1
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Basini M, Pancaldi M, Wehinger B, Udina M, Unikandanunni V, Tadano T, Hoffmann MC, Balatsky AV, Bonetti S. Terahertz electric-field-driven dynamical multiferroicity in SrTiO 3. Nature 2024; 628:534-539. [PMID: 38600387 PMCID: PMC11023939 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07175-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
The emergence of collective order in matter is among the most fundamental and intriguing phenomena in physics. In recent years, the dynamical control and creation of novel ordered states of matter not accessible in thermodynamic equilibrium is receiving much attention1-6. The theoretical concept of dynamical multiferroicity has been introduced to describe the emergence of magnetization due to time-dependent electric polarization in non-ferromagnetic materials7,8. In simple terms, the coherent rotating motion of the ions in a crystal induces a magnetic moment along the axis of rotation. Here we provide experimental evidence of room-temperature magnetization in the archetypal paraelectric perovskite SrTiO3 due to this mechanism. We resonantly drive the infrared-active soft phonon mode with an intense circularly polarized terahertz electric field and detect the time-resolved magneto-optical Kerr effect. A simple model, which includes two coupled nonlinear oscillators whose forces and couplings are derived with ab initio calculations using self-consistent phonon theory at a finite temperature9, reproduces qualitatively our experimental observations. A quantitatively correct magnitude was obtained for the effect by also considering the phonon analogue of the reciprocal of the Einstein-de Haas effect, which is also called the Barnett effect, in which the total angular momentum from the phonon order is transferred to the electronic one. Our findings show a new path for the control of magnetism, for example, for ultrafast magnetic switches, by coherently controlling the lattice vibrations with light.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Basini
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Pancaldi
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Venice, Italy
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, Italy
| | - B Wehinger
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Venice, Italy
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France
| | - M Udina
- Department of Physics and ISC-CNR, 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - V Unikandanunni
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T Tadano
- Research Center for Magnetic and Spintronic Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - M C Hoffmann
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - A V Balatsky
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Venice, Italy
- NORDITA, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Physics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
- Rara Foundation - Sustainable Materials and Technologies, Venice, Italy
| | - S Bonetti
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Venice, Italy.
- Rara Foundation - Sustainable Materials and Technologies, Venice, Italy.
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2
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Othman MAK, Gabriel AE, Snively EC, Kozina ME, Shen X, Ji F, Lewis S, Weathersby S, Vasireddy P, Luo D, Wang X, Hoffmann MC, Nanni EA. Improved temporal resolution in ultrafast electron diffraction measurements through THz compression and time-stamping. Struct Dyn 2024; 11:024311. [PMID: 38655563 PMCID: PMC11037933 DOI: 10.1063/4.0000230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
We present an experimental demonstration of ultrafast electron diffraction (UED) with THz-driven electron bunch compression and time-stamping that enables UED probes with improved temporal resolution. Through THz-driven longitudinal bunch compression, a compression factor of approximately four is achieved. Moreover, the time-of-arrival jitter between the compressed electron bunch and a pump laser pulse is suppressed by a factor of three. Simultaneously, the THz interaction imparts a transverse spatiotemporal correlation on the electron distribution, which we utilize to further enhance the precision of time-resolved UED measurements. We use this technique to probe single-crystal gold nanofilms and reveal transient oscillations in the THz near fields with a temporal resolution down to 50 fs. These oscillations were previously beyond reach in the absence of THz compression and time-stamping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. K. Othman
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Annika E. Gabriel
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Emma C. Snively
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Michael E. Kozina
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Xiaozhe Shen
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Fuhao Ji
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Samantha Lewis
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Stephen Weathersby
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Praful Vasireddy
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Duan Luo
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Xijie Wang
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
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3
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Poletayev AD, Hoffmann MC, Dawson JA, Teitelbaum SW, Trigo M, Islam MS, Lindenberg AM. Publisher Correction: The persistence of memory in ionic conduction probed by nonlinear optics. Nature 2024; 626:E14. [PMID: 38291189 PMCID: PMC10866698 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07124-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey D Poletayev
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Matthias C Hoffmann
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - James A Dawson
- Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Centre for Energy, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Samuel W Teitelbaum
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Mariano Trigo
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - M Saiful Islam
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Aaron M Lindenberg
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
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4
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Poletayev AD, Hoffmann MC, Dawson JA, Teitelbaum SW, Trigo M, Islam MS, Lindenberg AM. The persistence of memory in ionic conduction probed by nonlinear optics. Nature 2024; 625:691-696. [PMID: 38267678 PMCID: PMC10808053 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06827-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Predicting practical rates of transport in condensed phases enables the rational design of materials, devices and processes. This is especially critical to developing low-carbon energy technologies such as rechargeable batteries1-3. For ionic conduction, the collective mechanisms4,5, variation of conductivity with timescales6-8 and confinement9,10, and ambiguity in the phononic origin of translation11,12, call for a direct probe of the fundamental steps of ionic diffusion: ion hops. However, such hops are rare-event large-amplitude translations, and are challenging to excite and detect. Here we use single-cycle terahertz pumps to impulsively trigger ionic hopping in battery solid electrolytes. This is visualized by an induced transient birefringence, enabling direct probing of anisotropy in ionic hopping on the picosecond timescale. The relaxation of the transient signal measures the decay of orientational memory, and the production of entropy in diffusion. We extend experimental results using in silico transient birefringence to identify vibrational attempt frequencies for ion hopping. Using nonlinear optical methods, we probe ion transport at its fastest limit, distinguish correlated conduction mechanisms from a true random walk at the atomic scale, and demonstrate the connection between activated transport and the thermodynamics of information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey D Poletayev
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Matthias C Hoffmann
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - James A Dawson
- Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Centre for Energy, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Samuel W Teitelbaum
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Mariano Trigo
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - M Saiful Islam
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Aaron M Lindenberg
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
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5
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Champenois EG, List NH, Ware M, Britton M, Bucksbaum PH, Cheng X, Centurion M, Cryan JP, Forbes R, Gabalski I, Hegazy K, Hoffmann MC, Howard AJ, Ji F, Lin MF, Nunes JPF, Shen X, Yang J, Wang X, Martinez TJ, Wolf TJA. Femtosecond Electronic and Hydrogen Structural Dynamics in Ammonia Imaged with Ultrafast Electron Diffraction. Phys Rev Lett 2023; 131:143001. [PMID: 37862660 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.143001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Directly imaging structural dynamics involving hydrogen atoms by ultrafast diffraction methods is complicated by their low scattering cross sections. Here we demonstrate that megaelectronvolt ultrafast electron diffraction is sufficiently sensitive to follow hydrogen dynamics in isolated molecules. In a study of the photodissociation of gas phase ammonia, we simultaneously observe signatures of the nuclear and corresponding electronic structure changes resulting from the dissociation dynamics in the time-dependent diffraction. Both assignments are confirmed by ab initio simulations of the photochemical dynamics and the resulting diffraction observable. While the temporal resolution of the experiment is insufficient to resolve the dissociation in time, our results represent an important step towards the observation of proton dynamics in real space and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elio G Champenois
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Nanna H List
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Matthew Ware
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Mathew Britton
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Philip H Bucksbaum
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Xinxin Cheng
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Martin Centurion
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA
| | - James P Cryan
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Ruaridh Forbes
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Ian Gabalski
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Kareem Hegazy
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | | | - Andrew J Howard
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Fuhao Ji
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Ming-Fu Lin
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - J Pedro F Nunes
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA
| | - Xiaozhe Shen
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Jie Yang
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xijie Wang
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Todd J Martinez
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Thomas J A Wolf
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
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6
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Nguyen QL, Duncan RA, Orenstein G, Huang Y, Krapivin V, de la Peña G, Ornelas-Skarin C, Reis DA, Abbamonte P, Bettler S, Chollet M, Hoffmann MC, Hurley M, Kim S, Kirchmann PS, Kubota Y, Mahmood F, Miller A, Osaka T, Qu K, Sato T, Shoemaker DP, Sirica N, Song S, Stanton J, Teitelbaum SW, Tilton SE, Togashi T, Zhu D, Trigo M. Ultrafast X-Ray Scattering Reveals Composite Amplitude Collective Mode in the Weyl Charge Density Wave Material (TaSe_{4})_{2}I. Phys Rev Lett 2023; 131:076901. [PMID: 37656841 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.076901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
