1
|
Lei YL, Zhu JF, Zhang ZW, Yang JT, Zhang F, Chen HS, Du CH. Plasmonic Radiation from Spin-Momentum Locking. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2406089. [PMID: 39222373 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202406089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Chiral light emission plays a key role in sensing, tomography, quantum communication, among others. Whereas, achieving highly pure, tunable chirality emission across a broad spectrum currently presents significant challenges. Free-electron radiation emerges as a promising solution to surpass these barriers, especially in hard-to-reach regimes. Here, chiral free-electron radiation is presented by exploiting the spin-momentum locking (SML) property of spoof surface plasmons (SSPs). When the phase velocity of free electrons matches that of the SSPs, the SSPs can be excited. By implementing wavenumber compensation through perturbations, the confined SSPs are transformed into free-space free-electron radiation. Owing to the law of angular momentum conservation, this process converts the transverse spin angular momentum of SSPs into the longitudinal spin angular momentum of free-electron radiation during the process, producing pure, tunable, and chiral free-electron radiation across a broad spectrum. This method achieves an optimal degree of circular polarization approaching -1. The innovative methodology can be adapted to SML-enabled guided states or silicon photonics platforms, offering new avenues for achieving chiral emission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Lu Lei
- Center for Carbon-based Electronics, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Juan-Feng Zhu
- Science, Mathematics, and Technology (SMT) Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
| | - Zi-Wen Zhang
- Center for Carbon-based Electronics, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ji-Tao Yang
- Center for Carbon-based Electronics, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Center for Carbon-based Electronics, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Hong-Sheng Chen
- Key Lab. of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Chao-Hai Du
- Center for Carbon-based Electronics, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bartolo A, Vigne N, Marconi M, Beaudoin G, Pantzas K, Sagnes I, Garnache A, Giudici M. Time localized tilted beams in nearly-degenerate laser cavities. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9852. [PMID: 38684874 PMCID: PMC11058240 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60466-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
We show that nearly-degenerate Vertical External-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers may emit a set of tilted beams of individually addressable mode-locked pulses. These time localized beams feature a Gaussian profile and they are emitted in pairs with opposite transverse k-vector. Because they are phase locked, their interference leads to a non homothetic pattern in the near-field emission of the laser. In the simplest situation, when a single pair is emitted, this is a stripe pattern. Our analysis discloses the role of third order (spherical) aberrations of the cavity in stabilizing this spatio-temporal mode-locked regime and in selecting the value of the transverse k-vector.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Bartolo
- Institut de Physique de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, 06560, Valbonne, France
- Institut d'Electronique et des Systèmes, CNRS UMR5214, 34000, Montpellier, France
| | - N Vigne
- Institut d'Electronique et des Systèmes, CNRS UMR5214, 34000, Montpellier, France
| | - M Marconi
- Institut de Physique de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, 06560, Valbonne, France
| | - G Beaudoin
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, CNRS UMR 9001, Université Paris-Saclay, 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - K Pantzas
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, CNRS UMR 9001, Université Paris-Saclay, 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - I Sagnes
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, CNRS UMR 9001, Université Paris-Saclay, 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - A Garnache
- Institut d'Electronique et des Systèmes, CNRS UMR5214, 34000, Montpellier, France
| | - M Giudici
- Institut de Physique de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, 06560, Valbonne, France.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kontenis G, Gailevicius D, Taranenko V, Staliunas K. Spatially Structured Optical Pump for Laser Generation Tuning. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 14:49. [PMID: 38202503 PMCID: PMC10780650 DOI: 10.3390/nano14010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The goal and essential parameter of laser light conversion is achieving emitted radiation of higher brightness. For many applications, the laser beam must have the highest available beam quality and highest achievable power. However, lasers with higher average power values usually have poorer beam quality, limiting the achievable brightness. Here, we present a method for improving the beam quality by using a spatially structured optical pump for a membrane external cavity laser resonator. An increase in brightness is achieved under fixed focusing conditions just by changing the pump intensity profile. A controllable output laser mode can be achieved by using a dynamically changing pump pattern.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielius Kontenis
- Laser Research Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio Ave. 10, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania; (G.K.); (K.S.)
| | - Darius Gailevicius
- Laser Research Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio Ave. 10, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania; (G.K.); (K.S.)
| | - Victor Taranenko
- Branch of Applied Optics at the Institute of Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 10G, Kudriavska Str., 04053 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Kestutis Staliunas
- Laser Research Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio Ave. 10, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania; (G.K.); (K.S.)
