Sampaio LC, Del Hierro MG, Perin EC, Mesquita FCP, Henry TD, Traverse JH, Pepine CJ, Hare JM, Murphy MP, Yang PC, March KL, Vojvodic RW, Ebert RF, Bolli R. Recommendations for Nomenclature and Definition Of Cell Products Intended for Human Cardiovascular Use. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 118:2428-2436. [PMID: 34387303 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Exogenous cell-based therapy has emerged as a promising new strategy to facilitate repair of hearts damaged by acute or chronic injury. However, the field of cell-based therapy is handicapped by the lack of standardized definitions and terminology, making comparisons across studies challenging. Even the term "stem cell therapy" is misleading because only a small percentage of cells derived from adult bone marrow, peripheral blood, or adipose tissue meets the accepted hematopoietic or developmental definition of stem cells. Furthermore, cells (stem or otherwise) are dynamic biological products, meaning that their surface marker expression, phenotypic and functional characteristics, and the products they secrete in response to their microenvironment can change. It is also important to point out that most surface markers are seldom specific for a cell type. In this article, we discuss the lack of consistency in the descriptive terminology used in cell-based therapies and offer guidelines aimed at standardizing nomenclature and definitions to improve communication among investigators and the general public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris A Taylor
- Regenerative Medicine Research, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Texas.,RegenMedix Consulting LLC, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Luiz C Sampaio
- Regenerative Medicine Research, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Emerson C Perin
- Regenerative Medicine Research, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Timothy D Henry
- The Carl and Edyth Lindner Center for Research and Education, The Christ Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Jay H Traverse
- Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation at Abbott Northwestern Hospital, and University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Carl J Pepine
- University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Joshua M Hare
- University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | | | - Phillip C Yang
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Keith L March
- University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Rachel W Vojvodic
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health, Houston, Texas
| | - Ray F Ebert
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
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8
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Madeddu P. Cell therapy for the treatment of heart disease: Renovation work on the broken heart is still in progress. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 164:206-222. [PMID: 33421587 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.12.444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) continues to be the number one killer in the aging population. Heart failure (HF) is also an important cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with congenital heart disease (CHD). Novel therapeutic approaches that could restore stable heart function are much needed in both paediatric and adult patients. Regenerative medicine holds promises to provide definitive solutions for correction of congenital and acquired cardiac defects. In this review article, we recap some important aspects of cardiovascular cell therapy. First, we report quantifiable data regarding the scientific advancements in the field and how this has been translated into tangible outcomes according clinical studies and related meta-analyses. We then comment on emerging trends and technologies, such as the use of second-generation cell products, including pericyte-like vascular progenitors, and reprogramming of cells by different approaches including modulation of oxidative stress. The more affordable and feasible strategy of repurposing clinically available drugs to awaken the intrinsic healing potential of the heart will be discussed in the light of current social, financial, and ethical context. Cell therapy remains a work in progress field. Uncertainty in the ability of the experts and policy makers to solve urgent medical problems is growing in a world that is significantly influenced by them. This is particularly true in the field of regenerative medicine, due to great public expectations, polarization of leadership and funding, and insufficient translational vision. Cardiovascular regenerative medicine should be contextualized in a holistic program with defined priorities to allow a complete realization. Reshaping the notion of medical expertise is fundamental to fill the current gap in translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Madeddu
- Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Upper Maudlin Street, BS28HW, Bristol, United Kingdom.
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9
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Pharmacological Modulation of Cardiac Remodeling after Myocardial Infarction. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:8815349. [PMID: 33488934 PMCID: PMC7790555 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8815349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac remodeling describes a series of structural and functional changes in the heart after myocardial infarction (MI). Adverse post-MI cardiac remodeling directly jeopardizes the recovery of cardiac functions and the survival rate in MI patients. Several classes of drugs are proven to be useful to reduce the mortality of MI patients. However, it is an ongoing challenge to prevent the adverse effects of cardiac remodeling. The present review aims to identify the pharmacological therapies from the existing clinical drugs for the treatment of adverse post-MI cardiac remodeling. Post-MI cardiac remodeling is a complex process involving ischemia/reperfusion, inflammation, cell death, and deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM). Thus, the present review included two parts: (1) to examine the basic pathophysiology in the cardiovascular system and the molecular basis of cardiac remodeling and (2) to identify the pathological aspects of cardiac remodeling and the potential of the existing pharmacotherapies. Ultimately, the present review highlights drug repositioning as a strategy to discover effective therapies from the existing drugs against post-MI cardiac remodeling.