We report ultrafast x-ray scattering experiments of the quasi-1D charge density wave (CDW) material (TaSe_{4})_{2}I following ultrafast infrared photoexcitation. From the time-dependent diffraction signal at the CDW sidebands we identify a 0.11 THz amplitude mode derived primarily from a transverse acoustic mode of the high-symmetry structure. From our measurements we determine that this mode interacts with the valence charge indirectly through another collective mode, and that the CDW system in (TaSe_{4})_{2}I has a composite nature supporting multiple dynamically active structural degrees of freedom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quynh L Nguyen
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Ryan A Duncan
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Gal Orenstein
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Yijing Huang
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Viktor Krapivin
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Gilberto de la Peña
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Chance Ornelas-Skarin
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - David A Reis
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Department of Photon Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Peter Abbamonte
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Simon Bettler
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Matthieu Chollet
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Matthias C Hoffmann
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Matthew Hurley
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, USA
| | - Soyeun Kim
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Patrick S Kirchmann
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Yuya Kubota
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Fahad Mahmood
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Alexander Miller
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, USA
| | - Taito Osaka
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Kejian Qu
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Takahiro Sato
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Daniel P Shoemaker
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Nicholas Sirica
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Sanghoon Song
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Jade Stanton
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, USA
| | | | - Sean E Tilton
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, USA
| | - Tadashi Togashi
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Diling Zhu
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Mariano Trigo
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
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7
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Liu Y, Sanchez DM, Ware MR, Champenois EG, Yang J, Nunes JPF, Attar A, Centurion M, Cryan JP, Forbes R, Hegazy K, Hoffmann MC, Ji F, Lin MF, Luo D, Saha SK, Shen X, Wang XJ, Martínez TJ, Wolf TJA. Rehybridization dynamics into the pericyclic minimum of an electrocyclic reaction imaged in real-time. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2795. [PMID: 37202402 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38513-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrocyclic reactions are characterized by the concerted formation and cleavage of both σ and π bonds through a cyclic structure. This structure is known as a pericyclic transition state for thermal reactions and a pericyclic minimum in the excited state for photochemical reactions. However, the structure of the pericyclic geometry has yet to be observed experimentally. We use a combination of ultrafast electron diffraction and excited state wavepacket simulations to image structural dynamics through the pericyclic minimum of a photochemical electrocyclic ring-opening reaction in the molecule α-terpinene. The structural motion into the pericyclic minimum is dominated by rehybridization of two carbon atoms, which is required for the transformation from two to three conjugated π bonds. The σ bond dissociation largely happens after internal conversion from the pericyclic minimum to the electronic ground state. These findings may be transferrable to electrocyclic reactions in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Liu
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11790, USA
| | - D M Sanchez
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, 333 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Design Physics Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - M R Ware
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - E G Champenois
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - J Yang
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Mong Man Wai Building of Science and Technology, S-1027 Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - J P F Nunes
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Theodore Jorgensen Hall 208, 855 N 16th Street, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science Campus, Fermi Ave, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - A Attar
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - M Centurion
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Theodore Jorgensen Hall 208, 855 N 16th Street, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - J P Cryan
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - R Forbes
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - K Hegazy
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - M C Hoffmann
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - F Ji
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - M-F Lin
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - D Luo
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - S K Saha
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Theodore Jorgensen Hall 208, 855 N 16th Street, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - X Shen
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - X J Wang
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - T J Martínez
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, 333 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - T J A Wolf
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.
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8
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Cheng B, Kramer PL, Shen ZX, Hoffmann MC. Terahertz-Driven Local Dipolar Correlation in a Quantum Paraelectric. Phys Rev Lett 2023; 130:126902. [PMID: 37027861 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.126902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Light-induced ferroelectricity in quantum paraelectrics is a new avenue of achieving dynamic stabilization of hidden orders in quantum materials. In this Letter, we explore the possibility of driving a transient ferroelectric phase in the quantum paraelectric KTaO_{3} via intense terahertz excitation of the soft mode. We observe a long-lived relaxation in the terahertz-driven second harmonic generation (SHG) signal that lasts up to 20 ps at 10 K, which may be attributed to light-induced ferroelectricity. Through analyzing the terahertz-induced coherent soft-mode oscillation and finding its hardening with fluence well described by a single-well potential, we demonstrate that intense terahertz pulses up to 500 kV/cm cannot drive a global ferroelectric phase in KTaO_{3}. Instead, we find the unusual long-lived relaxation of the SHG signal comes from a terahertz-driven moderate dipolar correlation between the defect-induced local polar structures. We discuss the impact of our findings on current investigations of the terahertz-induced ferroelectric phase in quantum paraelectrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Cheng
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Patrick L Kramer
- Laser Science and Technology, SLAC Linear Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Zhi-Xun Shen
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Departments of Physics and Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Matthias C Hoffmann
- Laser Science and Technology, SLAC Linear Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
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9
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Luo D, Zhang B, Sie EJ, Nyby CM, Fan Q, Shen X, Reid AH, Hoffmann MC, Weathersby S, Wen J, Qian X, Wang X, Lindenberg AM. Ultrafast Optomechanical Strain in Layered GeS. Nano Lett 2023; 23:2287-2294. [PMID: 36898060 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c05048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Strong coupling between light and mechanical strain forms the foundation for next-generation optical micro- and nano-electromechanical systems. Such optomechanical responses in two-dimensional materials present novel types of functionalities arising from the weak van der Waals bond between atomic layers. Here, by using structure-sensitive megaelectronvolt ultrafast electron diffraction, we report the experimental observation of optically driven ultrafast in-plane strain in the layered group IV monochalcogenide germanium sulfide (GeS). Surprisingly, the photoinduced structural deformation exhibits strain amplitudes of order 0.1% with a 10 ps fast response time and a significant in-plane anisotropy between zigzag and armchair crystallographic directions. Rather than arising due to heating, experimental and theoretical investigations suggest deformation potentials caused by electronic density redistribution and converse piezoelectric effects generated by photoinduced electric fields are the dominant contributors to the observed dynamic anisotropic strains. Our observations define new avenues for ultrafast optomechanical control and strain engineering within functional devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duan Luo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
- Key Laboratory of Ultra-fast Photoelectric Diagnostics Technology, Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710119, China
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Baiyu Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Edbert J Sie
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Clara M Nyby
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Qingyuan Fan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Xiaozhe Shen
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Alexander H Reid
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Matthias C Hoffmann
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Stephen Weathersby
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Jianguo Wen
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Xiaofeng Qian
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Xijie Wang
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Aaron M Lindenberg
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
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10
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Kramer PL, Windeler MKR, Mecseki K, Champenois EG, Hoffmann MC, Tavella F. Enabling high repetition rate nonlinear THz science with a kilowatt-class sub-100 fs laser source. Opt Express 2020; 28:16951-16967. [PMID: 32549507 DOI: 10.1364/oe.389653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Manipulating the atomic and electronic structure of matter with strong terahertz (THz) fields while probing the response with ultrafast pulses at x-ray free electron lasers (FELs) has offered unique insights into a multitude of physical phenomena in solid state and atomic physics. Recent upgrades of x-ray FEL facilities are pushing to much higher repetition rates, enabling unprecedented signal-to-noise ratio for pump probe experiments. This requires the development of suitable THz pump sources that are able to deliver intense pulses at compatible repetition rates. Here we present a high-power laser-driven THz source based on optical rectification in LiNbO3 using tilted pulse front pumping. Our source is driven by a kilowatt-level Yb:YAG amplifier system operating at 100 kHz repetition rate and employing nonlinear spectral broadening and recompression to achieve sub-100 fs pulses with pulse energies up to 7 mJ that are necessary for high THz conversion efficiency and peak field strength. We demonstrate a maximum of 144 mW average THz power (1.44 μJ pulse energy), consisting of single-cycle pulses centered at 0.6 THz with a peak electric field strength exceeding 150 kV/cm. These high field pulses open up a range of possibilities for nonlinear time-resolved THz experiments at unprecedented rates.
