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Starzonek S, Łoś J, Rzoska SJ, Drozd-Rzoska A, Iglič A. Are Critical Fluctuations Responsible for Glass Formation? MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:3385. [PMID: 39063682 PMCID: PMC11278157 DOI: 10.3390/ma17143385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
The dynamic heterogeneities occurring just before the transition to the glassy phase have been named as the cause of amorphization in supercooled systems. Numerous studies conducted so far have confirmed this hypothesis, and based on it, a widely accepted solution to the puzzle of glass transition has been developed. This report focuses on verifying the existence of a strong pretransitional anomaly near the glass transition Tg. For this purpose, supercooled liquid-crystalline systems with a strong rod-like structure were selected. Based on the obtained experimental data, we demonstrate in this article that the previously postulated dynamic heterogeneities exhibit a critical characteristic, meaning a strong pretransitional anomaly can be observed with the described critical exponent α=0.5. Due to this property, it can be concluded that these heterogeneities are critical fluctuations, and consequently, the transition to the glassy state can be described based on the theory of critical phenomena. To measure the pretransitional anomaly near Tg in supercooled liquid-crystalline systems, broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BDS) and nonlinear dielectric effect (NDE) methods were applied. The exponent α provides insight into the nature and intensity of critical fluctuations in the system. A value of α=0.5 suggests that the fluctuations become increasingly intense as the system approaches the critical point, contributing to the divergence in specific heat. Understanding the role of critical fluctuations in the glass transition is crucial for innovating and improving a wide range of materials for energy storage, materials design, biomedical applications, food preservation, and environmental sustainability. These advancements can lead to materials with superior properties, optimized manufacturing processes, and applications that meet the demands of modern technology and sustainability challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szymon Starzonek
- Laboratory of Physics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Joanna Łoś
- X-PressMatter Laboratory, Institute of High Pressure Physics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland; (J.Ł.); (S.J.R.); (A.D.-R.)
| | - Sylwester J. Rzoska
- X-PressMatter Laboratory, Institute of High Pressure Physics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland; (J.Ł.); (S.J.R.); (A.D.-R.)
| | - Aleksandra Drozd-Rzoska
- X-PressMatter Laboratory, Institute of High Pressure Physics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland; (J.Ł.); (S.J.R.); (A.D.-R.)
| | - Aleš Iglič
- Laboratory of Physics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
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2
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Hona RK, Azure AD, Guinn M, Phuyal US, Stroh K, Thapa AK. Ionic Conductivity of K-ion Glassy Solid Electrolytes of K 2S-P 2S 5-KOTf System. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16855. [PMID: 38069182 PMCID: PMC10706702 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Ternary glassy electrolytes containing K2S as a glass modifier and P2S5 as a network former are synthesized by introducing a new type of complex and asymmetric salt, potassium triflate (KOTf), to obtain unprecedented K+ ion conductivity at ambient temperature. The glasses are synthesized using a conventional quenching technique at a low temperature. In general, alkali ionic glassy electrolytes of ternary systems, specifically for Li+ and Na+ ion conductivity, have been studied with the addition of halide salts or oxysalts such as M2SO4, M2SiO4, M3PO4 (M = Li or Na), etc. We introduce a distinct and complex salt, potassium triflate (KOTf) with asymmetric anion, to the conventional glass modifier and former to synthesize K+-ion-conducting glassy electrolytes. Two series of glassy electrolytes with a ternary system of (0.9-x)K2S-xP2S5-0.1KOTf (x = 0.15, 0.30, 0.45, 0.60, and 0.75) and z(K2S-2P2S5)-yKOTf (y = 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, and 0.25) on a straight line of z(K2S-2P2S5) are studied for their K+ ionic conductivities by using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The composition 0.3K2S-0.6P2S5-0.1KOTf is found to have the highest conductivity among the studied glassy electrolytes at ambient temperature with the value of 1.06 × 10-7 S cm-1, which is the highest of all pure K+-ion-conducting glasses reported to date. Since the glass transition temperatures of the glasses are near 100 °C, as demonstrated by DSC, temperature-dependent conductivities are studied within the range of 25 to 100 °C to determine the activation energies. A Raman spectroscopic study shows the variation in the structural units PS43-, P2S74-, and P2S64- of the network former for different glassy electrolytes. It seems that there is a role of P2S74- and P2S64- in K+-ion conductivity in the glassy electrolytes because the spectroscopic results are compatible with the composition-dependent, room-temperature conductivity trend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Krishna Hona
- Environmental Science Department, United Tribes Technical College, Bismarck, ND 58504, USA; (M.G.); (K.S.)
| | - Alexa D. Azure
- Engineering Department, United Tribes Technical College, Bismarck, ND 58504, USA;
- Environmental Engineering Department, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
| | - Mandy Guinn
- Environmental Science Department, United Tribes Technical College, Bismarck, ND 58504, USA; (M.G.); (K.S.)
| | - Uttam S. Phuyal
- School of Arts and Science, University of Mt. Olive, Mount Olive, NC 28365, USA;
| | - Kianna Stroh
- Environmental Science Department, United Tribes Technical College, Bismarck, ND 58504, USA; (M.G.); (K.S.)
