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Tatsumi K, Ichino T, Isaka N, Sugiyama A, Moriyoshi E, Okazaki Y, Higashi Y, Kajikawa M, Tsuji Y, Fukuzawa H, Toyooka K, Sato M, Ichi I, Shimomura K, Ohta H, Saito K, Yazaki K. Excretion of triacylglycerol as a matrix lipid facilitating apoplastic accumulation of a lipophilic metabolite shikonin. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:104-117. [PMID: 36223279 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce a large variety of lipophilic metabolites, many of which are secreted by cells and accumulated in apoplasts. These compounds often play a role to protect plants from environmental stresses. However, little is known about how these lipophilic compounds are secreted into apoplastic spaces. In this study, we used shikonin-producing cultured cells of Lithospermum erythrorhizon as an experimental model system to analyze the secretion of lipophilic metabolites, taking advantage of its high production rate and the clear inducibility in culture. Shikonin derivatives are lipophilic red naphthoquinone compounds that accumulate exclusively in apoplastic spaces of these cells and also in the root epidermis of intact plants. Microscopic analysis showed that shikonin is accumulated in the form of numerous particles on the cell wall. Lipidomic analysis showed that L. erythrorhizon cultured cells secrete an appreciable portion of triacylglycerol (24-38% of total triacylglycerol), composed predominantly of saturated fatty acids. Moreover, in vitro reconstitution assay showed that triacylglycerol encapsulates shikonin derivatives with phospholipids to form lipid droplet-like structures. These findings suggest a novel role for triacylglycerol as a matrix lipid, a molecular component involved in the secretion of specialized lipophilic metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanade Tatsumi
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Takuji Ichino
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Natsumi Isaka
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Akifumi Sugiyama
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Eiko Moriyoshi
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yozo Okazaki
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Higashi
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Masataka Kajikawa
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Tsuji
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hideya Fukuzawa
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kiminori Toyooka
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Mayuko Sato
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Ikuyo Ichi
- Institute for Human Life Innovation, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
| | - Koichiro Shimomura
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Toyo University, Gunma, 374-0193, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ohta
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuki Saito
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
- Plant Molecular Science Center, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
| | - Kazufumi Yazaki
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, 611-0011, Japan
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Inoue H, Tajima K, Mitsumori C, Inoue-Kashino N, Miura T, Ifuku K, Hirota R, Kashino Y, Fujita K, Kinoshita H. Biodiversity risk assessment of genetically modified Chaetoceros gracilis for outdoor cultivation. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2022; 68:151-162. [PMID: 35650023 DOI: 10.2323/jgam.2021.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
A genetically modified (GM) strain of the diatom Chaetoceros gracilis expressing the phosphite dehydrogenase gene (ptxD), which is a useful gene both for the biological containment and the avoidance of microbial contamination, was characterized to estimate the risk against the biodiversity by laboratory experiments. GM strain could grow in the medium containing phosphite as a sole source of phosphorus, while its general characteristics such as growth, salt tolerance, heat and dehydration resistance in the normal phosphate-containing medium were equivalent to those of wild type (WT) strain. The increase in potential toxicity of GM strain against plant, crustacean, fish and mammal was also disproved. The dispersal ability of WT strain cultured in an outdoor raceway pond was investigated for 28 days by detecting the psb31 gene in vessels, settled at variable distances (between 5 and 60 m) from the pond. The diatom was detected only in one vessel placed 5 m apart. To estimate the influence on the environment, WT and GM strains were inoculated into freshwater, seawater and soil. The influence on the microbiome in those samples was assessed by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, in addition to the analysis of the survivability of those strains in the freshwater and the seawater. The results indicated that the effect to the microbiome and the survivability were comparable between WT and GM strains. All results showed that the introduction of the ptxD gene into the diatom had a low risk on biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetoshi Inoue
- Biological Resource Center, National Institute of Technology and Evaluation (NITE)
| | - Kumiko Tajima
- Biological Resource Center, National Institute of Technology and Evaluation (NITE)
| | - Cristina Mitsumori
- Biological Resource Center, National Institute of Technology and Evaluation (NITE)
| | | | - Takamasa Miura
- Biological Resource Center, National Institute of Technology and Evaluation (NITE)
| | | | - Ryuichi Hirota
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University
| | | | - Katsutoshi Fujita
- Biological Resource Center, National Institute of Technology and Evaluation (NITE)
| | - Hiroshi Kinoshita
- Biological Resource Center, National Institute of Technology and Evaluation (NITE)
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Metabolic Engineering Strategies for Improved Lipid Production and Cellular Physiological Responses in Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8050427. [PMID: 35628683 PMCID: PMC9144191 DOI: 10.3390/jof8050427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial lipids have been a hot topic in the field of metabolic engineering and synthetic biology due to their increased market and important applications in biofuels, oleochemicals, cosmetics, etc. This review first compares the popular hosts for lipid production and explains the four modules for lipid synthesis in yeast, including the fatty acid biosynthesis module, lipid accumulation module, lipid sequestration module, and fatty acid modification module. This is followed by a summary of metabolic engineering strategies that could be used for enhancing each module for lipid production. In addition, the efforts being invested in improving the production of value-added fatty acids in engineered yeast, such as cyclopropane fatty acid, ricinoleic acid, gamma linoleic acid, EPA, and DHA, are included. A discussion is further made on the potential relationships between lipid pathway engineering and consequential changes in cellular physiological properties, such as cell membrane integrity, intracellular reactive oxygen species level, and mitochondrial membrane potential. Finally, with the rapid development of synthetic biology tools, such as CRISPR genome editing tools and machine learning models, this review proposes some future trends that could be employed to engineer yeast with enhanced intracellular lipid production while not compromising much of its cellular health.