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11
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Snively EC, Othman MAK, Kozina M, Ofori-Okai BK, Weathersby SP, Park S, Shen X, Wang XJ, Hoffmann MC, Li RK, Nanni EA. Femtosecond Compression Dynamics and Timing Jitter Suppression in a THz-driven Electron Bunch Compressor. Phys Rev Lett 2020; 124:054801. [PMID: 32083908 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.054801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
We present the first demonstration of THz driven bunch compression and timing stabilization of a relativistic electron beam. Quasi-single-cycle strong field THz radiation is used in a shorted parallel-plate structure to compress a few-fC beam with 2.5 MeV kinetic energy by a factor of 2.7, producing a 39 fs rms bunch length and a reduction in timing jitter by more than a factor of 2 to 31 fs rms. This THz driven technique offers a significant improvement to beam performance for applications like ultrafast electron diffraction, providing a critical step towards unprecedented timing resolution in ultrafast sciences, and other accelerator applications using femtosecond-scale electron beams.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Snively
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - M A K Othman
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - M Kozina
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - B K Ofori-Okai
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - S P Weathersby
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - S Park
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - X Shen
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - X J Wang
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - M C Hoffmann
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - R K Li
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - E A Nanni
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
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12
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Hudl M, d'Aquino M, Pancaldi M, Yang SH, Samant MG, Parkin SSP, Dürr HA, Serpico C, Hoffmann MC, Bonetti S. Nonlinear Magnetization Dynamics Driven by Strong Terahertz Fields. Phys Rev Lett 2019; 123:197204. [PMID: 31765192 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.197204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We present a comprehensive experimental and numerical study of magnetization dynamics in a thin metallic film triggered by single-cycle terahertz pulses of ∼20 MV/m electric field amplitude and ∼1 ps duration. The experimental dynamics is probed using the femtosecond magneto-optical Kerr effect, and it is reproduced numerically using macrospin simulations. The magnetization dynamics can be decomposed in three distinct processes: a coherent precession of the magnetization around the terahertz magnetic field, an ultrafast demagnetization that suddenly changes the anisotropy of the film, and a uniform precession around the equilibrium effective field that is relaxed on the nanosecond time scale, consistent with a Gilbert damping process. Macrospin simulations quantitatively reproduce the observed dynamics, and allow us to predict that novel nonlinear magnetization dynamics regimes can be attained with existing tabletop terahertz sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Hudl
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Matteo Pancaldi
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - See-Hun Yang
- IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, California 95120, USA
| | - Mahesh G Samant
- IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, California 95120, USA
| | - Stuart S P Parkin
- IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, California 95120, USA
- Max-Planck Institut für Mikrostrukturphysik, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Hermann A Dürr
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Claudio Serpico
- DIETI, University of Naples Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Bonetti
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, 30172 Venezia Mestre, Italy
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13
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Li L, Lin MF, Zhang X, Britz A, Krishnamoorthy A, Ma R, Kalia RK, Nakano A, Vashishta P, Ajayan P, Hoffmann MC, Fritz DM, Bergmann U, Prezhdo OV. Phonon-Suppressed Auger Scattering of Charge Carriers in Defective Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenides. Nano Lett 2019; 19:6078-6086. [PMID: 31434484 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b02005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) draw strong interest in materials science, with applications in optoelectronics and many other fields. Good performance requires high carrier concentrations and long lifetimes. However, high concentrations accelerate energy exchange between charged particles by Auger-type processes, especially in TMDs where many-body interactions are strong, thus facilitating carrier trapping. We report time-resolved optical pump-THz probe measurements of carrier lifetimes as a function of carrier density. Surprisingly, the lifetime reduction with increased density is very weak. It decreases only by 20% when we increase the pump fluence 100 times. This unexpected feature of the Auger process is rationalized by our time-domain ab initio simulations. The simulations show that phonon-driven trapping competes successfully with the Auger process. On the one hand, trap states are relatively close to band edges, and phonons accommodate efficiently the electronic energy during the trapping. On the other hand, trap states localize around defects, and the overlap of trapped and free carriers is small, decreasing carrier-carrier interactions. At low carrier densities, phonons provide the main charge trapping mechanism, decreasing carrier lifetimes compared to defect-free samples. At high carrier densities, phonons suppress Auger processes and lower the dependence of the trapping rate on carrier density. Our results provide theoretical insights into the diverse roles played by phonons and Auger processes in TMDs and generate guidelines for defect engineering to improve device performance at high carrier densities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linqiu Li
- Department of Chemistry , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California 90089 , United States
| | - Ming-Fu Lin
- Linac Coherent Light Source , SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park , California 94025 , United States
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering , Rice University , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
| | - Alexander Britz
- Linac Coherent Light Source , SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park , California 94025 , United States
- Stanford PULSE Institute , SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park , California 94025 , United States
| | - Aravind Krishnamoorthy
- Collaboratory for Advanced Computing and Simulations, Department of Physics &Astronomy, Department of Computer Science, Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Department of Biological Sciences , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California 90089 , United States
| | - Ruru Ma
- Collaboratory for Advanced Computing and Simulations, Department of Physics &Astronomy, Department of Computer Science, Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Department of Biological Sciences , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California 90089 , United States
| | - Rajiv K Kalia
- Collaboratory for Advanced Computing and Simulations, Department of Physics &Astronomy, Department of Computer Science, Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Department of Biological Sciences , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California 90089 , United States
| | - Aiichiro Nakano
- Collaboratory for Advanced Computing and Simulations, Department of Physics &Astronomy, Department of Computer Science, Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Department of Biological Sciences , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California 90089 , United States
| | - Priya Vashishta
- Collaboratory for Advanced Computing and Simulations, Department of Physics &Astronomy, Department of Computer Science, Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Department of Biological Sciences , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California 90089 , United States
| | - Pulickel Ajayan
- Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering , Rice University , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
| | - Matthias C Hoffmann
- Linac Coherent Light Source , SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park , California 94025 , United States
| | - David M Fritz
- Linac Coherent Light Source , SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park , California 94025 , United States
| | - Uwe Bergmann
- Stanford PULSE Institute , SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park , California 94025 , United States
| | - Oleg V Prezhdo
- Department of Chemistry , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California 90089 , United States
- Department of Physics & Astronomy , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California 90089 , United States
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14