| | - Arjun K. Thapa
- Conn Center for Renewable Energy Research, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
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3
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Bowles RK, Harrowell P. Crystal Growth Rates from Molecular Liquids: The Kinetics of Entropy Loss. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:4126-4134. [PMID: 37126656 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c00919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
It has been established empirically that the rate of addition of molecules to the crystal during crystal growth from the melt is proportional to exp(-|ΔSfus|/R), where ΔSfus is the entropy of fusion. Here we show that this entropic slowdown arises directly from the separation of the entropy loss and energy loss processes associated with the freezing of the liquid. We present a theoretical treatment of the kinetics based on a model flat energy landscape and derive an explicit expression for the coupling magnitude in terms of the crystal-melt interfacial free energy. The implications of our work for nucleation kinetics are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard K Bowles
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7H 0H1 3
- Centre for Quantum Topology and its Applications (quanTA), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5E6 4
| | - Peter Harrowell
- School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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4
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Lewis JS, Gaunt AP, Comment A. Photochemistry of pyruvic acid is governed by photo-induced intermolecular electron transfer through hydrogen bonds. Chem Sci 2022; 13:11849-11855. [PMID: 36320913 PMCID: PMC9580485 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc03038a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite more than 85 years of research, the mechanism behind the photodecarboxylation of pyruvic acid remains elusive. Most studies focused on the gas and liquid phase of diluted solutions of pyruvic acid to understand the impact of sun light on the degradation of this molecule in the atmosphere. By analyzing concentrated supercooled solutions at 77 K, we demonstrate that instead of decarboxylating, the pyruvic acid molecule plays the role of electron donor and transfers an electron to an acceptor molecule that subsequently degrades to form CO2. We show that this electron transfer occurs via hydrogen bonding and that in aqueous solutions of pyruvic acid, the hydrated form is the electron acceptor. These findings demonstrate that photo-induced electron transfer via hydrogen bonding can occur between two simple carboxylic acids and that this mechanism governs the photochemistry of pyruvic acid, providing unexplored alternative pathways for the decarboxylation of photo-inactive molecules. When supercooled pyruvic acid is photo-irradiated, a radical detectable by ESR forms following the transfer of an electron from a molecule in its keto form to a molecule in its hydrated form. The latter subsequently degrades to CO2 and acetic acid.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S. Lewis
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of CambridgeRobinson WayCambridgeCB2 0REUK
| | - Adam P. Gaunt
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of CambridgeRobinson WayCambridgeCB2 0REUK
| | - Arnaud Comment
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of CambridgeRobinson WayCambridgeCB2 0REUK,General Electric HealthcarePollards Wood, Nightingales Lane, Chalfont St GilesHP8 4SPUK
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5
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Galimzyanov BN, Yarullin DT, Mokshin AV. Kinetics of inherent processes counteracting crystallization in supercooled monatomic liquid. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2022; 34:454002. [PMID: 36067789 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac8fd1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Crystallization of supercooled liquids is mainly determined by two competing processes associated with the transition of particles (atoms) from liquid phase to crystalline one and, vice versa, with the return of particles from crystalline phase to liquid one. The quantitative characteristics of these processes are the so-called attachment rateg+and the detachment rateg-, which determine how particles change their belonging from one phase to another. In the present study, acorrespondence rulebetween the ratesg+andg-as functions of the sizeNof growing crystalline nuclei is defined for the first time. In contrast to the well-known detailed balance condition, which relatesg+(N)andg-(N)atN=nc(wherencis the critical nucleus size) and is satisfied only at the beginning of the nucleation regime, the foundcorrespondence ruleis fulfilled at all the main stages of crystallization kinetics (crystal nucleation, growth and coalescence). On the example of crystallizing supercooled Lennard-Jones liquid, the rateg-was calculated for the first time at different supercooling levels and for the wide range of nucleus sizesN∈[nc;40nc]. It was found that for the whole range of nucleus sizes, the detachment rateg-is only≈2% less than the attachment rateg+. This is direct evidence that the role of the processes that counteract crystallization remains significant at all the stages of crystallization. Based on the obtained results, a kinetic equation was formulated for the time-dependent distribution function of the nucleus sizes, that is an alternative to the well-known kinetic Becker-Döring-Zeldovich-Frenkel equation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B N Galimzyanov
- Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
- Udmurt Federal Research Center of the Ural Branch of the RAS, 426067 Izhevsk, Russia
| | | | - A V Mokshin
- Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
- Udmurt Federal Research Center of the Ural Branch of the RAS, 426067 Izhevsk, Russia
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6
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Łucak K, Kramarczyk D, Janus O, Pawlus S. How differences in the molecular structure of monohydroxy alcohols affect the tendency to crystallization. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2022; 45:64. [PMID: 35917038 DOI: 10.1140/epje/s10189-022-00215-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The tendency to crystallize was studied in the selected monohydroxy alcohols: 1-chloro-2-methyl-2-propanol, 1-chloro-2-propanol, 3-chloro-1-propanol, and 8-chloro-1-octanol. Performed calorimetric measurements have proved that the differences in structures of tested alcohols influence the tendency to crystallization. At a sufficiently fast heating rate, no crystallization was observed in the case of 1-chloro-2-propanol and 3-chloro-1-propanol, contrary to other two alcohols. The obtained results suggest that elongation of the alkyl chain or adding a methyl group to the hydrocarbon backbone increases the susceptibility to crystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Łucak
- Institute of Physics of the University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1, 41-500, Chorzów, Poland.
