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Manin A, Golubenko D, Novikova S, Yaroslavtsev A. Composite Anion Exchange Membranes Based on Quaternary Ammonium-Functionalized Polystyrene and Cerium(IV) Phosphate with Improved Monovalent-Ion Selectivity and Antifouling Properties. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:624. [PMID: 37504990 PMCID: PMC10386577 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13070624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The possibility of targeted change of the properties of ion exchange membranes by incorporation of various nanoparticles into the membranes is attracting the attention of many research groups. Here we studied for the first time the influence of cerium phosphate nanoparticles on the physicochemical and transport properties of commercial anion exchange membranes based on quaternary ammonium-functionalized polystyrenes, such as heterogeneous Ralex® AM and pseudo-homogeneous Neosepta® AMX. The incorporation of cerium phosphate on one side of the membrane was performed by precipitation from absorbed cerium ammonium nitrate (CAN) anionic complex with ammonium dihydrogen phosphate or phosphoric acid. The structures of the obtained hybrid membranes and separately synthesized cerium phosphate were investigated using FTIR, P31 MAS NMR, EDX mapping, and scanning electron microscopy. The modification increased the membrane selectivity to monovalent ions in the ED desalination of an equimolar mixture of NaCl and Na2SO4. The highest selectivities of Ralex® AM and Neosepta® AMX-based hybrid membranes were 4.9 and 7.7, respectively. In addition, the modification of Neosepta® membranes also increased the resistance to a typical anionic surfactant, sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Manin
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry RAS, Leninskii Prospekt 31, Moscow 119071, Russia
- Faculty of Chemistry, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Vavilova str., 7, Moscow 119048, Russia
| | - Daniel Golubenko
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry RAS, Leninskii Prospekt 31, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Svetlana Novikova
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry RAS, Leninskii Prospekt 31, Moscow 119071, Russia
- Faculty of Chemistry, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Vavilova str., 7, Moscow 119048, Russia
| | - Andrey Yaroslavtsev
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry RAS, Leninskii Prospekt 31, Moscow 119071, Russia
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Zhao Y, Qiu Y, Mamrol N, Ren L, Li X, Shao J, Yang X, van der Bruggen B. Membrane bioreactors for hospital wastewater treatment: recent advancements in membranes and processes. Front Chem Sci Eng 2021; 16:634-660. [PMID: 34849268 PMCID: PMC8617552 DOI: 10.1007/s11705-021-2107-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Discharged hospital wastewater contains various pathogenic microorganisms, antibiotic groups, toxic organic compounds, radioactive elements, and ionic pollutants. These contaminants harm the environment and human health causing the spread of disease. Thus, effective treatment of hospital wastewater is an urgent task for sustainable development. Membranes, with controllable porous and nonporous structures, have been rapidly developed for molecular separations. In particular, membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology demonstrated high removal efficiency toward organic compounds and low waste sludge production. To further enhance the separation efficiency and achieve material recovery from hospital waste streams, novel concepts of MBRs and their applications are rapidly evolved through hybridizing novel membranes (non hydrophilic ultrafiltration/microfiltration) into the MBR units (hybrid MBRs) or the MBR as a pretreatment step and integrating other membrane processes as subsequent secondary purification step (integrated MBR-membrane systems). However, there is a lack of reviews on the latest advancement in MBR technologies for hospital wastewater treatment, and analysis on its major challenges and future trends. This review started with an overview of main pollutants in common hospital waste-water, followed by an understanding on the key performance indicators/criteria in MBR membranes (i.e., solute selectivity) and processes (e.g., fouling). Then, an in-depth analysis was provided into the recent development of hybrid MBR and integrated MBR-membrane system concepts, and applications correlated with wastewater sources, with a particular focus on hospital wastewaters. It is anticipated that this review will shed light on the knowledge gaps in the field, highlighting the potential contribution of hybrid MBRs and integrated MBR-membrane systems toward global epidemic prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yangbo Qiu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Natalie Mamrol
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Longfei Ren