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Zong A, Dolgirev PE, Kogar A, Ergeçen E, Yilmaz MB, Bie YQ, Rohwer T, Tung IC, Straquadine J, Wang X, Yang Y, Shen X, Li R, Yang J, Park S, Hoffmann MC, Ofori-Okai BK, Kozina ME, Wen H, Wang X, Fisher IR, Jarillo-Herrero P, Gedik N. Dynamical Slowing-Down in an Ultrafast Photoinduced Phase Transition. Phys Rev Lett 2019; 123:097601. [PMID: 31524450 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.097601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Complex systems, which consist of a large number of interacting constituents, often exhibit universal behavior near a phase transition. A slowdown of certain dynamical observables is one such recurring feature found in a vast array of contexts. This phenomenon, known as critical slowing-down, is well studied mostly in thermodynamic phase transitions. However, it is less understood in highly nonequilibrium settings, where the time it takes to traverse the phase boundary becomes comparable to the timescale of dynamical fluctuations. Using transient optical spectroscopy and femtosecond electron diffraction, we studied a photoinduced transition of a model charge-density-wave (CDW) compound LaTe_{3}. We observed that it takes the longest time to suppress the order parameter at the threshold photoexcitation density, where the CDW transiently vanishes. This finding can be captured by generalizing the time-dependent Landau theory to a system far from equilibrium. The experimental observation and theoretical understanding of dynamical slowing-down may offer insight into other general principles behind nonequilibrium phase transitions in many-body systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred Zong
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Pavel E Dolgirev
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo Innovation Center, 3 Nobel Street, Moscow, 143026, Russia and Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Anshul Kogar
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Emre Ergeçen
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Mehmet B Yilmaz
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Ya-Qing Bie
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Timm Rohwer
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - I-Cheng Tung
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Joshua Straquadine
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA, Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA, and SIMES, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Xirui Wang
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Yafang Yang
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Xiaozhe Shen
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Renkai Li
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Jie Yang
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Suji Park
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Matthias C Hoffmann
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | | | - Michael E Kozina
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Haidan Wen
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Xijie Wang
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Ian R Fisher
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA, Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA, and SIMES, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Pablo Jarillo-Herrero
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Nuh Gedik
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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15
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Othman MAK, Hoffmann MC, Kozina ME, Wang XJ, Li RK, Nanni EA. Parallel-plate waveguides for terahertz-driven MeV electron bunch compression. Opt Express 2019; 27:23791-23800. [PMID: 31510279 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.023791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the electromagnetic performance of waveguides for femtosecond electron beam bunch manipulation and compression with strong-field terahertz (THz) pulses. The compressor structure is a dispersion-free exponentially-tapered parallel-plate waveguide (PPWG) that can focus single-cycle THz pulses along one dimension. We show test results of the tapered PPWG structure using electro-optic sampling (EOS) at the interaction region with peak fields of at least 300 kV/cm, given 0.9 µJ of incoming THz energy. We also present a modified shorted design of the tapered PPWG for better beam manipulation and reduced magnetic field as an alternative to a dual-feed approach. As an example, we demonstrate that with 5 µJ of THz energy, the PPWG compresses a 2.5 MeV electron bunch by a compression factor of more than 4, achieving a bunch length of about 18 fs.
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16
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Iacocca E, Liu TM, Reid AH, Fu Z, Ruta S, Granitzka PW, Jal E, Bonetti S, Gray AX, Graves CE, Kukreja R, Chen Z, Higley DJ, Chase T, Le Guyader L, Hirsch K, Ohldag H, Schlotter WF, Dakovski GL, Coslovich G, Hoffmann MC, Carron S, Tsukamoto A, Kirilyuk A, Kimel AV, Rasing T, Stöhr J, Evans RFL, Ostler T, Chantrell RW, Hoefer MA, Silva TJ, Dürr HA. Spin-current-mediated rapid magnon localisation and coalescence after ultrafast optical pumping of ferrimagnetic alloys. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1756. [PMID: 30988403 PMCID: PMC6465265 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09577-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Sub-picosecond magnetisation manipulation via femtosecond optical pumping has attracted wide attention ever since its original discovery in 1996. However, the spatial evolution of the magnetisation is not yet well understood, in part due to the difficulty in experimentally probing such rapid dynamics. Here, we find evidence of a universal rapid magnetic order recovery in ferrimagnets with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy via nonlinear magnon processes. We identify magnon localisation and coalescence processes, whereby localised magnetic textures nucleate and subsequently interact and grow in accordance with a power law formalism. A hydrodynamic representation of the numerical simulations indicates that the appearance of noncollinear magnetisation via optical pumping establishes exchange-mediated spin currents with an equivalent 100% spin polarised charge current density of 107 A cm-2. Such large spin currents precipitate rapid recovery of magnetic order after optical pumping. The magnon processes discussed here provide new insights for the stabilization of desired meta-stable states.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Iacocca
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, Division for Theoretical Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, 412 96, Sweden
| | - T-M Liu
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - A H Reid
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Z Fu
- School of Physics, Science, and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - S Ruta
- Department of Physics, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - P W Granitzka
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - E Jal
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - S Bonetti
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 106 91, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Science and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Venezia-Mestre, 30172, Italy
| | - A X Gray
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
- Department of Physics, Temple University, 1925 N. 12th St., Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - C E Graves
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - R Kukreja
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Z Chen
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - D J Higley
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - T Chase
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - L Le Guyader
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
- Spectroscopy & Coherent Scattering, European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - K Hirsch
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - H Ohldag
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - W F Schlotter
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - G L Dakovski
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - G Coslovich
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - M C Hoffmann
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - S Carron
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - A Tsukamoto
- Department of Electronics and Computer Science, Nihon University, 7-24-1 Narashino-dai Funabashi, Chiba, 274-8501, Japan
| | - A Kirilyuk
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - A V Kimel
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Th Rasing
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - J Stöhr
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - R F L Evans
- Department of Physics, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - T Ostler
- Physique des Matériaux et Nanostructures, Université de Liège, Liège, B-4000, Sart Tilman, Belgium
- Faculty of Arts, Computing, Engineering and Sciences, Sheffield Hallam University, Howard Street, Sheffield, S1 1WB, UK
| | - R W Chantrell
- Department of Physics, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M A Hoefer
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - T J Silva
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
| | - H A Dürr
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 751 20, Uppsala, Sweden.