| | - Daniel Kramarczyk
- Institute of Physics of the University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1, 41-500, Chorzów, Poland
| | - Oliwia Janus
- Institute of Physics of the University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1, 41-500, Chorzów, Poland
| | - Sebastian Pawlus
- Institute of Physics of the University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1, 41-500, Chorzów, Poland
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7
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Koperwas K, Kaśkosz F, Affouard F, Grzybowski A, Paluch M. The role of the diffusion in the predictions of the classical nucleation theory for quasi-real systems differ in dipole moment value. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9552. [PMID: 35688874 PMCID: PMC9187745 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13715-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we examine the crystallization tendency for two quasi-real systems, which differ exclusively in the dipole moment's value. The main advantage of the studied system is the fact that despite that their structures are entirely identical, they exhibit different physical properties. Hence, the results obtained for one of the proposed model systems cannot be scaled to reproduce the results for another corresponding system, as it can be done for simple model systems, where structural differences are modeled by the different parameters of the intermolecular interactions. Our results show that both examined systems exhibit similar stability behavior below the melting temperature. This finding is contrary to the predictions of the classical nucleation theory, which suggests a significantly higher crystallization tendency for a more polar system. Our studies indicate that the noted discrepancies are caused by the kinetic aspect of the classical nucleation theory, which overestimates the role of diffusion in the nucleation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajetan Koperwas
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1, 41-500, Chorzów, Poland.
| | - Filip Kaśkosz
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1, 41-500, Chorzów, Poland.
| | - Frederic Affouard
- Université de Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207-UMET-Unité Matériaux et Transformations, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Andrzej Grzybowski
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1, 41-500, Chorzów, Poland
| | - Marian Paluch
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1, 41-500, Chorzów, Poland
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8
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Abstract
Nonequilibrium processes, including physical aging, belong to the most challenging phenomena of glassy dynamics. One of the fundamental problems that needs clarification is the effect of material polarity on the time scale of the structural recovery of glass. The importance of this issue arises from practical applications and recent findings suggesting a substantial contribution of dipole-dipole interactions to the dielectric permittivity spectra of polar glass-formers. Herein, we use dielectric spectroscopy to investigate structural relaxation and aging dynamics of highly polar glass-former 4-[(4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentoxy)methyl]-1,3-dioxolan-2-one (FPC), a derivative of propylene carbonate with εs = 180 and μ = 5.1. We show that ε″(tage) data of FPC at Tage < Tg reveal complex behavior resulting from considerable cross-correlation effects. Namely, two characteristic aging time scales, reflecting the evolution of cross-correlation mode and generic structural relaxation toward equilibrium, are obtained at a given Tage. Furthermore, a single stretched exponential behavior of ε″(tage) has been received for weakly polar carvedilol with negligible dipole-dipole interactions.
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9
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Wolf SE, Liu T, Govind S, Zhao H, Huang G, Zhang A, Wu Y, Chin J, Cheng K, Salami-Ranjbaran E, Gao F, Gao G, Jin Y, Pu Y, Toledo TG, Ablajan K, Walsh PJ, Fakhraai Z. Design of a homologous series of molecular glassformers. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:224503. [PMID: 34911316 DOI: 10.1063/5.0066410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We design and synthesize a set of homologous organic molecules by taking advantage of facile and tailorable Suzuki cross coupling reactions to produce triarylbenzene derivatives. By adjusting the number and the arrangement of conjugated rings, the identity of heteroatoms, lengths of fluorinated alkyl chains, and other interaction parameters, we create a library of glassformers with a wide range of properties. Measurements of the glass transition temperature (Tg) show a power-law relationship between Tg and molecular weight (MW), with of the molecules, with an exponent of 0.3 ± 0.1, for Tg values spanning a range of 300-450 K. The trends in indices of refraction and expansion coefficients indicate a general increase in the glass density with MW, consistent with the trends observed in Tg variations. A notable exception to these trends was observed with the addition of alkyl and fluorinated alkyl groups, which significantly reduced Tg and increased the dynamical fragility (which is otherwise insensitive to MW). This is an indication of reduced density and increased packing frustrations in these systems, which is also corroborated by the observations of the decreasing index of refraction with increasing length of these groups. These data were used to launch a new database for glassforming materials, glass.apps.sas.upenn.edu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Wolf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Tianyi Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Shivajee Govind
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Haoqiang Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Georgia Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Aixi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Yu Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Jocelyn Chin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Kevin Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | | | - Feng Gao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Gui Gao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Yi Jin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Youge Pu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Thiago Gomes Toledo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Keyume Ablajan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Patrick J Walsh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Zahra Fakhraai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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10
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Červinka C, Fulem M. Structure and Glass Transition Temperature of Amorphous Dispersions of Model Pharmaceuticals with Nucleobases from Molecular Dynamics. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1253. [PMID: 34452214 PMCID: PMC8400648 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glass transition temperature (Tg) is an important material property, which predetermines the kinetic stability of amorphous solids. In the context of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API), there is motivation to maximize their Tg by forming amorphous mixtures with other chemicals, labeled excipients. Molecular dynamics simulations are a natural computational tool to investigate the relationships between structure, dynamics, and cohesion of amorphous materials with an all-atom resolution. This work presents a computational study, addressing primarily the predictions of the glass transition temperatures of four selected API (carbamazepine, racemic ibuprofen, indomethacin, and naproxen) with two nucleobases (adenine and cytosine). Since the classical non-polarizable simulations fail to reach the quantitative accuracy of the predicted Tg, analyses of internal dynamics, hydrogen bonding, and cohesive forces in bulk phases of pure API and their mixtures with the nucleobases are performed to interpret the predicted trends. This manuscript reveals the method for a systematic search of beneficial pairs of API and excipients (with maximum Tg when mixed). Monitoring of transport and cohesive properties of API-excipients systems via molecular simulation will enable the design of such API formulations more efficiently in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ctirad Červinka