- Department of Physics, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Rambla Sant Nebridi 22, 08222 Terrassa, Spain
- ICREA—Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Juodėnas M, Strandberg E, Grabowski A, Gustavsson J, Šípová-Jungová H, Larsson A, Käll M. High-angle deflection of metagrating-integrated laser emission for high-contrast microscopy. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2023; 12:251. [PMID: 37833318 PMCID: PMC10576095 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01286-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Flat metaoptics components are looking to replace classical optics elements and could lead to extremely compact biophotonics devices if integrated with on-chip light sources and detectors. However, using metasurfaces to shape light into wide angular range wavefronts with high efficiency, as is typically required in high-contrast microscopy applications, remains a challenge. Here we demonstrate curved GaAs metagratings integrated on vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) that enable on-chip illumination in total internal reflection and dark field microscopy. Based on an unconventional design that circumvents the aspect ratio dependent etching problems in monolithic integration, we demonstrate off-axis emission centred at 60° in air and 63° in glass with > 90% and > 70% relative deflection efficiency, respectively. The resulting laser beam is collimated out-of-plane but maintains Gaussian divergence in-plane, resulting in a long and narrow illumination area. We show that metagrating-integrated VCSELs of different kinds can be combined to enable rapid switching between dark-field and total internal reflection illumination. Our approach provides a versatile illumination solution for high-contrast imaging that is compatible with conventional microscopy setups and can be integrated with biophotonics devices, such as portable microscopy, NIR-II range bioimaging, and lab-on-a-chip devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mindaugas Juodėnas
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Erik Strandberg
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Alexander Grabowski
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johan Gustavsson
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hana Šípová-Jungová
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Larsson
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mikael Käll
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dong Y, Pan G, Xun M, Su H, Chen L, Sun Y, Luan H, Fang X, Wu D, Gu M. Nanoprinted Diffractive Layer Integrated Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Vortex Lasers with Scalable Topological Charge. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:9096-9104. [PMID: 37748028 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) represent an attractive light source to integrate with OAM structures to realize chip-scale vortex lasers. Although pioneering endeavors of VCSEL-based vortex lasers have been reported, they cannot achieve large topological charges (less than l = 5) due to the insufficient space-bandwidth product (SBP) caused by the inherent limited device size. Here, by integrating a nanoprinted OAM phase structure on the VCSELs, we demonstrate a vortex microlaser with a low threshold and simple structure. A monolithic microlaser array with addressable control of vortex beams with different topological charges (l = 1 to l = 5) was achieved. Nanoprinting offers high degrees of freedom for the manipulation of spatial structures. To address the challenge of insufficient SBP, two-layer cascaded spiral phase plates were designed. Thereby, a vortex beam with l = 15 and mode purity of 83.7% was obtained. Our work paves the way for future chip-scale OAM-based information multiplexing with more channels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Dong
- Institute of Photonic Chips, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093 People's Republic of China
| | - Guanzhong Pan
- Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029 People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Xun
- Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029 People's Republic of China
| | - Hang Su
- Institute of Photonic Chips, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093 People's Republic of China
- Centre for Artificial-Intelligence Nanophotonics, School of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093 People's Republic of China
| | - Long Chen
- Institute of Photonic Chips, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093 People's Republic of China
- Centre for Artificial-Intelligence Nanophotonics, School of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093 People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Sun
- Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029 People's Republic of China
| | - Haitao Luan
- Institute of Photonic Chips, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093 People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyuan Fang
- Institute of Photonic Chips, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093 People's Republic of China
| | - Dexin Wu
- Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029 People's Republic of China
| | - Min Gu
- Institute of Photonic Chips, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093 People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fu P, Ni PN, Wu B, Pei XZ, Wang QH, Chen PP, Xu C, Kan Q, Chu WG, Xie YY. Metasurface Enabled On-Chip Generation and Manipulation of Vector Beams from Vertical Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2204286. [PMID: 36111553 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202204286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Metasurface polarization optics that consist of 2D array of birefringent nano-antennas have proven remarkable capabilities to generate and manipulate vectorial fields with subwavelength resolution and high efficiency. Integrating this new type of metasurface with the standard vertical cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) platform enables an ultracompact and powerful solution to control both phase and polarization properties of the laser on a chip, which allows to structure a VCSEL into vector beams with on-demand wavefronts. Here, this concept is demonstrated by directly generating versatile vector beams from commercially available VCSELs through on-chip integration of high-index dielectric metasurfaces. Experimentally, the versatility of the approach for the development of vectorial VCSELs are validated by implementing a variety of functionalities, including directional emission of multibeam with specified polarizations, vectorial holographic display, and vector vortex beams generations. Notably, the proposed vectorial VCSELs integrated with a single layer of beam shaping metasurface bypass the requirements of multiple cascaded optical components, and thus have the potential to promote the advancements of ultracompact, lightweight, and scalable vector beams sources, enriching and expanding the applications of VCSELs in optical communications, laser manipulation and processing, information encryption, and quantum optics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pan Fu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Pei-Nan Ni