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Chatterjee M, Patel JB, Stober ST, Zhang X. Heterologous Synthesis and Secretion of Ricinoleic Acid in Starmerella bombicola with Sophorolipid as an Intermediate. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:1178-1185. [PMID: 35157794 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.1c00457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ricinoleic acid (RA) is a long-chain hydroxy fatty acid produced from castor bean that is used in the manufacturing of a variety of industrial products. The demand for RA keeps increasing due to its broad applications. However, due to the presence of a potent toxin ricin, the native oilseed plant is not an ideal source for hydroxy fatty acid production. Although there have been significant efforts on engineering different microorganisms for heterologous production of RA, all had very limited success. The main reason for this is the exhibited toxicity of the intracellularly accumulated RA. To avoid this issue, we genetically modified a Starmerella bombicola strain by engineering its native sophorolipid production pathway to direct the synthesized RA bound with sophorolipid to be secreted out of the cell, followed by acid hydrolysis to recover RA. The engineered S. bombicola strain expressing the heterologous codon-optimized oleate hydroxylase-encoding gene from ergot fungus Claviceps purpurea resulted in a record production titer of RA at about 2.96 g/L. Thus, this work highlights a new strategy to produce a high level of hydroxy fatty acids in engineered yeast through a sophorolipid intermediate, enabling a new biocatalysis platform for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohor Chatterjee
- Corporate Strategic Research, ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company, 1545 Route 22 East, Annandale, New Jersey 08801, United States
| | - Jay B. Patel
- Corporate Strategic Research, ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company, 1545 Route 22 East, Annandale, New Jersey 08801, United States
| | - Spencer T. Stober
- Corporate Strategic Research, ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company, 1545 Route 22 East, Annandale, New Jersey 08801, United States
| | - Xiaozhou Zhang
- Corporate Strategic Research, ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company, 1545 Route 22 East, Annandale, New Jersey 08801, United States
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High-efficiency transformation of a centric diatom Chaetoceros muelleri by electroporation with a variety of selectable markers. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Inada T, Machida S, Awai K, Suzuki I. Production of hydroxy fatty acids and its effects on photosynthesis in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2020.102155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Kadono T, Tomaru Y, Suzuki K, Yamada K, Adachi M. The possibility of using marine diatom-infecting viral promoters for the engineering of marine diatoms. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 296:110475. [PMID: 32540005 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Marine diatoms constitute a major group of unicellular photosynthetic eukaryotes. Diatoms are widely applicable for both basic studies and applied studies. Molecular tools and techniques have been developed for diatom research. Among these tools, several endogenous gene promoters (e.g., the fucoxanthin chlorophyll a/c-binding protein gene promoter) have become available for expressing transgenes in diatoms. Gene promoters that drive transgene expression at a high level are very important for the metabolic engineering of diatoms. Various marine diatom-infecting viruses (DIVs), including both DNA viruses and RNA viruses, have recently been isolated, and their genome sequences have been characterized. Promoters from viruses that infect plants and mammals are widely used as constitutive promoters to achieve high expression of transgenes. Thus, we recently investigated the activity of promoters derived from marine DIVs in the marine diatom, Phaeodactylum tricornutum. We discuss novel viral promoters that will be useful for the future metabolic engineering of diatoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kadono
- Laboratory of Aquatic Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, Otsu-200, Monobe, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8502, Japan
| | - Yuji Tomaru
- National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-17-5 Maruishi, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima, 739-0452, Japan
| | - Kengo Suzuki
- euglena Co., Ltd., G-BASE Tamachi 2nd and 3rd Floor 5-29-11 Shiba Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-0014, Japan
| | - Koji Yamada
- euglena Co., Ltd., G-BASE Tamachi 2nd and 3rd Floor 5-29-11 Shiba Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-0014, Japan
| | - Masao Adachi
- Laboratory of Aquatic Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, Otsu-200, Monobe, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8502, Japan.