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, CZ-166 28 Prague, Czech Republic;
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11
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Qin H, Tang S, Riselli AM, Bok RA, Delos Santos R, van Criekinge M, Gordon JW, Aggarwal R, Chen R, Goddard G, Zhang CT, Chen A, Reed G, Ruscitto DM, Slater J, Sriram R, Larson PEZ, Vigneron DB, Kurhanewicz J. Clinical translation of hyperpolarized 13 C pyruvate and urea MRI for simultaneous metabolic and perfusion imaging. Magn Reson Med 2021; 87:138-149. [PMID: 34374471 PMCID: PMC8616838 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.28965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The combined hyperpolarized (HP) 13C pyruvate and urea MRI has provided a simultaneous assessment of glycolytic metabolism and tissue perfusion for improved cancer diagnosis and therapeutic evaluation in preclinical studies. This work aims to translate this dual‐probe HP imaging technique to clinical research. Methods A co‐polarization system was developed where [1‐13C]pyruvic acid (PA) and [13C, 15N2]urea in water solution were homogeneously mixed and polarized on a 5T SPINlab system. Physical and chemical characterizations and toxicology studies of the combined probe were performed. Simultaneous metabolic and perfusion imaging was performed on a 3T clinical MR scanner by alternatively applying a multi‐slice 2D spiral sequence for [1‐13C]pyruvate and its downstream metabolites and a 3D balanced steady‐state free precession (bSSFP) sequence for [13C, 15N2]urea. Results The combined PA/urea probe has a glass‐formation ability similar to neat PA and can generate nearly 40% liquid‐state 13C polarization for both pyruvate and urea in 3‐4 h. A standard operating procedure for routine on‐site production was developed and validated to produce 40 mL injection product of approximately 150 mM pyruvate and 35 mM urea. The toxicology study demonstrated the safety profile of the combined probe. Dynamic metabolite‐specific imaging of [1‐13C]pyruvate, [1‐13C]lactate, [1‐13C]alanine, and [13C, 15N2]urea was achieved with adequate spatial (2.6 mm × 2.6 mm) and temporal resolution (4.2 s), and urea images showed reduced off‐resonance artifacts due to the JCN coupling. Conclusion The reported technical development and translational studies will lead to the first‐in‐human dual‐agent HP MRI study and mark the clinical translation of the first HP 13C MRI probe after pyruvate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hecong Qin
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley and San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Shuyu Tang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Andrew M Riselli
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Robert A Bok
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Romelyn Delos Santos
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Mark van Criekinge
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jeremy W Gordon
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Rahul Aggarwal
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Rui Chen
- General Electric Healthcare, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | | | - Albert Chen
- General Electric Healthcare, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Galen Reed
- General Electric Healthcare, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | - James Slater
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Renuka Sriram
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Peder E Z Larson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley and San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Daniel B Vigneron
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley and San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - John Kurhanewicz
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley and San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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12
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Bialek K, Wojnarowska Z, Twamley B, Tajber L. Characterisation and fundamental insight into the formation of new solid state, multicomponent systems of propranolol. Int J Pharm 2021; 602:120605. [PMID: 33862135 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The physiochemical properties of acidic or basic active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) can be optimised by forming salts with different counterions. The aim of this work was to synthesise a novel salt of propranolol (PRO) using sebacic acid (SEBA) as the counterion and to gain mechanistic understanding of not only the salt formation, but also its eutectic phase formation with SEBA. Thermal analysis showed a solid-state reaction occurring between PRO and SEBA leading to the formation of dipropranolol sebacate (DPS) melting at app. 170 °C and the eutectic composed of DPS and SEBA melting at app. 103 °C, comprising 0.33 mol fraction of PRO as determined by the Tammann plot. X-ray diffraction and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the identity of the new multicomponent phases of PRO. DPS can be conveniently obtained by heat-induced crystallisation, grinding and conventional solvent crystallisation. Detailed analysis by FTIR revealed H-bond interactions between DPS and SEBA at the inter-phase in the eutectic. Bravais, Friedel, Donnay and Harker crystal morphology coupled with full interaction maps analysis allowed to understand further the nature of interactions which led to formation of the eutectic phase. This work contributes to furthering research on multicomponent pharmaceutical systems to harness their full potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Bialek
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Zaneta Wojnarowska
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland; Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, SMCEBI, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
| | - Brendan Twamley
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Lidia Tajber
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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13
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Kafourou P, Park B, Luke J, Tan L, Panidi J, Glöcklhofer F, Kim J, Anthopoulos TD, Kim J, Lee K, Kwon S, Heeney M. One‐Step Sixfold Cyanation of Benzothiadiazole Acceptor Units for Air‐Stable High‐Performance n‐Type Organic Field‐Effect Transistors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202013625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Kafourou
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics Imperial College London London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Byoungwook Park
- Heeger Center for Advanced Materials and Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology Gwangju Republic of Korea
| | - Joel Luke
- Department of Physics and Centre for Processable Electronics Imperial College London London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Luxi Tan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Chongqing University Chongqing 401331 China
| | - Julianna Panidi
- Department of Physics and Centre for Processable Electronics Imperial College London London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Florian Glöcklhofer
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics Imperial College London London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Jehan Kim
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang Republic of Korea
| | - Thomas D. Anthopoulos
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) KAUST Solar Centre Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Ji‐Seon Kim
- Department of Physics and Centre for Processable Electronics Imperial College London London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Kwanghee Lee
- Heeger Center for Advanced Materials and Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology Gwangju Republic of Korea
| | - Sooncheol Kwon
- Heeger Center for Advanced Materials and Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology Gwangju Republic of Korea
| | - Martin Heeney