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17
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Jay RM, Norell J, Eckert S, Hantschmann M, Beye M, Kennedy B, Quevedo W, Schlotter WF, Dakovski GL, Minitti MP, Hoffmann MC, Mitra A, Moeller SP, Nordlund D, Zhang W, Liang HW, Kunnus K, Kubiček K, Techert SA, Lundberg M, Wernet P, Gaffney K, Odelius M, Föhlisch A. Disentangling Transient Charge Density and Metal-Ligand Covalency in Photoexcited Ferricyanide with Femtosecond Resonant Inelastic Soft X-ray Scattering. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:3538-3543. [PMID: 29888918 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b01429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Soft X-ray spectroscopies are ideal probes of the local valence electronic structure of photocatalytically active metal sites. Here, we apply the selectivity of time-resolved resonant inelastic X-ray scattering at the iron L-edge to the transient charge distribution of an optically excited charge-transfer state in aqueous ferricyanide. Through comparison to steady-state spectra and quantum chemical calculations, the coupled effects of valence-shell closing and ligand-hole creation are experimentally and theoretically disentangled and described in terms of orbital occupancy, metal-ligand covalency, and ligand field splitting, thereby extending established steady-state concepts to the excited-state domain. π-Back-donation is found to be mainly determined by the metal site occupation, whereas the ligand hole instead influences σ-donation. Our results demonstrate how ultrafast resonant inelastic X-ray scattering can help characterize local charge distributions around catalytic metal centers in short-lived charge-transfer excited states, as a step toward future rationalization and tailoring of photocatalytic capabilities of transition-metal complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael M Jay
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie , Universität Potsdam , 14476 Potsdam , Germany
| | - Jesper Norell
- Department of Physics , Stockholm University , Albanova University Center , 10691 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Sebastian Eckert
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie , Universität Potsdam , 14476 Potsdam , Germany
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research , Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Markus Hantschmann
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research , Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Martin Beye
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research , Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , 12489 Berlin , Germany
- DESY Photon Science , 22607 Hamburg , Germany
| | - Brian Kennedy
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research , Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Wilson Quevedo
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research , Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Ankush Mitra
- LCLS, SLAC , Menlo Park , California 94025 , United States
| | | | - Dennis Nordlund
- PULSE Institute , SLAC , Menlo Park , California 94025 , United States
| | - Wenkai Zhang
- PULSE Institute , SLAC , Menlo Park , California 94025 , United States
| | - Huiyang W Liang
- PULSE Institute , SLAC , Menlo Park , California 94025 , United States
| | - Kristjan Kunnus
- PULSE Institute , SLAC , Menlo Park , California 94025 , United States
| | | | - Simone A Techert
- DESY Photon Science , 22607 Hamburg , Germany
- Institute for X-ray Physics , Göttingen University , 37077 Göttingen , Germany
| | - Marcus Lundberg
- Department of Chemistry - Ȧngström Laboratory , Uppsala University , 75121 Uppsala , Sweden
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy , Università di Siena , 53100 Siena , Italy
| | - Philippe Wernet
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research , Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Kelly Gaffney
- PULSE Institute , SLAC , Menlo Park , California 94025 , United States
| | - Michael Odelius
- Department of Physics , Stockholm University , Albanova University Center , 10691 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Alexander Föhlisch
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie , Universität Potsdam , 14476 Potsdam , Germany
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research , Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , 12489 Berlin , Germany
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18
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Pancaldi M, Freeman R, Hudl M, Hoffmann MC, Urazhdin S, Vavassori P, Bonetti S. Anti-reflection coating design for metallic terahertz meta-materials. Opt Express 2018; 26:2917-2927. [PMID: 29401825 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.002917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a silicon-based, single-layer anti-reflection coating that suppresses the reflectivity of metals at near-infrared frequencies, enabling optical probing of nano-scale structures embedded in highly reflective surroundings. Our design does not affect the interaction of terahertz radiation with metallic structures that can be used to achieve terahertz near-field enhancement. We have verified the functionality of the design by calculating and measuring the reflectivity of both infrared and terahertz radiation from a silicon/gold double layer as a function of the silicon thickness. We have also fabricated the unit cell of a terahertz meta-material, a dipole antenna comprising two 20-nm thick extended gold plates separated by a 2 μm gap, where the terahertz field is locally enhanced. We used the time-domain finite element method to demonstrate that such near-field enhancement is preserved in the presence of the anti-reflection coating. Finally, we performed magneto-optical Kerr effect measurements on a single 3-nm thick, 1-μm wide magnetic wire placed in the gap of such a dipole antenna. The wire only occupies 2% of the area probed by the laser beam, but its magneto-optical response can be clearly detected. Our design paves the way for ultrafast time-resolved studies, using table-top femtosecond near-infrared lasers, of dynamics in nano-structures driven by strong terahertz radiation.
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19
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Kozina M, van Driel T, Chollet M, Sato T, Glownia JM, Wandel S, Radovic M, Staub U, Hoffmann MC. Ultrafast X-ray diffraction probe of terahertz field-driven soft mode dynamics in SrTiO 3. Struct Dyn 2017; 4:054301. [PMID: 28503632 PMCID: PMC5415405 DOI: 10.1063/1.4983153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
We use ultrafast X-ray pulses to characterize the lattice response of SrTiO3 when driven by strong terahertz fields. We observe transient changes in the diffraction intensity with a delayed onset with respect to the driving field. Fourier analysis reveals two frequency components corresponding to the two lowest energy zone-center optical modes in SrTiO3. The lower frequency mode exhibits clear softening as the temperature is decreased while the higher frequency mode shows slight temperature dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kozina
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - T van Driel
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - M Chollet
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - T Sato
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - J M Glownia
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - S Wandel
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | | | - U Staub
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - M C Hoffmann
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
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20
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Russell BK, Ofori-Okai BK, Chen Z, Hoffmann MC, Tsui YY, Glenzer SH. Self-referenced single-shot THz detection. Opt Express 2017; 25:16140-16150. [PMID: 28789123 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.016140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a self-referencing method to reduce noise in a single-shot terahertz detection scheme. By splitting a single terahertz pulse and using a reflective echelon, both the signal and reference terahertz time-domain waveforms were measured using one laser pulse. Simultaneous acquisition of these waveforms significantly reduces noise originating from shot-to-shot fluctuations. We show that correlation function based referencing, which is not limited to polarization dependent measurements, can achieve a noise floor that is comparable to state-of-the-art polarization-gated balanced detection. Lastly, we extract the DC conductivity of a 30 nm free-standing gold film using a single THz pulse. The measured value of σ0 = 1.3 ± 0.4 × 107 S m-1 is in good agreement with the value measured by four-point probe, indicating the viability of this method for measuring dynamical changes and small signals.
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21
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Noe GT, Katayama I, Katsutani F, Allred JJ, Horowitz JA, Sullivan DM, Zhang Q, Sekiguchi F, Woods GL, Hoffmann MC, Nojiri H, Takeda J, Kono J. Single-shot terahertz time-domain spectroscopy in pulsed high magnetic fields. Opt Express 2016; 24:30328-30337. [PMID: 28059309 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.030328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a single-shot terahertz time-domain spectrometer to perform optical-pump/terahertz-probe experiments in pulsed, high magnetic fields up to 30 T. The single-shot detection scheme for measuring a terahertz waveform incorporates a reflective echelon to create time-delayed beamlets across the intensity profile of the optical gate beam before it spatially and temporally overlaps with the terahertz radiation in a ZnTe detection crystal. After imaging the gate beam onto a camera, we can retrieve the terahertz time-domain waveform by analyzing the resulting image. To demonstrate the utility of our technique, we measured cyclotron resonance absorption of optically excited carriers in the terahertz frequency range in intrinsic silicon at high magnetic fields, with results that agree well with published values.