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Ifuku K, Yan D. Efficient Transformation of the Diatoms Phaeodactylum tricornutum by Multipulse Electroporation. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2050:169-174. [PMID: 31468491 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9740-4_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
An efficient nuclear transformation method has been established for the pennate marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum using an electroporation system that drives multisequence pulses to introduce foreign DNAs into the cells. By removing excess salts in the culture medium and optimizing pulse conditions, diatom cells can be transformed with high transformation efficiency. This method is also applicable to other marine diatoms, such as the centric diatom Chaetoceros gracilis. This efficient and stable transformation system will be useful for both functional analysis of diatom-specific genes and for further biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Ifuku
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Dongyi Yan
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Robin J, Gueroult M, Cheikhrouhou R, Guicherd M, Borsenberger V, Marty A, Bordes F. Identification of a crucial amino acid implicated in the hydroxylation/desaturation ratio of CpFAH12 bifunctional hydroxylase. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:2451-2462. [PMID: 31282998 PMCID: PMC6771796 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Claviceps purpurea bifunctional Δ12-hydroxylase/desaturase, CpFAH12, and monofunctional desaturase CpFAD2, share 86% of sequence identity. To identify the underlying determinants of the hydroxylation/desaturation specificity, chimeras of these two enzymes were tested for their fatty acid production in an engineered Yarrowia lipolytica strain. It reveals that transmembrane helices are not involved in the hydroxylation/desaturation specificity whereas all cytosolic domains have an impact on it. Especially, replacing the CpFAH12 cytosolic part near the second histidine-box by the corresponding CpFAD2 part annihilates all hydroxylation activity. Further mutagenesis experiments within this domain identified isoleucine 198 as the crucial element for the hydroxylation activity of CpFAH12. Monofunctional variants performing the only desaturation were obtained when this position was exchanged by the threonine of CpFAD2. Saturation mutagenesis at this position showed modulation in the hydroxylation/desaturation specificity in the different variants. The WT enzyme was demonstrated as the most efficient for ricinoleic acid production and some variants showed a better desaturation activity. A model based on the recently discovered membrane desaturase structures indicate that these changes in specificity are more likely due to modifications in the di-iron center geometry rather than changes in the substrate binding mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Robin
- LISBP, CNRS, INRA, INSAUniversité de ToulouseToulouseFrance
| | - Marc Gueroult
- UMR URCA/CNRS 7369 Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire (MEDyC)Université de Reims Champagne‐ArdenneFrance
| | | | - Marie Guicherd
- LISBP, CNRS, INRA, INSAUniversité de ToulouseToulouseFrance
| | | | - Alain Marty
- LISBP, CNRS, INRA, INSAUniversité de ToulouseToulouseFrance
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Paik SM, Sim SJ, Jeon NL. Microfluidic perfusion bioreactor for optimization of microalgal lipid productivity. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 233:433-437. [PMID: 28279610 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Nutrient deprivation in a batch process induces microbes to produce secondary metabolites while drastically constraining cellular growth. A microfluidic continuous perfusion system was designed and tested to culture microalgae, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, under constant nutrient concentration slightly lower than normal condition. When cultured in 7.5%/7.5% of NH4+/PO42-, C. reinhardtii showed a 2.4-fold increase in TAG production with a 3.5-fold increase in biomass compared to level obtained under an only NH4+ depleted condition. The microfluidic continuous perfusion bioreactor with steady continuous nutrient flow can be used to optimize conditions for enhancing secondary metabolite production and increasing microbial biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Min Paik
- Interdisciplinary Program for Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Jun Sim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02846, Republic of Korea
| | - Noo Li Jeon
- Interdisciplinary Program for Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Institute of Advanced Mechanics and Design, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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