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics Imperial College London London W12 0BZ UK
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14
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Kafourou P, Park B, Luke J, Tan L, Panidi J, Glöcklhofer F, Kim J, Anthopoulos TD, Kim JS, Lee K, Kwon S, Heeney M. One-Step Sixfold Cyanation of Benzothiadiazole Acceptor Units for Air-Stable High-Performance n-Type Organic Field-Effect Transistors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:5970-5977. [PMID: 33315288 PMCID: PMC7986693 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202013625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Reported here is a new high electron affinity acceptor end group for organic semiconductors, 2,1,3‐benzothiadiazole‐4,5,6‐tricarbonitrile (TCNBT). An n‐type organic semiconductor with an indacenodithiophene (IDT) core and TCNBT end groups was synthesized by a sixfold nucleophilic substitution with cyanide on a fluorinated precursor, itself prepared by a direct arylation approach. This one‐step chemical modification significantly impacted the molecular properties: the fluorinated precursor, TFBT IDT, a poor ambipolar semiconductor, was converted into TCNBT IDT, a good n‐type semiconductor. The electron‐deficient end group TCNBT dramatically decreased the energy of the highest occupied and lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (HOMO/LUMO) compared to the fluorinated analogue and improved the molecular orientation when utilized in n‐type organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs). Solution‐processed OFETs based on TCNBT IDT exhibited a charge‐carrier mobility of up to μe≈0.15 cm2 V−1 s−1 with excellent ambient stability for 100 hours, highlighting the benefits of the cyanated end group and the synthetic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Kafourou
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Byoungwook Park
- Heeger Center for Advanced Materials and Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Joel Luke
- Department of Physics and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Luxi Tan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Julianna Panidi
- Department of Physics and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Florian Glöcklhofer
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Jehan Kim
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Thomas D Anthopoulos
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Centre, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ji-Seon Kim
- Department of Physics and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Kwanghee Lee
- Heeger Center for Advanced Materials and Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sooncheol Kwon
- Heeger Center for Advanced Materials and Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Martin Heeney
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK
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15
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Kamińska E, Minecka A, Tarnacka M, Hachuła B, Kamiński K, Paluch M. Influence of Annealing in the Close Vicinity of Tg on the Reorganization within Dimers and Its Impact on the Crystallization Kinetics of Gemfibrozil. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:990-1000. [PMID: 31961694 PMCID: PMC7588139 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b01244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BDS) has been applied to study the molecular dynamics and crystallization kinetics of the antihyperlipidemic active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), gemfibrozil (GEM), as well as its deuterated (dGEM) and methylated (metGEM) derivatives, characterized by different types and strengths of intermolecular interactions. Moreover, calorimetric and infrared measurements have been carried out to characterize the thermal properties of examined samples and to probe a change in the H-bonding pattern in GEM, respectively. We found that the dielectric spectra of all examined compounds, collected below the glass transition temperature (Tg), reveal the presence of two secondary relaxations (β, γ). According to the coupling model (CM) predictions, it was assumed that the slower process (β) is of JG type, whereas the faster one (γ) has an intramolecular origin. Interestingly, the extensive crystallization kinetics measurements performed after applying two paths, i.e., the standard procedure (cooling and subsequently heating up to the appropriate temperature, Tc), as well as annealing at two temperatures in the vicinity of Tg and further heating up to Tc, showed that the annealing increases the crystallization rate in the case of native API, while the thermal history of the sample has no significant impact on the pace of this process in the two derivatives of GEM. Analysis of the dielectric strength (Δε) of the α-process during annealing, together with the results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) measurements, suggested that the reorganization within dimeric structures formed between the GEM molecules is responsible for the observed behavior. Importantly, our results differ from those obtained by Tominaka et al. (Tominaka, S.; Kawakami, K.; Fukushima, M.; Miyazaki, A.Physical Stabilization of Pharmaceutical Glasses Based on Hydrogen Bond Reorganization under Sub-Tg Temperature Mol. Pharm. 2017 14 264 273 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00866.), who demonstrated that the sub-Tg annealing of ritonavir (RTV), which is able to form extensive supramolecular hydrogen bonds, protects this active substance against crystallization. Therefore, based on these contradictory reports, one can hypothesize that materials forming H-bonded structures, characterized by varying architecture, may behave differently after annealing in the vicinity of the glass transition temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Kamińska
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. Jagiellonska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Aldona Minecka
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. Jagiellonska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Magdalena Tarnacka
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1a, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland.,Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1a, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
| | - Barbara Hachuła
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, Szkolna 9, 40-006 Katowice, Poland
| | - Kamil Kamiński
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1a, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland.,Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1a, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
| | - Marian Paluch
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1a, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland.,Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1a, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
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16
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The role of the dipole moment orientations in the crystallization tendency of the van der Waals liquids - molecular dynamics simulations. Sci Rep 2020; 10:283. [PMID: 31937904 PMCID: PMC6959262 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-57158-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Computer simulations of model systems play a remarkable role in the contemporary studies of structural, dynamic and thermodynamic properties of supercooled liquids. However, the commonly employed model systems, i.e., simple-liquids, do not reflect the internal features of the real molecules, e.g., structural anisotropy and spatial distribution of charges, which might be crucial for the behavior of real materials. In this paper, we use the new model molecules of simple but anisotropic structure, to studies the effect of dipole moment orientation on the crystallization tendency. Our results indicate that proper orientation of the dipole moment could totally change the stability behavior of the system. Consequently, the exchange of a single atom within the molecule causing the change of dipole moment orientation might be crucial for controlling the crystallization tendency. Moreover, employing the classical nucleation theory, we explain the reason for this behavior.