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10
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Frati G, Forte M, di Nonno F, Bordin A, Chimenti I, Picchio V, Cavarretta E, Stanzione R, Bianchi F, Carnevale R, Nocella C, Schiavon S, Vecchio D, Marchitti S, De Falco E, Rubattu S, Paneni F, Biondi‐Zoccai G, Versaci F, Volpe M, Pagano F, Sciarretta S. Inhibition of miR-155 Attenuates Detrimental Vascular Effects of Tobacco Cigarette Smoking. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9:e017000. [PMID: 33317369 PMCID: PMC7955400 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.017000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Background The role of microRNAs dysregulation in tobacco cigarette smoking-induced vascular damage still needs to be clarified. We assessed the acute effects of tobacco cigarette smoking on endothelial cell-related circulating microRNAs in healthy subjects. In addition, we investigated the potential role of microRNAs in smoking-dependent endothelial cell damage. Methods and Results A panel of endothelial-related microRNAs was quantified in healthy subjects before and after smoking 1 tobacco cigarette. Serum levels of miR-155 were found to be significantly increased shortly after smoking. We also observed a progressive and significant miR-155 accumulation in culture media of human endothelial cells after 30 minutes and up to 4 hours of cigarette smoke condensate treatment in vitro without evidence of cell death, indicating that miR-155 can be released by endothelial cells in response to smoking stress. Cigarette smoke condensate appeared to enhance oxidative stress and impair cell survival, angiogenesis, and NO metabolism in human endothelial cells. Notably, these effects were abrogated by miR-155 inhibition. We also observed that miR-155 inhibition rescued the deleterious effects of cigarette smoke condensate on endothelial-mediated vascular relaxation and oxidative stress in isolated mouse mesenteric arteries. Finally, we found that exogenous miR-155 overexpression mimics the effects of smoking stress by inducing the upregulation of inflammatory markers, impairing angiogenesis and reducing cell survival. These deleterious effects were associated with downregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor and endothelial NO synthetase. Conclusions Our results suggest that miR-155 dysregulation may contribute to the deleterious vascular effects of tobacco smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Frati
- Department of Medical‐Surgical Sciences and BiotechnologiesSapienza University of RomeLatinaItaly
- IRCCS NeuromedPozzilliItaly
| | | | | | - Antonella Bordin
- Department of Medical‐Surgical Sciences and BiotechnologiesSapienza University of RomeLatinaItaly
| | - Isotta Chimenti
- Department of Medical‐Surgical Sciences and BiotechnologiesSapienza University of RomeLatinaItaly
- Mediterranea Cardiocentro‐NapoliNapoliItaly
| | - Vittorio Picchio
- Department of Medical‐Surgical Sciences and BiotechnologiesSapienza University of RomeLatinaItaly
| | - Elena Cavarretta
- Department of Medical‐Surgical Sciences and BiotechnologiesSapienza University of RomeLatinaItaly
| | | | | | - Roberto Carnevale
- Department of Medical‐Surgical Sciences and BiotechnologiesSapienza University of RomeLatinaItaly
- Mediterranea Cardiocentro‐NapoliNapoliItaly
| | - Cristina Nocella
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical SpecialtiesSapienza University of RomeItaly
| | - Sonia Schiavon
- Department of Medical‐Surgical Sciences and BiotechnologiesSapienza University of RomeLatinaItaly
| | - Daniele Vecchio
- Department of Medical‐Surgical Sciences and BiotechnologiesSapienza University of RomeLatinaItaly
| | | | - Elena De Falco
- Department of Medical‐Surgical Sciences and BiotechnologiesSapienza University of RomeLatinaItaly
- Mediterranea Cardiocentro‐NapoliNapoliItaly
| | - Speranza Rubattu
- IRCCS NeuromedPozzilliItaly
- Department of Clinical and Molecular MedicineSchool of Medicine and PsychologySapienza University of RomeOspedale S. AndreaRomeItaly
| | - Francesco Paneni
- Center for Molecular CardiologyUniversity of ZürichSwitzerland
- CardiologyUniversity Heart CenterUniversity Hospital ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Giuseppe Biondi‐Zoccai
- Department of Medical‐Surgical Sciences and BiotechnologiesSapienza University of RomeLatinaItaly
- Mediterranea Cardiocentro‐NapoliNapoliItaly
| | | | - Massimo Volpe
- IRCCS NeuromedPozzilliItaly
- Department of Clinical and Molecular MedicineSchool of Medicine and PsychologySapienza University of RomeOspedale S. AndreaRomeItaly
| | - Francesca Pagano
- Department of Medical‐Surgical Sciences and BiotechnologiesSapienza University of RomeLatinaItaly
| | - Sebastiano Sciarretta
- Department of Medical‐Surgical Sciences and BiotechnologiesSapienza University of RomeLatinaItaly
- IRCCS NeuromedPozzilliItaly
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11
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Belviso I, Angelini F, Di Meglio F, Picchio V, Sacco AM, Nocella C, Romano V, Nurzynska D, Frati G, Maiello C, Messina E, Montagnani S, Pagano F, Castaldo C, Chimenti I. The Microenvironment of Decellularized Extracellular Matrix from Heart Failure Myocardium Alters the Balance between Angiogenic and Fibrotic Signals from Stromal Primitive Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217903. [PMID: 33114386 PMCID: PMC7662394 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac adverse remodeling is characterized by biological changes that affect the composition and architecture of the extracellular matrix (ECM). The consequently disrupted signaling can interfere with the balance between cardiogenic and pro-fibrotic phenotype of resident cardiac stromal primitive cells (CPCs). The latter are important players in cardiac homeostasis and can be exploited as therapeutic cells in regenerative medicine. Our aim was to compare the effects of human decellularized native ECM from normal (dECM-NH) or failing hearts (dECM-PH) on human CPCs. CPCs were cultured on dECM sections and characterized for gene expression, immunofluorescence, and paracrine profiles. When cultured on dECM-NH, CPCs significantly upregulated cardiac commitment markers (CX43, NKX2.5), cardioprotective cytokines (bFGF, HGF), and the angiogenesis mediator, NO. When seeded on dECM-PH, instead, CPCs upregulated pro-remodeling cytokines (IGF-2, PDGF-AA, TGF-β) and the oxidative stress molecule H2O2. Interestingly, culture on dECM-PH was associated with impaired paracrine support to angiogenesis, and increased expression of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-sequestering decoy isoform of the KDR/VEGFR2 receptor. Our results suggest that resident CPCs exposed to the pathological microenvironment of remodeling ECM partially lose their paracrine angiogenic properties and release more pro-fibrotic cytokines. These observations shed novel insights on the crosstalk between ECM and stromal CPCs, suggesting also a cautious use of non-healthy decellularized myocardium for cardiac tissue engineering approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Immacolata Belviso
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (I.B.); (F.D.M.); (A.M.S.); (V.R.); (D.N.); (S.M.); (C.C.)