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22
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Bonetti S, Hoffmann MC, Sher MJ, Chen Z, Yang SH, Samant MG, Parkin SSP, Dürr HA. THz-Driven Ultrafast Spin-Lattice Scattering in Amorphous Metallic Ferromagnets. Phys Rev Lett 2016; 117:087205. [PMID: 27588880 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.087205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We use single-cycle THz fields and the femtosecond magneto-optical Kerr effect to, respectively, excite and probe the magnetization dynamics in two thin-film ferromagnets with different lattice structures: crystalline Fe and amorphous CoFeB. We observe Landau-Lifshitz-torque magnetization dynamics of comparable magnitude in both systems, but only the amorphous sample shows ultrafast demagnetization caused by the spin-lattice depolarization of the THz-induced ultrafast spin current. Quantitative modeling shows that such spin-lattice scattering events occur on similar time scales than the conventional spin conserving electronic scattering (∼30 fs). This is significantly faster than optical laser-induced demagnetization. THz conductivity measurements point towards the influence of lattice disorder in amorphous CoFeB as the driving force for enhanced spin-lattice scattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bonetti
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
| | - M C Hoffmann
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - M-J Sher
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Z Chen
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - S-H Yang
- IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, California 95120, USA
| | - M G Samant
- IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, California 95120, USA
| | - S S P Parkin
- IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, California 95120, USA
- Max-Planck Institut für Mikrostrukturphysik, Weinberg 2, Halle 06120, Germany
| | - H A Dürr
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
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23
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Jiang MP, Trigo M, Savić I, Fahy S, Murray ÉD, Bray C, Clark J, Henighan T, Kozina M, Chollet M, Glownia JM, Hoffmann MC, Zhu D, Delaire O, May AF, Sales BC, Lindenberg AM, Zalden P, Sato T, Merlin R, Reis DA. The origin of incipient ferroelectricity in lead telluride. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12291. [PMID: 27447688 PMCID: PMC4961866 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The interactions between electrons and lattice vibrations are fundamental to materials behaviour. In the case of group IV–VI, V and related materials, these interactions are strong, and the materials exist near electronic and structural phase transitions. The prototypical example is PbTe whose incipient ferroelectric behaviour has been recently associated with large phonon anharmonicity and thermoelectricity. Here we show that it is primarily electron-phonon coupling involving electron states near the band edges that leads to the ferroelectric instability in PbTe. Using a combination of nonequilibrium lattice dynamics measurements and first principles calculations, we find that photoexcitation reduces the Peierls-like electronic instability and reinforces the paraelectric state. This weakens the long-range forces along the cubic direction tied to resonant bonding and low lattice thermal conductivity. Our results demonstrate how free-electron-laser-based ultrafast X-ray scattering can be utilized to shed light on the microscopic mechanisms that determine materials properties. Group IV–VI materials often exist in a state near an electronic or structural phase transition. Here, the authors use ultrafast X-ray scattering to show that coupling of band-edge electrons and phonons causes the ferroelectric instability observed in lead telluride.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Jiang
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.,Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.,Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - M Trigo
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.,Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - I Savić
- Tyndall National Institute, Lee Maltings Complex, Dyke Parade, Cork T12R5CP, Ireland.,Department of Physics, University College Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - S Fahy
- Tyndall National Institute, Lee Maltings Complex, Dyke Parade, Cork T12R5CP, Ireland.,Department of Physics, University College Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - É D Murray
- Tyndall National Institute, Lee Maltings Complex, Dyke Parade, Cork T12R5CP, Ireland.,Department of Physics, University College Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland.,Departments of Physics and Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - C Bray
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.,Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - J Clark
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - T Henighan
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.,Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.,Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - M Kozina
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.,Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.,Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - M Chollet
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - J M Glownia
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - M C Hoffmann
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - D Zhu
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - O Delaire
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA.,Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - A F May
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - B C Sales
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - A M Lindenberg
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.,Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - P Zalden
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.,Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - T Sato
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Kouto 1-1-1, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, The School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - R Merlin
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - D A Reis
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.,Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.,Departments of Physics and Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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24
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Higley DJ, Hirsch K, Dakovski GL, Jal E, Yuan E, Liu T, Lutman AA, MacArthur JP, Arenholz E, Chen Z, Coslovich G, Denes P, Granitzka PW, Hart P, Hoffmann MC, Joseph J, Le Guyader L, Mitra A, Moeller S, Ohldag H, Seaberg M, Shafer P, Stöhr J, Tsukamoto A, Nuhn HD, Reid AH, Dürr HA, Schlotter WF. Femtosecond X-ray magnetic circular dichroism absorption spectroscopy at an X-ray free electron laser. Rev Sci Instrum 2016; 87:033110. [PMID: 27036761 DOI: 10.1063/1.4944410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
X-ray magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy using an X-ray free electron laser is demonstrated with spectra over the Fe L(3,2)-edges. The high brightness of the X-ray free electron laser combined with high accuracy detection of incident and transmitted X-rays enables ultrafast X-ray magnetic circular dichroism studies of unprecedented sensitivity. This new capability is applied to a study of all-optical magnetic switching dynamics of Fe and Gd magnetic sublattices in a GdFeCo thin film above its magnetization compensation temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Higley
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Konstantin Hirsch
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Georgi L Dakovski
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Emmanuelle Jal
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Edwin Yuan
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Tianmin Liu
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Alberto A Lutman
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - James P MacArthur
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Elke Arenholz
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Zhao Chen
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Giacomo Coslovich
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Peter Denes
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Patrick W Granitzka
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Philip Hart
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Matthias C Hoffmann
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - John Joseph
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Loïc Le Guyader
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Ankush Mitra
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Stefan Moeller
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Hendrik Ohldag
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Matthew Seaberg
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Padraic Shafer
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Joachim Stöhr
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Arata Tsukamoto
- Department of Electronics and Computer Science, Nihon University, 7-24-1 Narashino-dai Funabashi, Chiba 274-8501, Japan
| | - Heinz-Dieter Nuhn
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Alex H Reid
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Hermann A Dürr
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - William F Schlotter
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
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25
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Chen F, Goodfellow J, Liu S, Grinberg I, Hoffmann MC, Damodaran AR, Zhu Y, Zalden P, Zhang X, Takeuchi I, Rappe AM, Martin LW, Wen H, Lindenberg AM. Ultrafast Terahertz Gating of the Polarization and Giant Nonlinear Optical Response in BiFeO3 Thin Films. Adv Mater 2015; 27:6371-5. [PMID: 26389651 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201502975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Terahertz pulses are applied as an all-optical bias to ferroelectric thin-film BiFeO3 while monitoring the time-dependent ferroelectric polarization through its nonlinear optical response. Modulations in the intensity of the second harmonic light generated by the film correspond to on-off ratios of 220× gateable on femtosecond timescales. Polarization modulations comparable to the built-in static polarization are observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Chen
- SIMES Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - John Goodfellow
- SIMES Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Shi Liu
- The Makineni Theoretical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Ilya Grinberg
- The Makineni Theoretical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | | | - Anoop R Damodaran