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Science, Tampere University, Tampere, 33720, Finland
| | - Bo Wu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Xian-Zhi Pei
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Qiu-Hua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials Science, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Pei-Pei Chen
- Nanofabrication Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory for Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory for Nanosystems and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Chen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Qiang Kan
- Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials Science, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Wei-Guo Chu
- Nanofabrication Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory for Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory for Nanosystems and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yi-Yang Xie
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ni PN, Fu P, Chen PP, Xu C, Xie YY, Genevet P. Spin-decoupling of vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers with complete phase modulation using on-chip integrated Jones matrix metasurfaces. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7795. [PMID: 36528625 PMCID: PMC9759547 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34977-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Polarization response of artificially structured nano-antennas can be exploited to design innovative optical components, also dubbed "vectorial metasurfaces", for the modulation of phase, amplitude, and polarization with subwavelength spatial resolution. Recent efforts in conceiving Jones matrix formalism led to the advancement of vectorial metasurfaces to independently manipulate any arbitrary phase function of orthogonal polarization states. Here, we are taking advantages of this formalism to design and experimentally validate the performance of CMOS compatible Jones matrix metasurfaces monolithically integrated with standard VCSELs for on-chip spin-decoupling and phase shaping. Our approach enables accessing the optical spin states of VCSELs in an ultra-compact way with previously unattainable phase controllability. By exploiting spin states as a new degree of freedom for laser wavefront engineering, our platform is capable of operating and reading-out the spin-momentum of lasers associated with injected spin carriers, which would potentially play a pivotal role for the development of emerging spin-optoelectronic devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Nan Ni
- grid.450300.2Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Centre de Recherche sur l’Hétéro-Epitaxie et ses Applications (CRHEA), Valbonne, France
| | - Pan Fu
- grid.28703.3e0000 0000 9040 3743Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Pei-Pei Chen
- grid.419265.d0000 0004 1806 6075Nanofabrication Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Xu
- grid.28703.3e0000 0000 9040 3743Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Yang Xie
- grid.28703.3e0000 0000 9040 3743Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Patrice Genevet
- grid.450300.2Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Centre de Recherche sur l’Hétéro-Epitaxie et ses Applications (CRHEA), Valbonne, France
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Guan J, Park JE, Deng S, Tan MJH, Hu J, Odom TW. Light-Matter Interactions in Hybrid Material Metasurfaces. Chem Rev 2022; 122:15177-15203. [PMID: 35762982 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This Review focuses on the integration of plasmonic and dielectric metasurfaces with emissive or stimuli-responsive materials for manipulating light-matter interactions at the nanoscale. Metasurfaces, engineered planar structures with rationally designed building blocks, can change the local phase and intensity of electromagnetic waves at the subwavelength unit level and offers more degrees of freedom to control the flow of light. A combination of metasurfaces and nanoscale emitters facilitates access to weak and strong coupling regimes for enhanced photoluminescence, nanoscale lasing, controlled quantum emission, and formation of exciton-polaritons. In addition to emissive materials, functional materials that respond to external stimuli can be combined with metasurfaces to engineer tunable nanophotonic devices. Emerging metasurface designs including surface-functionalized, chemically tunable, and multilayer hybrid metasurfaces open prospects for diverse applications, including photocatalysis, sensing, displays, and quantum information.
Collapse
|
9
|
Szatkowski M, Norton B, Masajada J, Porras-Aguilar R. Quantifying the quality of optical vortices by evaluating their intensity distributions. APPLIED OPTICS 2022; 61:5011-5018. [PMID: 36256178 DOI: 10.1364/ao.456106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Optical vortices are widely used in optics and photonics, impacting the measurements and conclusions derived from their use. Thus, it is crucial to evaluate optical vortices efficiently. This work aims to establish metrics for evaluating optical vortex quality to support the implementation procedure and, hence, provide a tool supporting research purposes and technological developments. We propose to assess vortex quality using the following intensity parameters: eccentricity, cross-sectional peak-to-valley, cross-sectional peak difference, and the doughnut ratio. This methodology provides a low-cost, robust, and quantitative approach to evaluating optical vortices for each specific optical technology.