| | - Francesco Angelini
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, CRO-National Cancer Institute, 33081 Aviano (PN), Italy;
| | - Franca Di Meglio
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (I.B.); (F.D.M.); (A.M.S.); (V.R.); (D.N.); (S.M.); (C.C.)
| | - Vittorio Picchio
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University, Corso della Repubblica 79, 04100 Latina, Italy; (V.P.); (G.F.)
| | - Anna Maria Sacco
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (I.B.); (F.D.M.); (A.M.S.); (V.R.); (D.N.); (S.M.); (C.C.)
| | - Cristina Nocella
- Department of Clinical, Internal Medicine, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Veronica Romano
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (I.B.); (F.D.M.); (A.M.S.); (V.R.); (D.N.); (S.M.); (C.C.)
| | - Daria Nurzynska
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (I.B.); (F.D.M.); (A.M.S.); (V.R.); (D.N.); (S.M.); (C.C.)
| | - Giacomo Frati
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University, Corso della Repubblica 79, 04100 Latina, Italy; (V.P.); (G.F.)
- Department of AngioCardioNeurology, IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Ciro Maiello
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery and Transplant, Monaldi Hospital, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Elisa Messina
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, “Umberto I” Hospital, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Stefania Montagnani
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (I.B.); (F.D.M.); (A.M.S.); (V.R.); (D.N.); (S.M.); (C.C.)
| | - Francesca Pagano
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Council of Research (IBBC-CNR), 00015 Monterotondo (RM), Italy;
| | - Clotilde Castaldo
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (I.B.); (F.D.M.); (A.M.S.); (V.R.); (D.N.); (S.M.); (C.C.)
| | - Isotta Chimenti
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University, Corso della Repubblica 79, 04100 Latina, Italy; (V.P.); (G.F.)
- Mediterranea Cardiocentro, 80122 Napoli, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0773-1757-234
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12
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MicroRNA-21-Enriched Exosomes as Epigenetic Regulators in Melanomagenesis and Melanoma Progression: The Impact of Western Lifestyle Factors. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12082111. [PMID: 32751207 PMCID: PMC7464294 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA mutation-induced activation of RAS-BRAF-MEK-ERK signaling associated with intermittent or chronic ultraviolet (UV) irradiation cannot exclusively explain the excessive increase of malignant melanoma (MM) incidence since the 1950s. Malignant conversion of a melanocyte to an MM cell and metastatic MM is associated with a steady increase in microRNA-21 (miR-21). At the epigenetic level, miR-21 inhibits key tumor suppressors of the RAS-BRAF signaling pathway enhancing proliferation and MM progression. Increased MM cell levels of miR-21 either result from endogenous upregulation of melanocytic miR-21 expression or by uptake of miR-21-enriched exogenous exosomes. Based on epidemiological data and translational evidence, this review provides deeper insights into environmentally and metabolically induced exosomal miR-21 trafficking beyond UV-irradiation in melanomagenesis and MM progression. Sources of miR-21-enriched exosomes include UV-irradiated keratinocytes, adipocyte-derived exosomes in obesity, airway epithelium-derived exosomes generated by smoking and pollution, diet-related exosomes and inflammation-induced exosomes, which may synergistically increase the exosomal miR-21 burden of the melanocyte, the transformed MM cell and its tumor environment. Several therapeutic agents that suppress MM cell growth and proliferation attenuate miR-21 expression. These include miR-21 antagonists, metformin, kinase inhibitors, beta-blockers, vitamin D, and plant-derived bioactive compounds, which may represent new options for the prevention and treatment of MM.
