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Ba L, Yang Q, Yang J, Dou Y, Wu F, Yang J. Reconfigurable terahertz multifunctional wave plates with VO 2/Ge hybrid metasurfaces. OPTICS LETTERS 2024; 49:5075-5078. [PMID: 39270231 DOI: 10.1364/ol.534647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
Active control of polarization using metasurfaces is crucial in terahertz optics, offering promising advancements in sensing, imaging, and telecommunications. Here, we developed reconfigurable terahertz multifunctional wave plates by leveraging vanadium dioxide/germanium hybrid metasurfaces. This approach allows for mutual role changing of metasurface among quarter-wave plate, half-wave plate, and full-wave plate, facilitated by the introduction of continuous-wave and pulse lasers. The photoinduced phase change of vanadium dioxide, along with the bridging control of germanium, plays a key role in the transition of multifunctional wave plates. Also, the analysis of polarization conversion ratio, ellipticity, and underlying physics demonstrates the ability of multifunctional wave plates. These discoveries deliver valuable insight into advanced polarization control and demonstrate the potential for innovative active-control devices.
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Sie EJ, Othman MAK, Nyby CM, Pemmaraju D, Garcia CAC, Wang Y, Guzelturk B, Xia C, Xiao J, Poletayev A, Ofori-Okai BK, Hoffmann MC, Park S, Shen X, Yang J, Li R, Reid AH, Weathersby S, Muscher P, Finney N, Rhodes D, Balicas L, Nanni E, Hone J, Chueh W, Devereaux TP, Narang P, Heinz TF, Wang X, Lindenberg AM. Giant Terahertz Birefringence in an Ultrathin Anisotropic Semimetal. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:6031-6037. [PMID: 38717626 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c00758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Manipulating the polarization of light at the nanoscale is key to the development of next-generation optoelectronic devices. This is typically done via waveplates using optically anisotropic crystals, with thicknesses on the order of the wavelength. Here, using a novel ultrafast electron-beam-based technique sensitive to transient near fields at THz frequencies, we observe a giant anisotropy in the linear optical response in the semimetal WTe2 and demonstrate that one can tune the THz polarization using a 50 nm thick film, acting as a broadband wave plate with thickness 3 orders of magnitude smaller than the wavelength. The observed circular deflections of the electron beam are consistent with simulations tracking the trajectory of the electron beam in the near field of the THz pulse. This finding offers a promising approach to enable atomically thin THz polarization control using anisotropic semimetals and defines new approaches for characterizing THz near-field optical response at far-subwavelength length scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edbert J Sie
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences (SIMES), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Mohamed A K Othman
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Clara M Nyby
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Das Pemmaraju
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences (SIMES), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Christina A C Garcia
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Yaxian Wang
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Burak Guzelturk
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Chenyi Xia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jun Xiao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Andrey Poletayev
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | | | - Matthias C Hoffmann
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Suji Park
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences (SIMES), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Xiaozhe Shen
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Jie Yang
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Renkai Li
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Alexander H Reid
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Stephen Weathersby
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Philipp Muscher
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences (SIMES), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Nathan Finney
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Daniel Rhodes
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Luis Balicas
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory and Department of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Emilio Nanni
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - James Hone
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - William Chueh
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences (SIMES), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Thomas P Devereaux
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences (SIMES), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Prineha Narang
- College of Letters and Science, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Tony F Heinz
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences (SIMES), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Xijie Wang
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
- Faculty of Physics, University of Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Dortmund, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Aaron M Lindenberg
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences (SIMES), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
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Zhang H, Lv X, Jiang C, Sang X, Li Z, Wang K, Sun X, Liu M, Ma H, Zhang Y. Active multi-focus vortex beam terahertz encoding metasurface based on Dirac semimetals. APPLIED OPTICS 2024; 63:888-894. [PMID: 38437384 DOI: 10.1364/ao.506535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
An electromagnetic wavefront can be flexibly manipulated by discrete phase coding on the coding unit. In this paper, we designed two coding metasurfaces with 1-bit and 3-bit based on active tuning of Dirac semimetals by controlling the Fermi level (E F) with an external polarization voltage. The size and structure of the metasurface remain unchanged with this strategy. Both designs were found to be dynamically tunable. The 1-bit coding metasurface enables beam conversion, single-focus switching, and switching between single-focus and multi-focus. On the other hand, the 3-bit coding metasurface enables the switching between vortex beams and single-beam mirror reflections. These proposed structures have potential applications in terahertz (THz) communications and terahertz-focused imaging, opening up new possibilities for the dynamic modulation of THz waves.