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jiahui Shao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Xing Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Pintossi D, Saakes M, Borneman Z, Nijmeijer K. Tailoring the Surface Chemistry of Anion Exchange Membranes with Zwitterions: Toward Antifouling RED Membranes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:18348-18357. [PMID: 33827211 PMCID: PMC8153547 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c02789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fouling is a pressing issue for harvesting salinity gradient energy with reverse electrodialysis (RED). In this work, antifouling membranes were fabricated by surface modification of a commercial anion exchange membrane with zwitterionic layers. Either zwitterionic monomers or zwitterionic brushes were applied on the surface. Zwitterionic monomers were grafted to the surface by deposition of a polydopamine layer followed by an aza-Michael reaction with sulfobetaine. Zwitterionic brushes were grafted on the surface by deposition of polydopamine modified with a surface initiator for subsequent atom transfer radical polymerization to obtain polysulfobetaine. As expected, the zwitterionic layers did increase the membrane hydrophilicity. The antifouling behavior of the membranes in RED was evaluated using artificial river and seawater and sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate as the model foulant. The zwitterionic monomers are effective in delaying the fouling onset, but the further build-up of the fouling layer is hardly affected, resulting in similar power density losses as for the unmodified membranes. Membranes modified with zwitterionic brushes show a high potential for application in RED as they not only delay the onset of fouling but they also slow down the growth of the fouling layer, thus retaining higher power density outputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Pintossi
- Wetsus,
European centre of excellence for sustainable water technology, P.O. Box 1113, 8900 CC Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
- Membrane
Materials and Processes, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Michel Saakes
- Wetsus,
European centre of excellence for sustainable water technology, P.O. Box 1113, 8900 CC Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Zandrie Borneman
- Membrane
Materials and Processes, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Dutch
Institute for Fundamental Energy Research (DIFFER), P.O. Box 6336, 5600 HH Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Kitty Nijmeijer
- Membrane
Materials and Processes, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Dutch
Institute for Fundamental Energy Research (DIFFER), P.O. Box 6336, 5600 HH Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Composite anti-scaling membrane made of interpenetrating networks of nanofibers for selective separation of lithium. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Sun L, Chen Q, Lu H, Wang J, Zhao J, Li P. Electrodialysis with porous membrane for bioproduct separation: Technology, features, and progress. Food Res Int 2020; 137:109343. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Golubenko D, Yaroslavtsev A. Development of surface-sulfonated graft anion-exchange membranes with monovalent ion selectivity and antifouling properties for electromembrane processes. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Pal S, Mondal R, Guha S, Chatterjee U, Jewrajka SK. Crosslinked terpolymer anion exchange membranes for selective ion separation and acid recovery. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Surface Modifications of Anion Exchange Membranes for an Improved Reverse Electrodialysis Process Performance: A Review. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:membranes10080160. [PMID: 32707798 PMCID: PMC7463669 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10080160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Reverse electrodialysis (RED) technology represents a promising electro-membrane process for renewable energy harvesting from aqueous streams with different salinity. However, the performance of the key components of the system, that is, the ion exchange membranes, is limited by both the presence of multivalent ions and fouling phenomena, thus leading to a reduced generated net power density. In this context, the behavior of anion exchange membranes (AEMs) in RED systems is more severely affected, due to the undesirable interactions between their positively charged fixed groups and, mostly negatively charged, foulant materials present in natural streams. Therefore, controlling both the monovalent anion permselectivity and the membrane surface hydrophilicity is crucial. In this respect, different surface modification procedures were considered in the literature, to enhance the above-mentioned properties. This review reports and discusses the currently available approaches for surface modifications of AEMs, such as graft polymerization, dip coating, and layer-by-layer, among others, mainly focusing on preparing monovalent permselective AEMs with antifouling characteristics, but also considering hydrophilicity aspects and identifying the most promising modifying agents to be utilized. Thus, the present study aimed at providing new insights for the further design and development of selective, durable, and cost-effective modified AEMs for an enhanced RED process performance, which is indispensable for a practical implementation of this electro-membrane technology at an industrial scale.