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13
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Di Mauro M, Ghinassi B, Di Baldassarre A. Commentary: I fix what's broken-including the heart. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2020; 163:1494-1495. [PMID: 33246566 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2020.05.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michele Di Mauro
- Cardio-Thoracic Surgery Department, Heart & Vascular Centre, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Barbara Ghinassi
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University "G. D'Annunzio," Chieti, Pescara, Italy
| | - Angela Di Baldassarre
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University "G. D'Annunzio," Chieti, Pescara, Italy
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14
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Peruzzi M, Biondi-Zoccai G, Carnevale R, Cavarretta E, Frati G, Versaci F. Vaping Cardiovascular Health Risks: an Updated Umbrella Review. CURRENT EMERGENCY AND HOSPITAL MEDICINE REPORTS 2020; 8:103-109. [PMID: 32837803 PMCID: PMC7296287 DOI: 10.1007/s40138-020-00219-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Modified risk products (MRP) such as electronic vaping cigarettes (EVC) and heat-not-burn cigarettes (HNBC) are alternatives to traditional combustion cigarettes (TCC) with an expanding consumer base. Yet, their cardiovascular health risks are still unclear. We aimed to summarize the evidence base on this topic by conducting an updated umbrella review. Recent Findings We identified 7 systematic reviews, totaling 183 studies and reports, ranging from in vitro and in animal studies to clinical studies in apparently healthy volunteers and patients at risk of cardiovascular disease. Overall, acute EVC use was associated with several toxic effects at molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, and system level. In addition, EVC impacted adversely on blood pressure (BP) management, caused tachycardia, and worsened arterial stiffness. Finally, EVC use was associated with an increased risk of adverse clinical events, including atrial fibrillation and myocardial infarction, even if the causal link is still debated. Most reviews highlighted that the detrimental impact of EVC was of lesser magnitude of that of TCC. In addition, the differential impact of liquids and nicotine was not clearly disentangled. Finally, no review included studies on HNBC. Summary The present umbrella review suggests that EVC, and likely HNBC, despite clearly causing an increase in overall cardiovascular risk, may represent a temporary lesser evil than TCC in a risk-reduction or risk-modification strategy, aiming for eventual abstinence from all tobacco or nicotine products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariangela Peruzzi
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 79, 04100 Latina, Italy.,Mediterranea Cardiocentro, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Biondi-Zoccai
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 79, 04100 Latina, Italy.,Mediterranea Cardiocentro, Naples, Italy
| | - Roberto Carnevale
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 79, 04100 Latina, Italy.,Mediterranea Cardiocentro, Naples, Italy
| | - Elena Cavarretta
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 79, 04100 Latina, Italy.,Mediterranea Cardiocentro, Naples, Italy
| | - Giacomo Frati
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 79, 04100 Latina, Italy.,IRCCS NEUROMED, Pozzilli, Italy
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15
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Dergilev KV, Vasilets ID, Tsokolaeva ZI, Zubkova ES, Parfenova EV. [Perspectives of cell therapy for myocardial infarction and heart failure based on cardiosphere cells]. TERAPEVT ARKH 2020; 92:111-120. [PMID: 32598708 DOI: 10.26442/00403660.2020.04.000634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In recent years, researchers are attracted to the use of cell therapy based on stem cell and progenitor cells, which has been a promising strategy for cardiac repair after injury. However, conducted research using intracoronary or intramyocardial transplantation of various types of stem/progenitor cells as a cell suspension showed modest efficiency. This is due to the low degree of integration and cell survival after transplantation. To overcome these limitations, the concept of the use of multicellular spheroids modeling the natural microenvironment of cells has been proposed, which allows maintaining their viability and therapeutic properties. It is of great interest to use so-called cardial spheroids (cardiospheres) spontaneously forming three-dimensional structures under low-adhesive conditions, consisting of a heterogeneous population of myocardial progenitor cells and extracellular matrix proteins. This review presents data on methods for creating cardiospheres, directed regulation of their properties and reparative potential, as well as the results of preclinical and clinical studies on their use for the treatment of heart diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Z I Tsokolaeva
- National Medical Research Center for Cardiology.,Negovsky Scientific Research Institute of General Reanimatology of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology
| | - E S Zubkova
- National Medical Research Center for Cardiology
| | - E V Parfenova
- National Medical Research Center for Cardiology.,Lomonosov Moscow State University
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16
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Murphy JF, Mayourian J, Stillitano F, Munawar S, Broughton KM, Agullo-Pascual E, Sussman MA, Hajjar RJ, Costa KD, Turnbull IC. Adult human cardiac stem cell supplementation effectively increases contractile function and maturation in human engineered cardiac tissues. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:373. [PMID: 31801634 PMCID: PMC6894319 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1486-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Delivery of stem cells to the failing heart is a promising therapeutic strategy. However, the improvement in cardiac function in animal studies has not fully translated to humans. To help bridge the gap between species, we investigated the effects of adult human cardiac stem cells (hCSCs) on contractile function of human engineered cardiac tissues (hECTs) as a species-specific model of the human myocardium. METHODS Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyoctes (hCMs) were mixed with Collagen/Matrigel to fabricate control hECTs, with an experimental group of hCSC-supplemented hECT fabricated using a 9:1 ratio of hCM to hCSC. Functional testing was performed starting on culture day 6, under spontaneous conditions and also during electrical pacing from 0.25 to 1.0 Hz, measurements repeated at days 8 and 10. hECTs were then frozen and processed for gene analysis using a Nanostring assay with a cardiac targeted custom panel. RESULTS The hCSC-supplemented hECTs displayed a twofold higher developed force vs. hCM-only controls by day 6, with approximately threefold higher developed stress and maximum rates of contraction and relaxation during pacing at 0.75 Hz. The spontaneous beat rate characteristics were similar between groups, and hCSC supplementation did not adversely impact beat rate variability. The increased contractility persisted through days 8 and 10, albeit with some decrease in the magnitude of the difference of the force by day 10, but with developed stress still significantly higher in hCSC-supplemented hECT; these findings were confirmed with multiple hCSC and hCM cell lines. The force-frequency relationship, while negative for both, control (- 0.687 Hz- 1; p = 0.013 vs. zero) and hCSC-supplemented (- 0.233 Hz- 1;p = 0.067 vs. zero) hECTs, showed a significant rectification in the regression slope in hCSC-supplemented hECT (p = 0.011 vs. control). Targeted gene exploration (59 genes) identified a total of 14 differentially expressed genes, with increases in the ratios of MYH7/MHY6, MYL2/MYL7, and TNNI3/TNNI1 in hCSC-supplemented hECT versus controls. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, hCSC supplementation was shown to significantly improve human cardiac tissue contractility in vitro, without evidence of proarrhythmic effects, and was associated with increased expression of markers of cardiac maturation. These findings provide new insights about adult cardiac stem cells as contributors to functional improvement of human myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack F Murphy
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Pl, Box 1030, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Joshua Mayourian
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Pl, Box 1030, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Francesca Stillitano
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Pl, Box 1030, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Sadek Munawar
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Pl, Box 1030, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | | | | | - Mark A Sussman
- San Diego Heart Research Institute, San Diego State University, San Diego, USA
| | | | - Kevin D Costa
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Pl, Box 1030, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Irene C Turnbull
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Pl, Box 1030, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
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17
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Wang L, Jia Q, Xinnong C, Xie Y, Yang Y, Zhang A, Liu R, Zhuo Y, Zhang J. Role of cardiac progenitor cell-derived exosome-mediated microRNA-210 in cardiovascular disease. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:7124-7131. [PMID: 31557390 PMCID: PMC6815838 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac progenitor cells are considered to be one of the most promising stem cells for heart regeneration and repair. The cardiac protective effect of CPCs is mainly achieved by reducing tissue damage and/or promoting tissue repair through a paracrine mechanism. Exosome is a factor that plays a major role in the paracrine effect of CPCs. By delivering microRNAs to target cells and regulating their functions, exosomes have shown significant beneficial effects in slowing down cardiac injury and promoting cardiac repair. Among them, miRNA-210 is an important anoxic-related miRNA derived from CPCs exosomes, which has great cardiac protective effect of inhibiting myocardial cell apoptosis, promoting angiogenesis and improving cardiac function. In addition, circulating miR-210 may be a useful biomarker for the prediction or diagnosis of related cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we briefly reviewed the mechanism of miR-210 derived from CPCs exosomes in cardiac protection in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lirong Wang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiujin Jia
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Chen Xinnong
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yingyu Xie
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yaqian Yang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Ao Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Runteng Liu
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuan Zhuo
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Junping Zhang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
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18
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Balistreri CR, Cavarretta E, Sciarretta S, Frati G. Light on the molecular and cellular mechanisms of bicuspid aortic valve to unveil phenotypic heterogeneity. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2019; 133:113-114. [PMID: 31199951 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Rita Balistreri
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, Corso Tukory 211, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Elena Cavarretta
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy; Mediterranea Cardiocentro, Naples, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Sciarretta
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy; Department of Angio-cardio-neurology, IRCCS NEUROMED, Pozzilli, IS, Italy
| | - Giacomo Frati
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy; Department of Angio-cardio-neurology, IRCCS NEUROMED, Pozzilli, IS, Italy
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19
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Chimenti I, Pagano F, Sciarretta S, Marullo AGM, Greco E, Tonelli E, Peruzzi M, Cavarretta E, Biondi-Zoccai G, Frati G. Cardiac Recovery During Long-Term LVAD: Is There an Interaction Between Beta-Blockers and Cardiac Progenitor Cells? J Am Coll Cardiol 2019; 69:1880-1881. [PMID: 28385324 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.11.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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20
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Abstract
After a myocardial infarction, heart tissue becomes irreversibly damaged, leading to scar formation and inevitably ischemic heart failure. Of the many available interventions after a myocardial infarction, such as percutaneous intervention or pharmacological optimization, none can reverse the ischemic insult on the heart and restore cardiac function. Thus, the only available cure for patients with scarred myocardium is allogeneic heart transplantation, which comes with extensive costs, risks, and complications. However, multiple studies have shown that the heart is, in fact, not an end-stage organ and that there are endogenous mechanisms in place that have the potential to spark regeneration. Stem cell therapy has emerged as a potential tool to tap into and activate this endogenous framework. Particularly promising are stem cells derived from cardiac tissue itself, referred to as cardiosphere-derived cells (CDCs). CDCs can be extracted and isolated from the patient's myocardium and then administered by intramyocardial injection or intracoronary infusion. After early success in the animal model, multiple clinical trials have demonstrated the safety and efficacy of autologous CDC therapy in humans. Clinical trials with allogeneic CDCs showed early promising results and pose a potential "off-the-shelf" therapy for patients in the acute setting after a myocardial infarction. The mechanism responsible for CDC-induced cardiac regeneration seems to be a combination of triggering native cardiomyocyte proliferation and recruitment of endogenous progenitor cells, which most prominently occurs via paracrine effects. A further understanding of the mediators involved in paracrine signaling can help with the development of a stem cell-free therapy, with all the benefits and none of the associated complications.