Collapse
|
10
|
Bouchereau Y, Karuseichyk S, Guitter R, Pal V, Bretenaker F. Effect of linewidth enhancement factor on the generation of optical vortices in a class-A degenerate cavity semiconductor laser. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:15648-15658. [PMID: 35473280 DOI: 10.1364/oe.456946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The dynamical behavior of a one-dimensional ring array of lasers generated in a class-A degenerate cavity semiconductor laser is numerically investigated. The class-A behavior of the laser is obtained by considering a low-loss vertical external cavity surface emitting laser (VECSEL), in which a telescope and a mask allow us to control the geometry and the linear nearest-neighbour coupling between the lasers. The behavior of the lasers is simulated using coupled rate equations, taking the influence of the Henry factor into account. It is shown that the ring array of lasers exhibits multistability. Moreover, by comparison with a class-B semiconductor laser, it is proved that the class-A nature of the laser makes it more robust to the increase of the Henry factor when it comes to generating topological charge carrying arrays of lasers, thus opening new perspectives of application for such lasers.
Collapse
|
11
|
Qiao Z, Gong C, Liao Y, Wang C, Chan KK, Zhu S, Kim M, Chen YC. Tunable Optical Vortex from a Nanogroove-Structured Optofluidic Microlaser. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:1425-1432. [PMID: 34817181 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c04065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Optical vortices with tunable properties in multiple dimensions are highly desirable in modern photonics, particularly for broadly tunable wavelengths and topological charges at the micrometer scale. Compared to solid-state approaches, here we demonstrate tunable optical vortices through the fusion of optofluidics and vortex beams in which the handedness, topological charges, and lasing wavelengths could be fully adjusted and dynamically controlled. Nanogroove structures inscribed in Fabry-Pérot optofluidic microcavities were proposed to generate optical vortices by converting Hermite-Gaussian laser modes. Topological charges could be controlled by tuning the lengths of the nanogroove structures. Vortex laser beams spanning a wide spectral band (430-630 nm) were achieved by alternating different liquid gain materials. Finally, dynamic switching of vortex laser wavelengths in real-time was realized through an optofluidic vortex microlaser device. The findings provide a robust yet flexible approach for generating on-chip vortex sources with multiple dimensions, high tunability, and reconfigurability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Qiao
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Chaoyang Gong
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Yikai Liao
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Chenlu Wang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Kok Ken Chan
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Song Zhu
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Munho Kim
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Yu-Cheng Chen
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhao Z, Xie Y, Pan G, Ni P, Wang Q, Dong Y, Hu L, Sun J, Chen H, Xu C, Genevet P. Dynamic phase manipulation of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers via on-chip integration of microfluidic channels. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:1481-1491. [PMID: 33726362 DOI: 10.1364/oe.414671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) play a key role in the development of the next generation of optoelectronic technologies, thanks to their unique characteristics, such as low-power consumption, circular beam profile, high modulation speed, and large-scale two-dimensional array. Dynamic phase manipulation of VCSELs within a compact system is highly desired for a large variety of applications. In this work, we incorporate the emerging microfluidic technologies into the conventional VCSELs through a monolithic integration approach, enabling dynamic phase control of lasing emissions with low power consumption and low thermal generation. As a proof of concept, a beam steering device is experimentally demonstrated by integrating microfluidic channel on a coherently coupled VCSELs array. Experimental results show that the deflection angles of the laser beam from the chip can be tuned from 0° to 2.41° under the injection of liquids with different refractive index into the microchannel. This work opens an entirely new solution to implement a compact laser system with real-time wavefront controllability. It holds great potentials in various applications, including optical fiber communications, laser printing, optical sensing, directional displays, ultra-compact light detection and ranging (LiDAR).