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Yi Zhu
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Peter Zalden
- SIMES Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Xiaohang Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Ichiro Takeuchi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Andrew M Rappe
- The Makineni Theoretical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Lane W Martin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Haidan Wen
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Aaron M Lindenberg
- SIMES Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
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26
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Barends TRM, Foucar L, Ardevol A, Nass K, Aquila A, Botha S, Doak RB, Falahati K, Hartmann E, Hilpert M, Heinz M, Hoffmann MC, Köfinger J, Koglin JE, Kovacsova G, Liang M, Milathianaki D, Lemke HT, Reinstein J, Roome CM, Shoeman RL, Williams GJ, Burghardt I, Hummer G, Boutet S, Schlichting I. Direct observation of ultrafast collective motions in CO myoglobin upon ligand dissociation. Science 2015; 350:445-50. [PMID: 26359336 DOI: 10.1126/science.aac5492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The hemoprotein myoglobin is a model system for the study of protein dynamics. We used time-resolved serial femtosecond crystallography at an x-ray free-electron laser to resolve the ultrafast structural changes in the carbonmonoxy myoglobin complex upon photolysis of the Fe-CO bond. Structural changes appear throughout the protein within 500 femtoseconds, with the C, F, and H helices moving away from the heme cofactor and the E and A helices moving toward it. These collective movements are predicted by hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics simulations. Together with the observed oscillations of residues contacting the heme, our calculations support the prediction that an immediate collective response of the protein occurs upon ligand dissociation, as a result of heme vibrational modes coupling to global modes of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R M Barends
- Max-Planck-Institut für Medizinische Forschung, Jahnstraße 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Lutz Foucar
- Max-Planck-Institut für Medizinische Forschung, Jahnstraße 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Albert Ardevol
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysik, Max-von-Laue-Straße 3, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Karol Nass
- Max-Planck-Institut für Medizinische Forschung, Jahnstraße 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrew Aquila
- European XFEL GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Ring 19, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Botha
- Max-Planck-Institut für Medizinische Forschung, Jahnstraße 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - R Bruce Doak
- Max-Planck-Institut für Medizinische Forschung, Jahnstraße 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Konstantin Falahati
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Hartmann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Medizinische Forschung, Jahnstraße 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mario Hilpert
- Max-Planck-Institut für Medizinische Forschung, Jahnstraße 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marcel Heinz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysik, Max-von-Laue-Straße 3, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Matthias C Hoffmann
- Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Jürgen Köfinger
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysik, Max-von-Laue-Straße 3, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jason E Koglin
- Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Gabriela Kovacsova
- Max-Planck-Institut für Medizinische Forschung, Jahnstraße 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mengning Liang
- Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Despina Milathianaki
- Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Henrik T Lemke
- Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Jochen Reinstein
- Max-Planck-Institut für Medizinische Forschung, Jahnstraße 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christopher M Roome
- Max-Planck-Institut für Medizinische Forschung, Jahnstraße 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Robert L Shoeman
- Max-Planck-Institut für Medizinische Forschung, Jahnstraße 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Garth J Williams
- Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Irene Burghardt
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Gerhard Hummer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysik, Max-von-Laue-Straße 3, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sébastien Boutet
- Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Ilme Schlichting
- Max-Planck-Institut für Medizinische Forschung, Jahnstraße 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Minitti MP, Robinson JS, Coffee RN, Edstrom S, Gilevich S, Glownia JM, Granados E, Hering P, Hoffmann MC, Miahnahri A, Milathianaki D, Polzin W, Ratner D, Tavella F, Vetter S, Welch M, White WE, Fry AR. Optical laser systems at the Linac Coherent Light Source. J Synchrotron Radiat 2015; 22:526-31. [PMID: 25931064 PMCID: PMC4416671 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577515006244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafast optical lasers play an essential role in exploiting the unique capabilities of recently commissioned X-ray free-electron laser facilities such as the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS). Pump-probe experimental techniques reveal ultrafast dynamics in atomic and molecular processes and reveal new insights in chemistry, biology, material science and high-energy-density physics. This manuscript describes the laser systems and experimental methods that enable cutting-edge optical laser/X-ray pump-probe experiments to be performed at LCLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Minitti
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Joseph S. Robinson
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Ryan N. Coffee
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Steve Edstrom
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Sasha Gilevich
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - James M. Glownia
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Eduardo Granados
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Philippe Hering
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Matthias C. Hoffmann
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Alan Miahnahri
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Despina Milathianaki
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Wayne Polzin
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Daniel Ratner
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Franz Tavella
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Sharon Vetter
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Marc Welch
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - William E. White
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Alan R. Fry
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
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28
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Turner JJ, Dakovski GL, Hoffmann MC, Hwang HY, Zarem A, Schlotter WF, Moeller S, Minitti MP, Staub U, Johnson S, Mitra A, Swiggers M, Noonan P, Curiel GI, Holmes M. Combining THz laser excitation with resonant soft X-ray scattering at the Linac Coherent Light Source. J Synchrotron Radiat 2015; 22:621-5. [PMID: 25931077 PMCID: PMC4416678 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577515005998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the development of new instrumentation at the Linac Coherent Light Source for conducting THz excitation experiments in an ultra high vacuum environment probed by soft X-ray diffraction. This consists of a cantilevered, fully motorized mirror system which can provide 600 kV cm(-1) electric field strengths across the sample and an X-ray detector that can span the full Ewald sphere with in-vacuum motion. The scientific applications motivated by this development, the details of the instrument, and spectra demonstrating the field strengths achieved using this newly developed system are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J. Turner
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Georgi L. Dakovski
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Matthias C. Hoffmann
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Harold Y. Hwang
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Alex Zarem
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - William F. Schlotter
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Stefan Moeller
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Michael P. Minitti
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Urs Staub
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Steven Johnson
- ETH Zurich, Institute for Quantum Electronics, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 16, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ankush Mitra
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Michele Swiggers
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Peter Noonan
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - G. Ivan Curiel
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Michael Holmes
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
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29
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Schulz S, Grguraš I, Behrens C, Bromberger H, Costello JT, Czwalinna MK, Felber M, Hoffmann MC, Ilchen M, Liu HY, Mazza T, Meyer M, Pfeiffer S, Prędki P, Schefer S, Schmidt C, Wegner U, Schlarb H, Cavalieri AL. Femtosecond all-optical synchronization of an X-ray free-electron laser. Nat Commun 2015; 6:5938. [PMID: 25600823 PMCID: PMC4309427 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many advanced applications of X-ray free-electron lasers require pulse durations and time resolutions of only a few femtoseconds. To generate these pulses and to apply them in time-resolved experiments, synchronization techniques that can simultaneously lock all independent components, including all accelerator modules and all external optical lasers, to better than the delivered free-electron laser pulse duration, are needed. Here we achieve all-optical synchronization at the soft X-ray free-electron laser FLASH and demonstrate facility-wide timing to better than 30 fs r.m.s. for 90 fs X-ray photon pulses. Crucially, our analysis indicates that the performance of this optical synchronization is limited primarily by the free-electron laser pulse duration, and should naturally scale to the sub-10 femtosecond level with shorter X-ray pulses. Few-femtosecond synchronization at free-electron lasers is key for nearly all experimental applications, stable operation and future light source development. Here, Schulz et al. demonstrate all-optical synchronization of the soft X-ray FEL FLASH to better than 30 fs and illustrate a pathway to sub-10 fs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schulz