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21
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Cavarretta E, Marullo AGM, Sciarretta S, Benedetto U, Greco E, Roever L, Tonelli E, Peruzzi M, Iaccarino A, Biondi-Zoccai G, Frati G. A network meta-analysis of randomized trials and observational studies on left ventricular assist devices in adult patients with end-stage heart failure. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2018; 55:461-467. [PMID: 30137270 DOI: 10.1093/ejcts/ezy285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Cavarretta
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
| | - Antonino G M Marullo
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Sciarretta
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
- Department of Angio-Cardio-Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Umberto Benedetto
- Bristol Heart Institute, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ernesto Greco
- Department of Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Nephrological, Anesthesiological, and Geriatric Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Leonardo Roever
- Department of Clinical Research, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Euclide Tonelli
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Mariangela Peruzzi
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
| | - Alessandra Iaccarino
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
- Department “Paride Stefanini” General and Specialist Surgery, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Biondi-Zoccai
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
- Department of Angio-Cardio-Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Giacomo Frati
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
- Department of Angio-Cardio-Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
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22
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Pagano F, Picchio V, Angelini F, Iaccarino A, Peruzzi M, Cavarretta E, Biondi-Zoccai G, Sciarretta S, De Falco E, Chimenti I, Frati G. The Biological Mechanisms of Action of Cardiac Progenitor Cell Therapy. Curr Cardiol Rep 2018; 20:84. [PMID: 30105430 DOI: 10.1007/s11886-018-1031-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cell therapy for cardiovascular diseases is regarded as a rapidly growing field within regenerative medicine. Different cellular populations enriched for cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs), or derivate a-cellular products, are currently under preclinical and clinical evaluation. Here, we have reviewed the described mechanisms whereby resident post-natal CPCs, isolated in different ways, act as a therapeutic product on the damaged myocardium. RECENT FINDINGS Several biological mechanisms of action have been described which can explain the multiple therapeutic effects of CPC treatment observed on cardiac function and remodelling. These mechanisms span from direct cardiovascular differentiation, through induction of resident progenitor proliferation, to paracrine effects on cardiac and non-cardiac cells mediated by exosomes and non-coding RNAs. All the reported mechanisms of action support an integrated view including cardiomyogenesis, cardioprotection, and anti-fibrotic effects. Moreover, future developments of CPC therapy approaches may support cell-free strategies, exploiting effective pleiotropic cell-derived products, such as exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Pagano
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, "La Sapienza" University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 79, 04100, Latina, Italy
| | - Vittorio Picchio
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, "La Sapienza" University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 79, 04100, Latina, Italy
| | - Francesco Angelini
- Medical Oncology Unit, San Filippo Neri Hospital, Via Giovanni Martinotti, 20, 00135, Rome, Italy.,Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, CRO-National Cancer Institute, Via Franco Gallini 2, 33081, Aviano (PN), Italy
| | - Alessandra Iaccarino
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, "La Sapienza" University of Rome, viale Regina Margherita 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Mariangela Peruzzi
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, "La Sapienza" University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 79, 04100, Latina, Italy
| | - Elena Cavarretta
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, "La Sapienza" University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 79, 04100, Latina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Biondi-Zoccai
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, "La Sapienza" University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 79, 04100, Latina, Italy.,Department of AngioCardioNeurology, IRCCS Neuromed Institute, Via Atinense 18, 86077, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | - Sebastiano Sciarretta
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, "La Sapienza" University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 79, 04100, Latina, Italy.,Department of AngioCardioNeurology, IRCCS Neuromed Institute, Via Atinense 18, 86077, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | - Elena De Falco
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, "La Sapienza" University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 79, 04100, Latina, Italy
| | - Isotta Chimenti
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, "La Sapienza" University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 79, 04100, Latina, Italy.
| | - Giacomo Frati
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, "La Sapienza" University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 79, 04100, Latina, Italy.,Department of AngioCardioNeurology, IRCCS Neuromed Institute, Via Atinense 18, 86077, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
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23
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Pagano F, Frati G, Chimenti I. β-adrenergic receptors and cardiac progenitor cell biology: What is the real connection? J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:7125-7126. [PMID: 29797605 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Resident cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) isolated from small animal models may not always be representative of their human counterparts, especially when significant differences in isolation protocols are considered. Nonetheless, multiple evidences support an important role of β-adrenergic signaling in human CPC survival and commitment, which will need appropriate consideration for future developments of human CPCs as regenerative medicine tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Pagano
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, "La Sapienza" University of Rome, Latina, Italy
| | - Giacomo Frati
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, "La Sapienza" University of Rome, Latina, Italy.,Department of AngioCardioNeurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | - Isotta Chimenti
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, "La Sapienza" University of Rome, Latina, Italy
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24
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Castaldo C, Chimenti I. Cardiac Progenitor Cells: The Matrix Has You. Stem Cells Transl Med 2018; 7:506-510. [PMID: 29688622 PMCID: PMC6052608 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.18-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Components of the cardiac extracellular matrix (ECM) are synthesized by residing cells and are continuously remodeled by them. Conversely, residing cells (including primitive cells) receive constant biochemical and mechanical signals from the ECM that modulate their biology. The pathological progression of heart failure affects all residing cells, inevitably causing profound changes in ECM composition and architecture that, in turn, impact on cell phenotypes. Any regenerative medicine approach must aim at sustaining microenvironment conditions that favor cardiogenic commitment of therapeutic cells and minimize pro‐fibrotic signals, while conversely boosting the capacity of therapeutic cells to counteract adverse remodeling of the ECM. In this Perspective article, we discuss multiple issues about the features of an optimal scaffold for supporting cardiac tissue engineering strategies with cardiac progenitor cells, and, conversely, about the possible antifibrotic mechanisms induced by cell therapy. Stem Cells Translational Medicine2018;7:506–510
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Affiliation(s)
- Clotilde Castaldo
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Isotta Chimenti
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, "La Sapienza" University of Rome, Latina, Italy
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25
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The Positive Effects of Exercise in Chemotherapy-Related Cardiomyopathy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1000:103-129. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-4304-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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26
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The Light and Shadow of Senescence and Inflammation in Cardiovascular Pathology and Regenerative Medicine. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:7953486. [PMID: 29118467 PMCID: PMC5651105 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7953486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent epidemiologic studies evidence a dramatic increase of cardiovascular diseases, especially associated with the aging of the world population. During aging, the progressive impairment of the cardiovascular functions results from the compromised tissue abilities to protect the heart against stress. At the molecular level, in fact, a gradual weakening of the cellular processes regulating cardiovascular homeostasis occurs in aging cells. Atherosclerosis and heart failure are particularly correlated with aging-related cardiovascular senescence, that is, the inability of cells to progress in the mitotic program until completion of cytokinesis. In this review, we explore the intrinsic and extrinsic causes of cellular senescence and their role in the onset of these cardiovascular pathologies. Additionally, we dissect the effects of aging on the cardiac endogenous and exogenous reservoirs of stem cells. Finally, we offer an overview on the strategies of regenerative medicine that have been advanced in the quest for heart rejuvenation.