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17
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Elizondo-Aguilera LF, Cortés-Morales EC, Zubieta Rico PF, Medina-Noyola M, Castañeda-Priego R, Voigtmann T, Pérez-Ángel G. Arrested dynamics of the dipolar hard sphere model. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:170-190. [PMID: 31774110 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm00687g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We report the combined results of molecular dynamics simulations and theoretical calculations concerning various dynamical arrest transitions in a model system representing a dipolar fluid, namely, N (soft core) rigid spheres interacting through a truncated dipole-dipole potential. By exploring different regimes of concentration and temperature, we find three distinct scenarios for the slowing down of the dynamics of the translational and orientational degrees of freedom: at low (η = 0.2) and intermediate (η = 0.4) volume fractions, both dynamics are strongly coupled and become simultaneously arrested upon cooling. At high concentrations (η≥ 0.6), the translational dynamics shows the features of an ordinary glass transition, either by compressing or cooling down the system, but with the orientations remaining ergodic, thus indicating the existence of partially arrested states. In this density regime, but at lower temperatures, the relaxation of the orientational dynamics also freezes. The physical scenario provided by the simulations is discussed and compared against results obtained with the self-consistent generalized Langevin equation theory, and both provide a consistent description of the dynamical arrest transitions in the system. Our results are summarized in an arrested states diagram which qualitatively organizes the simulation data and provides a generic picture of the glass transitions of a dipolar fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis F Elizondo-Aguilera
- Institut für Materialphysik im Weltraum, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft-und Raumfahrt (DLR), 51170 Köln, Germany.
| | - Ernesto C Cortés-Morales
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Manuel Nava 6, Zona Universitaria, 78290 San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Pablo F Zubieta Rico
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Manuel Nava 6, Zona Universitaria, 78290 San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Magdaleno Medina-Noyola
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Manuel Nava 6, Zona Universitaria, 78290 San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Ramón Castañeda-Priego
- Departamento de Ingeniería Física, División de Ciencias e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guanajuato, Loma del Bosque 103, 37150 León, Mexico
| | - Thomas Voigtmann
- Institut für Materialphysik im Weltraum, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft-und Raumfahrt (DLR), 51170 Köln, Germany. and Department of Physics, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gabriel Pérez-Ángel
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, CINVESTAV del IPN, A. P. 73 "Cordemex", 97310 Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
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18
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Jasiurkowska-Delaporte M, Rozwadowski T, Juszyńska-Gała Zka E, Krawczyk J, Dmochowska E, Kula P, Massalska-Arodź M. Relaxation dynamics and crystallization study of glass-forming chiral-nematic liquid crystal S,S-2,7-bis(4-pentylphenyl)-9,9-dimethylbutyl 9H-fluorene (5P-Am *FLAm *-P5). THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2019; 42:121. [PMID: 31506850 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2019-11887-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The chiral nematic S,S-2,7-bis(4-pentylphenyl)-9,9-dimethylbutyl9H-fluorene (5P-Am*FLAm*-P5) liquid crystal shows a complex phase diagram strongly dependent on thermal treatment as identified by Polarizing Optical Microscopy (POM) and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The molecular dynamics in various thermodynamics states was studied by means of broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BDS). The vitrification of a chiral nematic phase (N*) is manifested by a Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann (VFT)-type temperature dependence of structural relaxation time ([Formula: see text]). Three dielectric relaxation processes exhibiting Arrhenius-like thermal activation were found in conformationally disordered (condis) Cr1 and Cr2 structures. The isothermal cold crystallization process of Cr2 occurs in the metastable N* phase; however, in the non-isothermal experiments, the Cr2 phase is formed in the isotropic phase obtained on heating the metastable N* phase. The findings for the isothermal process were compared with those regarding non-isothermal crystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tomasz Rozwadowski
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342, Kraków, Poland
| | - Ewa Juszyńska-Gała Zka
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jan Krawczyk
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342, Kraków, Poland
| | - Ewelina Dmochowska
- Institute of Chemistry, Military University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Przemysław Kula
- Institute of Chemistry, Military University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maria Massalska-Arodź
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342, Kraków, Poland
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19
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Heyes DM, Smith ER, Dini D. Shear stress relaxation and diffusion in simple liquids by molecular dynamics simulations: Analytic expressions and paths to viscosity. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:174504. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5095501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D. M. Heyes
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - E. R. Smith
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - D. Dini
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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20
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Pal SK, Chandel N, Mehta N. Synthesis and thermal characterization of novel phase change materials (PCMs) of the Se-Te-Sn-Ge (STSG) multi-component system: calorimetric studies of the glass/crystal phase transition. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:4719-4729. [PMID: 30900720 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt03729a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
According to recent literature, germanium-containing chalcogenide glasses (ChGs) show improvement in thermal stability and glass-forming ability because of the self-organization of the glass network towards a more rigid structure. The Ge-containing ChGs play a potential role as PCMs in phase-change optical memory (PCOM) applications. This endeavor reports the synthesis of some novel PCMs with Ge as the chemical modifier to improve the kinetic parameters of glass/crystal phase transition. The compositional variation of the various kinetic parameters in the present STSG chalcogen-rich non-oxide glasses Se78-yGeyTe20Sn2 (0 ≤ y ≤ 6) has been studied by means of the state-of-the-art differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) technique in the non-isothermal mode. The thermally assisted glass transition and crystallization phenomena have been investigated by examining the variation in various kinetic parameters like the characteristic kinetic temperatures (glass transition temperature Tg, on-set crystallization temperature To and peak crystallization temperature Tc), the activation energies involved in both phenomena, the thermal stability factor S and the glass-forming ability (GFA). The thermal stability factor S and GFA increase appreciably at higher concentrations of Ge as a signature of stiffness transition followed by the self-organization of the corner-sharing and the edge-sharing arrangements of the GeSe4 phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiv Kumar Pal
- Physics Department, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India.