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Fahad AK, Ruan C, Nazir R, Hassan B. Transmissive Polarizer Metasurfaces: From Microwave to Optical Regimes. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:1705. [PMID: 35630935 PMCID: PMC9144959 DOI: 10.3390/nano12101705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Metasurfaces, a special class of metamaterials, have recently become a rapidly growing field, particularly for thin polarization converters. They can be fabricated using a simple fabrication process due to their smaller planar profile, both in the microwave and optical regimes. In this paper, the recent progress in MSs for linear polarization (LP) to circular polarization (CP) conversion in transmission mode is reviewed. Starting from history, modeling and the theory of MSs, uncontrollable single and multiple bands and LP-to-CP conversions, are discussed and analyzed. Moreover, detailed reconfigurable MS-based LP-to-CP converters are presented. Further, key findings on the state-of-the-arts are discussed and tabulated to give readers a quick overview. Finally, a conclusion is drawn by providing opinions on future developments in this growing research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Kosar Fahad
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China;
| | - Cunjun Ruan
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China;
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Microwave Sensing and Security Applications, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Rabia Nazir
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore 100191, Pakistan;
| | - Bilal Hassan
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates;
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Xie Y, Yang C, Wang Y, Shen Y, Deng X, Zhou B, Cao J. Anomalous refraction and reflection characteristics of bend V-shaped antenna metasurfaces. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6700. [PMID: 31040391 PMCID: PMC6491554 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43138-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Stabilization issue of anomalous refraction and reflection in V-shaped antenna metasurfaces are investigated. Specifically, when a V-shaped metasurface is artificially tilted, the induced refraction and reflection are theoretically analyzed. Detailed numerical and experimental study is then performed for the upward and downward bending metasurfaces. Our results show that although the anomalous reflection is sensitive to the deformation of metasurface geometry; the anomalous refraction is, surprisingly, barely affected by relatively small-angle tilting and able to support perfect beam orienting. Since in real-world applications, the optical objects are often affected by multiple uncertain factors, such as deformation, vibration, non-standard surface, non-perfect planar, etc., the stabilization of optical functionality has therefore been a long-standing design challenge for optical engineering. We believe our findings can shed new light on this stability issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqiang Xie
- Department of Physics, Nanchang university, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Chang Yang
- Department of Physics, Nanchang university, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Institute of Space Science and Technology, Nanchang university, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Yun Shen
- Department of Physics, Nanchang university, Nanchang, 330031, China. .,Institute of Space Science and Technology, Nanchang university, Nanchang, 330031, China.
| | - Xiaohua Deng
- Institute of Space Science and Technology, Nanchang university, Nanchang, 330031, China.
| | - Binbin Zhou
- DTU Fotonik, Technical University of Denmark, Building 343, DK-2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Juncheng Cao
- Key Laboratory of Terahertz Solid-State Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
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Chen J, Wang P, Ming H, Lakowicz JR, Zhang D. Fano resonance and polarization transformation induced by interpolarization coupling of Bloch surface waves. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B 2019; 99:115420. [PMID: 33842743 PMCID: PMC8034434 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.99.115420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the resonant coupling behaviors between the transverse-electric (TE) and transverse-magnetic (TM) Bloch surface waves (BSWs) on a dielectric multilayer have been theoretically studied. Due to the different penetration depths in the dielectric multilayer, the TM BSWs and TE BSWs can act as the radiative and dark electromagnetic modes, respectively. By using a rectangular grating on the dielectric multilayer, both Rabi splitting and Fano resonance phenomena based on the coupling of the two BSW modes were demonstrated, through tuning the period of the grating and the azimuthal angle of the incoming wave. Furthermore, by using the temporal coupled-mode theory, we show that the anti-Hermitian coupling between the two BSW modes contributes to the enhanced diffraction and the huge polarization transformation efficiency of incoming waves in the weak coupling regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxue Chen
- School of Science, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan 621010, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pei Wang
- Institute of Photonics, Department of Optics and Optical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hai Ming
- Institute of Photonics, Department of Optics and Optical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Joseph R. Lakowicz
- Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Douguo Zhang
- Institute of Photonics, Department of Optics and Optical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
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Lee S, Kim WT, Kang JH, Kang BJ, Rotermund F, Park QH. Single-Layer Metasurfaces as Spectrally Tunable Terahertz Half- and Quarter-Waveplates. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:7655-7660. [PMID: 30757895 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b21456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We propose a single-layer terahertz metasurface that acts as an efficient terahertz waveplate, providing phase retardation of up to 180° with a tunable operation frequency. Designed with the tight coupling of elementary resonators, our metasurface provides extraordinarily strong hyperbolicity that is closely associated with the distance between resonators, enabling both significant phase retardation and spectral tunability through mechanical deformation. The proposed concept of terahertz waveplates based on relatively simple metastructures fabricated on stretchable polydimethylsiloxane is experimentally confirmed using terahertz spectroscopy. It is believed that the proposed design will pave the way for a diverse range of terahertz applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seojoo Lee
- Department of Physics , Korea University , Seoul 02841 , Korea
| | - Won Tae Kim
- Department of Physics , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon 34141 , Korea
| | - Ji-Hun Kang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Korea
| | - Bong Joo Kang
- Department of Physics , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon 34141 , Korea
| | - Fabian Rotermund
- Department of Physics , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon 34141 , Korea
| | - Q-Han Park
- Department of Physics , Korea University , Seoul 02841 , Korea
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