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27
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Angelini F, Pagano F, Bordin A, Picchio V, De Falco E, Chimenti I. Getting Old through the Blood: Circulating Molecules in Aging and Senescence of Cardiovascular Regenerative Cells. Front Cardiovasc Med 2017; 4:62. [PMID: 29057227 PMCID: PMC5635266 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2017.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Global aging is a hallmark of our century. The natural multifactorial process resulting in aging involves structural and functional changes, affecting molecules, cells, and tissues. As the western population is getting older, we are witnessing an increase in the burden of cardiovascular events, some of which are known to be directly linked to cellular senescence and dysfunction. In this review, we will focus on the description of a few circulating molecules, which have been correlated to life span, aging, and cardiovascular homeostasis. We will review the current literature concerning the circulating levels and related signaling pathways of selected proteins (insulin-like growth factor 1, growth and differentiation factor-11, and PAI-1) and microRNAs of interest (miR-34a, miR-146a, miR-21), whose bloodstream levels have been associated to aging in different organisms. In particular, we will also discuss their potential role in the biology and senescence of cardiovascular regenerative cell types, such as endothelial progenitor cells, mesenchymal stromal cells, and cardiac progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Angelini
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, "La Sapienza" University of Rome, Latina, Italy
| | - Francesca Pagano
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, "La Sapienza" University of Rome, Latina, Italy
| | - Antonella Bordin
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, "La Sapienza" University of Rome, Latina, Italy
| | - Vittorio Picchio
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, "La Sapienza" University of Rome, Latina, Italy
| | - Elena De Falco
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, "La Sapienza" University of Rome, Latina, Italy
| | - Isotta Chimenti
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, "La Sapienza" University of Rome, Latina, Italy
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28
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Sex Differences of Human Cardiac Progenitor Cells in the Biological Response to TNF- α Treatment. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:4790563. [PMID: 29104594 PMCID: PMC5623773 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4790563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs), isolated as cardiosphere-derived cells (CDCs), represent promising candidates for cardiac regenerative therapy. CDCs can be expanded in vitro manyfolds without losing their differentiation potential, reaching numbers that are appropriate for clinical applications. Since mechanisms of successful CDC survival and engraftment in the damaged myocardium are still critical and unresolved issues, we aimed at deciphering possible key factors capable of bolstering CDC function. In particular, the response and the phenotype of CDCs exposed to low concentrations of the multifunctional cytokine tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), known to be capable of activating cell survival pathways, have been investigated. Furthermore, differential biological responses of CDCs from male and female donors, in terms of cell cycle progression and cell spreading, have also been assessed. The results obtained indicate that (i) the intracellular signaling activated in our experimental conditions is most likely due to the prosurvival and proliferative signaling of TNF-α receptor 2 and that (ii) cells from female patients appear more responsive to TNF-α treatment in terms of cell cycle progression and migration ability. In conclusion, the present report highlights the hypothesis that TNF-stimulated CDCs isolated from females may represent a promising candidate for cardiac regenerative therapy applications.
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29
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A Review of the Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Development and Progression of Cardiac Remodeling. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:3920195. [PMID: 28751931 PMCID: PMC5511646 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3920195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pathological molecular mechanisms involved in myocardial remodeling contribute to alter the existing structure of the heart, leading to cardiac dysfunction. Among the complex signaling network that characterizes myocardial remodeling, the distinct processes are myocyte loss, cardiac hypertrophy, alteration of extracellular matrix homeostasis, fibrosis, defective autophagy, metabolic abnormalities, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Several pathophysiological stimuli, such as pressure and volume overload, trigger the remodeling cascade, a process that initially confers protection to the heart as a compensatory mechanism. Yet chronic inflammation after myocardial infarction also leads to cardiac remodeling that, when prolonged, leads to heart failure progression. Here, we review the molecular pathways involved in cardiac remodeling, with particular emphasis on those associated with myocardial infarction. A better understanding of cell signaling involved in cardiac remodeling may support the development of new therapeutic strategies towards the treatment of heart failure and reduction of cardiac complications. We will also discuss data derived from gene therapy approaches for modulating key mediators of cardiac remodeling.