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21
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Jedrzejowska A, Hensel-Bielowka S, Koperwas K, Jurkiewicz K, Chmiel K, Jacquemin J, Kruk D, Paluch M. Peculiar relaxation dynamics of propylene carbonate derivatives. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:044504. [PMID: 30709305 DOI: 10.1063/1.5055204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work is to analyze in detail the effect of the alkyl chain length on the dynamics of glass-forming propylene carbonate (PC) derivatives. Examined samples are low-molecular weight derivatives of the PC structure, i.e., the 4-alkyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one series, modified by changing the alkyl substituent from methyl to hexyl. The molecular dynamics (MD) has been analyzed based on experimental data collected from differential scanning calorimetry, broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and nuclear magnetic resonance relaxometry measurements as well as MD simulations. The dielectric results show in samples with the propyl- or longer carbon chain the presence of slow Debye-like relaxation with features similar to those found in associative materials. Both XRD and MD reveal differences in the intermolecular structure between PC and 4-butyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one liquids. Moreover, MD shows that the probability of finding one terminal carbon atom of the side chain of BPC in the vicinity of another carbon atom of the same type is much higher than in the case of PC. It suggests that there is a preference for longer hydrocarbon chains to set themselves close to each other. Consequently, the observed slow-mode peak may be caused by movement of aggregates maintained by van der Waals interactions. Reported herein, findings provide a new insight into the molecular origin of Debye-like relaxation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Jedrzejowska
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
| | | | - Kajetan Koperwas
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
| | - Karolina Jurkiewicz
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Chmiel
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
| | - Johan Jacquemin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AG, Northern Ireland
| | - Danuta Kruk
- Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Sloneczna 54, PL-10-710 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Marian Paluch
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
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22
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Koperwas K, Grzybowski A, Paluch M. The effect of molecular architecture on the physical properties of supercooled liquids studied by MD simulations: Density scaling and its relation to the equation of state. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:014501. [PMID: 30621418 DOI: 10.1063/1.5050330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Theoretical concepts in condensed matter physics are typically verified and also developed by exploiting computer simulations mostly in simple models. Predictions based on these usually isotropic models are often at odds with measurement results obtained for real materials. One of the examples is an intriguing problem within the density scaling idea that has attracted attention in recent decades due to its hallmarks of universality, i.e., the fact that the difference between the density scaling exponent and the exponent of the equation of state is observed for real materials, whereas it has not been reported for the model system. In this paper, we use new model molecules of simple but anisotropic architecture to study the effect of molecular anisotropy on the dynamic and thermodynamic properties of the system. We identify the applicable range of intermolecular interactions for a given physical process, and then we explain the reason for observed differences between the behavior of the model and real systems. It demonstrates that the new model systems open broad perspectives for simulation and theoretical research, for example, into unifying concepts in the glass transition physics.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Koperwas
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland
| | - A Grzybowski
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland
| | - M Paluch
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland
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23
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Saini MK, Guo Y, Wu T, Ngai KL, Wang LM. Deviations of dynamic parameters characterizing enthalpic and dielectric relaxations in glass forming alkyl phosphates. J Chem Phys 2018; 149:204505. [PMID: 30501246 DOI: 10.1063/1.5051570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In our recent study [T. Wu et al., J. Chem. Phys. 147, 134501 (2017)], an alkyl phosphate glass former was studied and it suggested that the enthalpy relaxation involving the motions of all parts of the molecule is global, while the dielectric relaxation detects the local rotation of the polar core. In this work, we study a series of trialkyl phosphates using calorimetric and dielectric measurements over a wide temperature range. The results indicate a departure of the dielectric fragility indexes from the enthalpic ones as the length of the branch chain increases in the trialkyl phosphates. The Kirkwood correlation factor (g k ) is found to coincide at ∼0.6 at glass transition temperature (T g ) from triethyl phosphate to tributyl phosphate, indicating a similar structural alignment. The enthalpic relaxation serving as the more fundamental relaxation relevant to the structural relaxation is confirmed. Strikingly, we observed the relation of T g to the chain length in alkyl phosphates, revealing a minimum T g behavior, and its explanation assists in the understanding of the glass transition in relation to the structure of the glass-formers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj K Saini
- State Key Lab of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066004, China
| | - Yuxing Guo
- State Key Lab of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066004, China
| | - Tao Wu
- State Key Lab of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066004, China
| | - K L Ngai
- State Key Lab of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066004, China
| | - Li-Min Wang
- State Key Lab of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066004, China
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24
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Jasiurkowska-Delaporte M, Rozwadowski T, Dmochowska E, Juszyńska-Gałązka E, Kula P, Massalska-Arodź M. Interplay between Crystallization and Glass Transition in Nematic Liquid Crystal 2,7-Bis(4-pentylphenyl)-9,9-diethyl-9 H-fluorene. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:10627-10636. [PMID: 30376333 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b08138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This article presents the crystallization behavior and molecular dynamics of the supercooled nematic state of the newly synthesized liquid crystal 2,7-bis(4-pentylphenyl)-9,9-diethyl-9 H-fluorene (5P-EtFLEt-P5) studied by means of broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BDS). 5P-EtFLEt-P5 is a fragile glass-forming system with a high fragility parameter ( mf ≈ 121). The study compares the isothermal melt- and cold-crystallization processes at several selected temperatures Tc in the vicinity of the glass-transition temperature Tg (1.07 Tg ≤ T ≤ 1.17 Tg). Our findings reveal that at low temperatures, the crystallization of the Cr1 phase from the nematic melt state occurs more quickly than the cold crystallization. The dimensionality of the growing crystallites ( n) was found to be slightly higher for the cold- than for the melt-crystallization process, varying from n ∼ 5 to n ∼ 3 with increasing temperature. Our experimental results are discussed in terms of dynamic and thermodynamic properties of the material. The study also uses polarized optical microscopy to investigate the isothermal secondary cold crystallization (the formation of Cr2 from Cr1 upon heating), which is inaccessible by BDS measurements because of its very fast crystallization rates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tomasz Rozwadowski