Collapse
|
13
|
Xie YY, Ni PN, Wang QH, Kan Q, Briere G, Chen PP, Zhao ZZ, Delga A, Ren HR, Chen HD, Xu C, Genevet P. Metasurface-integrated vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers for programmable directional lasing emissions. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 15:125-130. [PMID: 31932760 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-019-0611-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) have made indispensable contributions to the development of modern optoelectronic technologies. However, arbitrary beam shaping of VCSELs within a compact system has remained inaccessible until now. The emerging ultra-thin flat optical structures, namely metasurfaces, offer a powerful technique to manipulate electromagnetic fields with subwavelength spatial resolution. Here, we show that the monolithic integration of dielectric metasurfaces with VCSELs enables remarkable arbitrary control of the laser beam profiles, including self-collimation, Bessel and Vortex lasers, with high efficiency. Such wafer-level integration of metasurface through VCSEL-compatible technology simplifies the assembling process and preserves the high performance of the VCSELs. We envision that our approach can be implemented in various wide-field applications, such as optical fibre communications, laser printing, smartphones, optical sensing, face recognition, directional displays and ultra-compact light detection and ranging (LiDAR).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Yang Xie
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Pei-Nan Ni
- Centre de Recherche sur l'Hétéro-Epitaxie et ses Applications (CRHEA), Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Valbonne, France
| | - Qiu-Hua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Kan
- Institute of Semiconductor, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Gauthier Briere
- Centre de Recherche sur l'Hétéro-Epitaxie et ses Applications (CRHEA), Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Valbonne, France
| | - Pei-Pei Chen
- National Centre for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuang-Zhuang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | | | - Hao-Ran Ren
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, Faculty of Physics, LudwigMaximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hong-Da Chen
- Institute of Semiconductor, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.
| | - Patrice Genevet
- Centre de Recherche sur l'Hétéro-Epitaxie et ses Applications (CRHEA), Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Valbonne, France.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hirose K, Takiguchi Y, Sugiyama T, Nomoto Y, Uenoyama S, Kurosaka Y. Removal of surface-normal spot beam from on-chip 2D beam pattern projecting lasers. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:29854-29866. [PMID: 30469944 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.029854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Static arbitrary two-dimensional beam patterns have been demonstrated using on-chip size "integrable spatial-phase-modulating surface-emitting lasers," which use the band edge mode of a two-dimensional photonic crystal as an in-plane resonator, while the spatial phase of the lightwaves of the band edge mode are simultaneously modulated in a holographic manner by a local positional shift of holes from their lattice points. Meanwhile, the beam patterns include a spot beam in the surface-normal direction (0th-order beam), which corresponds to components of vertical diffraction of the band edge modes without spatial phase modulation. A promising method, used to remove the 0th-order beam, uses a structure that prohibits the vertical diffraction of band edge modes. For this purpose, we set the period of the virtual photonic crystal structure from the conventional Γ2 band edge to the Μ1 band edge, where vertical diffraction is prohibited. Moreover, the additional spatial phase modulation that cancels the in-plane component of the wavevectors of the lightwaves of the band edge modes at the Μ1 band edge are also imposed to output the beam patterns vertically. As a result, we successfully demonstrated two-dimensional beam patterns without a spot beam in the surface-normal direction.
Collapse
|
15
|
Takiguchi Y, Hirose K, Sugiyama T, Nomoto Y, Uenoyama S, Kurosaka Y. Principle of beam generation in on-chip 2D beam pattern projecting lasers. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:10787-10800. [PMID: 29716010 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.010787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Integrable spatial-phase-modulating surface-emitting lasers, which utilize the band edge mode of two-dimensional photonic-crystals as resonators, project static arbitrary two-dimensional beam patterns from on-chip size. In this device, holes shifting from the lattice point of a two-dimensional photonic crystal provide spatial phase modulation to light waves, which form standing waves in the resonator. Thus far, the origin of the beam patterns has not been studied, especially the formation of subsidiary beam patterns against the designed beam pattern. In this work, we clarify the origin of beam patterns in two types of spatial phase modulating method, which impose in-plane shifting of holes according to circular and linear shift methods. Based on a theoretical study of spatial phase modulation, we reveal that the circular shift method provides a symmetric beam pattern, while the linear shift method causes an asymmetric beam pattern. Consequently, we demonstrated the asymmetric two-dimensional beam pattern by the linear shift method for the first time.
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
We propose space-variant uniaxial flat optical elements designed to generate pure Laguerre-Gaussian modes with arbitrary azimuthal and radial indices l and p from an incident Gaussian beam. This is done via the combined use of the dynamic and the geometric phases. Optimal design protocol for the mode conversion efficiency is derived, and the corresponding characteristics are given for -6≤l≤6 and 0≤p≤5. The obtained "modal q-plates" may find many applications whenever the radial degree of freedom of a light field is at play.
Collapse
|