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30
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Normal versus Pathological Cardiac Fibroblast-Derived Extracellular Matrix Differentially Modulates Cardiosphere-Derived Cell Paracrine Properties and Commitment. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:7396462. [PMID: 28740514 PMCID: PMC5504962 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7396462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human resident cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) isolated as cardiosphere-derived cells (CDCs) are under clinical evaluation as a therapeutic product for cardiac regenerative medicine. Unfortunately, limited engraftment and differentiation potential of transplanted cells significantly hamper therapeutic success. Moreover, maladaptive remodelling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) during heart failure progression provides impaired biological and mechanical signals to cardiac cells, including CPCs. In this study, we aimed at investigating the differential effect on the phenotype of human CDCs of cardiac fibroblast-derived ECM substrates from healthy or diseased hearts, named, respectively, normal or pathological cardiogel (CG-N/P). After 7 days of culture, results show increased levels of cardiogenic gene expression (NKX2.5, CX43) on both decellularized cardiogels compared to control, while the proportion and staining patterns of GATA4, OCT4, NKX2.5, ACTA1, VIM, and CD90-positive CPCs were not affected, as assessed by immunofluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry analyses. Nonetheless, CDCs cultured on CG-N secreted significantly higher levels of osteopontin, FGF6, FGF7, NT-3, IGFBP4, and TIMP-2 compared to those cultured on CG-P, suggesting overall a reduced trophic and antiremodelling paracrine profile of CDCs when in contact with ECM from pathological cardiac fibroblasts. These results provide novel insights into the bidirectional interplay between cardiac ECM and CPCs, potentially affecting CPC biology and regenerative potential.
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31
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The Impact of Environmental Factors in Influencing Epigenetics Related to Oxidative States in the Cardiovascular System. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:2712751. [PMID: 28607629 PMCID: PMC5457758 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2712751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative states exert a significant influence on a wide range of biological and molecular processes and functions. When their balance is shifted towards enhanced amounts of free radicals, pathological phenomena can occur, as the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in tissue microenvironment or in the systemic circulation can be detrimental. Epidemic chronic diseases of western societies, such as cardiovascular disease, obesity, and diabetes correlate with the imbalance of redox homeostasis. Current advances in our understanding of epigenetics have revealed a parallel scenario showing the influence of oxidative stress as a major regulator of epigenetic gene regulation via modification of DNA methylation, histones, and microRNAs. This has provided both the biological link and a potential molecular explanation between oxidative stress and cardiovascular/metabolic phenomena. Accordingly, in this review, we will provide current insights on the physiological and pathological impact of changes in oxidative states on cardiovascular disorders, by specifically focusing on the influence of epigenetic regulation. A special emphasis will highlight the effect on epigenetic regulation of human's current life habits, external and environmental factors, including food intake, tobacco, air pollution, and antioxidant-based approaches. Additionally, the strategy to quantify oxidative states in humans in order to determine which biological marker could best match a subject's profile will be discussed.
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32
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Pagano F, Angelini F, Siciliano C, Tasciotti J, Mangino G, De Falco E, Carnevale R, Sciarretta S, Frati G, Chimenti I. Beta2-adrenergic signaling affects the phenotype of human cardiac progenitor cells through EMT modulation. Pharmacol Res 2017; 127:41-48. [PMID: 28099883 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Human cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) offer great promises to cardiac cell therapy for heart failure. Many in vivo studies have shown their therapeutic benefits, paving the way for clinical translation. The 3D model of cardiospheres (CSs) represents a unique niche-like in vitro microenvironment, which includes CPCs and supporting cells. CSs have been shown to form through a process mediated by epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). β2-Adrenergic signaling significantly affects stem/progenitor cells activation and mobilization in multiple tissues, and crosstalk between β2-adrenergic signaling and EMT processes has been reported. In the present study, we aimed at investigating the biological response of CSs to β2-adrenergic stimuli, focusing on EMT modulation in the 3D culture system of CSs. We treated human CSs and CS-derived cells (CDCs) with the β2-blocker butoxamine (BUT), using either untreated or β2 agonist (clenbuterol) treated CDCs as control. BUT-treated CS-forming cells displayed increased migration capacity and a significant increase in their CS-forming ability, consistently associated with increased expression of EMT-related genes, such as Snai1. Moreover, long-term BUT-treated CDCs contained a lower percentage of CD90+ cells, and this feature has been previously correlated with higher cardiogenic and therapeutic potential of the CDCs population. In addition, long-term BUT-treated CDCs had an increased ratio of collagen-III/collagen-I gene expression levels, and showed decreased release of inflammatory cytokines, overall supporting a less fibrosis-prone phenotype. In conclusion, β2 adrenergic receptor block positively affected the stemness vs commitment balance within CSs through the modulation of type1-EMT (so called "developmental"). These results further highlight type-1 EMT to be a key process affecting the features of resident cardiac progenitor cells, and mediating their response to the microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Pagano
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnology, "La Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Angelini
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnology, "La Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| | - Camilla Siciliano
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnology, "La Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| | - Julia Tasciotti
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnology, "La Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio Mangino
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnology, "La Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| | - Elena De Falco
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnology, "La Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Carnevale
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnology, "La Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Sciarretta
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnology, "La Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy; Department of AngioCardioNeurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Giacomo Frati
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnology, "La Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy; Department of AngioCardioNeurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Isotta Chimenti
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnology, "La Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy.
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