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Cao R, Shi S, Li Y, Xu B, Zhao Z, Duan F, Cao H, Wang Y. The properties and antifouling performance of anion exchange membranes modified by polydopamine and poly (sodium 4-styrenesulfonate). Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.124429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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10
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Wang X, Chen GQ, Zhang W, Deng H. Surface-modified anion exchange membranes with self-cleaning ability and enhanced antifouling properties. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2019.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Zhao Z, Shi S, Cao H, Li Y, Van der Bruggen B. Comparative studies on fouling of homogeneous anion exchange membranes by different structured organics in electrodialysis. J Environ Sci (China) 2019; 77:218-228. [PMID: 30573086 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2018.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Five negatively charged organic compounds with different structures, sodium methane sulfonate (MS), sodium benzene sulfonate (BS), sodium 6-hydroxynaphthalene-2-sulfonate (NSS), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS), were used to examine the fouling of an anion exchange membrane (AEM) in electrodialysis (ED), to explore the effect of molecular characteristics on the fouling behavior on the AEM and changes in the surface and electrochemical properties of the AEM. Results indicated that the fouling degree of the AEM by the different organics followed the order: SDBS > SDS > NSS > BS > MS. SDBS and SDS formed a dense fouling layer on the surface of the AEM, which was the main factor in the much more severe membrane fouling, and completely restricted the transmembrane ion migration. The other three organics caused fouling of the AEM by adsorption on the surface and /or accumulation in the interlayer of the AEM, and exhibited almost no influence on the transmembrane ion migration. It was also concluded that the organics with benzene rings caused more severe fouling of the AEM due to the stronger affinity interaction and steric effect between the organics and the AEM compared with organics with aliphatic chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijuan Zhao
- Division of Environment Technology and Engineering, CAS key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Beijing Research Center of Process Pollution Control, State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Shaoyuan Shi
- Division of Environment Technology and Engineering, CAS key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Beijing Research Center of Process Pollution Control, State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Zhengzhou Institute of Emerging Industrial Technology, Zhengzhou 450000, China.
| | - Hongbin Cao
- Division of Environment Technology and Engineering, CAS key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Beijing Research Center of Process Pollution Control, State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yujiao Li
- Division of Environment Technology and Engineering, CAS key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Beijing Research Center of Process Pollution Control, State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bart Van der Bruggen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
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Zhao Y, Gao C, Van der Bruggen B. Technology-driven layer-by-layer assembly of a membrane for selective separation of monovalent anions and antifouling. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:2264-2274. [PMID: 30657514 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr09086f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Selective separation of monovalent anions with reduced fouling is one of the major challenges for anion exchange membranes (AEM) in electrodialysis (ED). In this research, an alternating current layer-by-layer (AC∼LbL) assembly technology was first proposed and then applied to the construction of a durable multilayer with the selective separation of monovalent anions with reduced fouling. Under an alternating current (AC) electric field, the hydrophilic poly(4-styrenesulfonic acid-co-maleic acid) sodium salt and 2-hydroxypropyltrimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan were homogenized and rapidly assembled on a commercial original AEM and then crosslinked using 1,4-bis(2',3'-epoxypropyl) perfluoro-1-butane. In ED, the permselectivity and the selective separation efficiency [separation parameter between sulfate (SO42-) and chloride (Cl-) ions] of the resulting membrane (AC∼LbL#7.5 AEM) were 4.87 and 62%, respectively, whereas the original AEM had corresponding parameters of 0.81 and -8%, respectively. Furthermore, the AC∼LbL#7.5 AEM still retained a permselectivity of 4.52 and a selective separation efficiency for Cl- of 57% after 96 h of ED operation. In addition, the AC∼LbL#7.5 AEM showed an excellent antifouling property when three types of organic fouling materials: sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, bovine serum albumin and humic acid were used as model foulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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Qi Y, Zhu L, Gao C, Shen J. A novel nanofiltration membrane with simultaneously enhanced antifouling and antibacterial properties. RSC Adv 2019; 9:6107-6117. [PMID: 35517273 PMCID: PMC9060863 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra09875a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel nanofiltration membrane is prepared by using polydopamine (PDA) and hydroxyl propyl trimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan (HACC) mixed with chitosan (CN) and chelated silver (Ag) nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawei Qi