- The Henryk Niewodniczański Institute of Nuclear Physics , Polish Academy of Sciences , Radzikowskiego 152 , 31-342 Kraków , Poland
| | - Ewelina Dmochowska
- Institute of Chemistry , Military University of Technology , 01-476 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Ewa Juszyńska-Gałązka
- The Henryk Niewodniczański Institute of Nuclear Physics , Polish Academy of Sciences , Radzikowskiego 152 , 31-342 Kraków , Poland
| | - Przemysław Kula
- Institute of Chemistry , Military University of Technology , 01-476 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Maria Massalska-Arodź
- The Henryk Niewodniczański Institute of Nuclear Physics , Polish Academy of Sciences , Radzikowskiego 152 , 31-342 Kraków , Poland
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25
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Sarri F, Tatini D, Tanini D, Simonelli M, Ambrosi M, Ninham BW, Capperucci A, Dei L, Lo Nostro P. Specific ion effects in non-aqueous solvents: The case of glycerol carbonate. J Mol Liq 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.06.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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26
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Minecka A, Kaminska E, Tarnacka M, Grudzka-Flak I, Bartoszek M, Wolnica K, Dulski M, Kaminski K, Paluch M. Impact of Intermolecular Interactions, Dimeric Structures on the Glass Forming Ability of Naproxen, and a Series of Its Derivatives. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:4764-4776. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aldona Minecka
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, School
of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Jagiellonska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Ewa Kaminska
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, School
of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Jagiellonska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Magdalena Tarnacka
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, ul. 75 Pulku Piechoty 1, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
- Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia, ul. 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
| | - Iwona Grudzka-Flak
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, ul. 75 Pulku Piechoty 1, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
- Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia, ul. 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
| | - Mariola Bartoszek
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, Szkolna 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - Kamila Wolnica
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, ul. 75 Pulku Piechoty 1, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
- Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia, ul. 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
| | - Mateusz Dulski
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, ul. 75 Pulku Piechoty 1, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
- Institute of Material Sciences, University of Silesia, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1a, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
| | - Kamil Kaminski
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, ul. 75 Pulku Piechoty 1, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
- Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia, ul. 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
| | - Marian Paluch
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, ul. 75 Pulku Piechoty 1, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
- Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia, ul. 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
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27
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Saini MK, Jin X, Wu T, Liu Y, Wang LM. Interplay of intermolecular interactions and flexibility to mediate glass forming ability and fragility: A study of chemical analogs. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:124504. [PMID: 29604851 DOI: 10.1063/1.5019968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We have investigated the enthalpic and dielectric relaxations of four groups of quinoline analogs having similar structural properties (i.e., rigidity, stiffness, and bulkiness) but a different steric character and the nature of intermolecular interactions and flexibility. The dielectric fragility index (md) and the enthalpic one (mH), determined by the Tool-Narayanaswamy-Moynihan-Hodge formalism, are comparable. Generally, for the four sets of molecules of similar structures, both the interactions and flexibility are found to be critical in making the large span of fragility (i.e., from 59 to 131) and glass forming ability. By contrast, individual impacts of the interaction and flexibility can only explain fragility partly among each group of isomers. We found that the molecules with high fragility are of relatively low liquid density, reflecting the joint impact of the interactions and flexibility. An interesting result is observed among the isomers that the molecules which are fragile have enhanced glass forming ability. The results are unveiling the joint impacts of molecular structure (flexibility) and intermolecular interaction on the molecular dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj K Saini
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, and College of Materials Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066004, China
| | - Xiao Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, and College of Materials Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066004, China
| | - Tao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, and College of Materials Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066004, China
| | - Yingdan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, and College of Materials Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066004, China
| | - Li-Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, and College of Materials Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066004, China
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28
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Sarri F, Tatini D, Ambrosi M, Carretti E, Ninham BW, Dei L, Lo Nostro P. The curious effect of potassium fluoride on glycerol carbonate. How salts can influence the structuredness of organic solvents. J Mol Liq 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.01.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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29
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Madejczyk O, Kaminska E, Tarnacka M, Dulski M, Jurkiewicz K, Kaminski K, Paluch M. Studying the Crystallization of Various Polymorphic Forms of Nifedipine from Binary Mixtures with the Use of Different Experimental Techniques. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:2116-2125. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- O. Madejczyk
- Institute
of Physics, University of Silesia, Uniwersytecka 4, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
- Silesian
Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
| | - E. Kaminska
- Department
of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Jagiellonska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - M. Tarnacka
- Institute
of Physics, University of Silesia, Uniwersytecka 4, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
- Silesian
Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
| | - M. Dulski
- Silesian
Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
- Institute
of Material Science, University of Silesia, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1a, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
| | - K. Jurkiewicz
- Institute
of Physics, University of Silesia, Uniwersytecka 4, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
- Silesian
Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
| | - K. Kaminski
- Institute
of Physics, University of Silesia, Uniwersytecka 4, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
- Silesian
Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
| | - M. Paluch
- Institute
of Physics, University of Silesia, Uniwersytecka 4, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
- Silesian
Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
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