- Center for Membrane Separation and Water Science & Technology
- Ocean College
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou 310014
- P. R. China
| | - Lifang Zhu
- Center for Membrane Separation and Water Science & Technology
- Ocean College
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou 310014
- P. R. China
| | - Congjie Gao
- Center for Membrane Separation and Water Science & Technology
- Ocean College
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou 310014
- P. R. China
| | - Jiangnan Shen
- Center for Membrane Separation and Water Science & Technology
- Ocean College
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou 310014
- P. R. China
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Layer-by-layer assembly of anion exchange membrane by electrodeposition of polyelectrolytes for improved antifouling performance. J Memb Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2018.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Zhao Y, Zhu J, Li J, Zhao Z, Charchalac Ochoa SI, Shen J, Gao C, Van der Bruggen B. Robust Multilayer Graphene-Organic Frameworks for Selective Separation of Monovalent Anions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:18426-18433. [PMID: 29742347 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b03839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The chemical and mechanical stability of graphene nanosheets was used in this work to design a multilayer architecture of graphene, grafted with sulfonated 4,4'-diaminodiphenyl sulfone (SDDS). Quaternized poly(phenylene oxide) (QPPO) was synthesized and mixed with SDDS (rGO-SDDS-rGO@QPPO), yielding a multilayer graphene-organic framework (MGOF) with positive as well as negative functional groups that can be applied as a versatile electrodriven membrane in electrodialysis (ED). Multilayer graphene-organic frameworks are a new class of multilayer structures, with an architecture having a tunable interlayer spacing connected by cationic polymer material. MGOF membranes were demonstrated to allow for an excellent selective separation of monovalent anions in aqueous solution. Furthermore, different types of rGO-SDDS-rGO@QPPO membranes were found to have a good mechanical strength, with a tensile strength up to 66.43 MPa. The membrane (rGO-SDDS-rGO@QPPO-2) also has a low surface electric resistance (2.79 Ω·cm2) and a low water content (14.5%) and swelling rate (4.7%). In addition, the selective separation between Cl- and SO42- of the MGOF membranes could be as high as 36.6%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- Center for Membrane Separation and Water Science & Technology, Ocean College , Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310014 , P. R. China
- Department of Chemical Engineering , KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F , B-3001 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Jiajie Zhu
- Center for Membrane Separation and Water Science & Technology, Ocean College , Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310014 , P. R. China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering , KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F , B-3001 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Zhijuan Zhao
- Department of Chemical Engineering , KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F , B-3001 Leuven , Belgium
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Process Pollution Control, Division of Environment Technology and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering , Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Sebastian Ignacio Charchalac Ochoa
- Department of Chemical Engineering , KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F , B-3001 Leuven , Belgium
- Division of Engineering Sciences, CUNOC , University of San Carlos of Guatemala , Modulo G, Calle Rodolfo Robles 29-99 Zona 1 , Quetzaltenango , Guatemala
| | - Jiangnan Shen
- Center for Membrane Separation and Water Science & Technology, Ocean College , Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310014 , P. R. China
| | - Congjie Gao
- Center for Membrane Separation and Water Science & Technology, Ocean College , Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310014 , P. R. China
| | - Bart Van der Bruggen
- Department of Chemical Engineering , KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F , B-3001 Leuven , Belgium
- Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment , Tshwane University of Technology , Private Bag X680 , Pretoria 0001 , South Africa
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Zhang Y, Liu R, Lang Q, Tan M, Zhang Y. Composite anion exchange membrane made by layer-by-layer method for selective ion separation and water migration control. Sep Purif Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2017.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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17
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Zhao Y, Zhu J, Ding J, Van der Bruggen B, Shen J, Gao C. Electric-pulse layer-by-layer assembled of anion exchange membrane with enhanced monovalent selectivity. J Memb Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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