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - I Grguraš
- 1] Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany [2] Center for Free-electron Laser Science (CFEL), Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany [3] University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - C Behrens
- 1] Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany [2] SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - H Bromberger
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - J T Costello
- School of Physical Sciences and National Center for Plasma Science and Technology (NCPST), Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - M K Czwalinna
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - M Felber
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - M C Hoffmann
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - M Ilchen
- European XFEL GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Ring 19, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - H Y Liu
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - T Mazza
- European XFEL GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Ring 19, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - M Meyer
- European XFEL GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Ring 19, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - S Pfeiffer
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - P Prędki
- Department of Microelectronics and Computer Science, Lodz University of Technology, ul. Wólczanska 221/223, 90-924 Łódź, Poland
| | - S Schefer
- University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - C Schmidt
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - U Wegner
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - H Schlarb
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - A L Cavalieri
- 1] Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany [2] Center for Free-electron Laser Science (CFEL), Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany [3] University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
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30
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Hu W, Kaiser S, Nicoletti D, Hunt CR, Gierz I, Hoffmann MC, Le Tacon M, Loew T, Keimer B, Cavalleri A. Optically enhanced coherent transport in YBa2Cu3O6.5 by ultrafast redistribution of interlayer coupling. Nat Mater 2014; 13:705-11. [PMID: 24813422 DOI: 10.1038/nmat3963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Nonlinear optical excitation of infrared active lattice vibrations has been shown to melt magnetic or orbital orders and to transform insulators into metals. In cuprates, this technique has been used to remove charge stripes and promote superconductivity, acting in a way opposite to static magnetic fields. Here, we show that excitation of large-amplitude apical oxygen distortions in the cuprate superconductor YBa2Cu3O6.5 promotes highly unconventional electronic properties. Below the superconducting transition temperature (Tc = 50 K) inter-bilayer coherence is transiently enhanced at the expense of intra-bilayer coupling. Strikingly, even above Tc a qualitatively similar effect is observed up to room temperature, with transient inter-bilayer coherence emerging from the incoherent ground state and similar transfer of spectral weight from high to low frequency. These observations are compatible with previous reports of an inhomogeneous normal state that retains important properties of a superconductor, in which light may be melting competing orders or dynamically synchronizing the interlayer phase. The transient redistribution of coherence discussed here could lead to new strategies to enhance superconductivity in steady state.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Hu
- 1] Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, 22761 Hamburg, Germany [2]
| | - S Kaiser
- 1] Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, 22761 Hamburg, Germany [2]
| | - D Nicoletti
- 1] Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, 22761 Hamburg, Germany [2]
| | - C R Hunt
- 1] Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, 22761 Hamburg, Germany [2] Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA [3]
| | - I Gierz
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - M C Hoffmann
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - M Le Tacon
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - T Loew
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - B Keimer
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - A Cavalleri
- 1] Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, 22761 Hamburg, Germany [2] Department of Physics, Oxford University, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
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31
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Caviglia AD, Scherwitzl R, Popovich P, Hu W, Bromberger H, Singla R, Mitrano M, Hoffmann MC, Kaiser S, Zubko P, Gariglio S, Triscone JM, Först M, Cavalleri A. Ultrafast strain engineering in complex oxide heterostructures. Phys Rev Lett 2012; 108:136801. [PMID: 22540718 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.136801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We report on ultrafast optical experiments in which femtosecond midinfrared radiation is used to excite the lattice of complex oxide heterostructures. By tuning the excitation energy to a vibrational mode of the substrate, a long-lived five-order-of-magnitude increase of the electrical conductivity of NdNiO(3) epitaxial thin films is observed as a structural distortion propagates across the interface. Vibrational excitation, extended here to a wide class of heterostructures and interfaces, may be conducive to new strategies for electronic phase control at THz repetition rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Caviglia
- Max-Planck Research Group for Structural Dynamics-Center for Free Electron Laser Science, University of Hamburg, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.
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33
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Hoffmann MC, Schulz S, Wesch S, Wunderlich S, Cavalleri A, Schmidt B. Coherent single-cycle pulses with MV/cm field strengths from a relativistic transition radiation light source. Opt Lett 2011; 36:4473-4475. [PMID: 22139213 DOI: 10.1364/ol.36.004473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Terahertz (THz) pulses with energies up to 100 μJ and corresponding electric fields up to 1 MV/cm were generated by coherent transition radiation from 500 MeV electron bunches at the free-electron laser Freie-Elektronen-Laser in Hamburg (FLASH). The pulses were characterized in the time domain by electro-optical sampling by a synchronized femtosecond laser with jitter of less than 100 fs. High THz field strengths and quality of synchronization with an optical laser will enable observation of nonlinear THz phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias C Hoffmann
- Max-Planck Research Group for Structural Dynamics, University of Hamburg, Center for Free Electron Laser Science, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.
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34
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Willner A, Tavella F, Yeung M, Dzelzainis T, Kamperidis C, Bakarezos M, Adams D, Schulz M, Riedel R, Hoffmann MC, Hu W, Rossbach J, Drescher M, Papadogiannis NA, Tatarakis M, Dromey B, Zepf M. Coherent control of high harmonic generation via dual-gas multijet arrays. Phys Rev Lett 2011; 107:175002. [PMID: 22107529 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.107.175002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
High harmonic generation (HHG) is a central driver of the rapidly growing field of ultrafast science. We present a novel quasiphase-matching (QPM) concept with a dual-gas multijet target leading, for the first time, to remarkable phase control between multiple HHG sources (>2) within the Rayleigh range. The alternating jet structure with driving and matching zones shows perfect coherent buildup for up to six QPM periods. Although not in the focus of the proof-of-principle studies presented here, we achieved competitive conversion efficiencies already in this early stage of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Willner
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
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35
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Abstract
Optical rectification of ultrashort laser pulses in LiNbO3 by tilted-pulse-front excitation is a powerful way to generate near single-cycle terahertz (THz) pulses. Calculations were carried out to optimize the output THz peak electric field strength. The results predict peak electric field strengths on the MV/cm level in the 0.3-1.5 THz frequency range by using optimal pump pulse duration of about 500 fs, optimal crystal length, and cryogenic temperatures for reducing THz absorption in LiNbO3. The THz electric field strength can be increased further to tens of MV/cm by focusing. Using optimal conditions together with the contact grating technique THz pulses with 100 MV/cm focused electric field strength and energies on the tens-of-mJ scale are feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- József András Fülöp
- Department of Experimental Physics, University of Pécs, Ifjúság ú 6, 7624 Pécs, Hungary.
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36
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Fausti D, Tobey RI, Dean N, Kaiser S, Dienst A, Hoffmann MC, Pyon S, Takayama T, Takagi H, Cavalleri A. Light-induced superconductivity in a stripe-ordered cuprate. Science 2011; 331:189-91. [PMID: 21233381 DOI: 10.1126/science.1197294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
One of the most intriguing features of some high-temperature cuprate superconductors is the interplay between one-dimensional "striped" spin order and charge order, and superconductivity. We used mid-infrared femtosecond pulses to transform one such stripe-ordered compound, nonsuperconducting La(1.675)Eu(0.2)Sr(0.125)CuO(4), into a transient three-dimensional superconductor. The emergence of coherent interlayer transport was evidenced by the prompt appearance of a Josephson plasma resonance in the c-axis optical properties. An upper limit for the time scale needed to form the superconducting phase is estimated to be 1 to 2 picoseconds, which is significantly faster than expected. This places stringent new constraints on our understanding of stripe order and its relation to superconductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Fausti
- Max Planck Research Department for Structural Dynamics, University of Hamburg-Centre for Free Electron Laser Science-Hamburg, Germany.
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37
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Hoffmann MC, Yeh KL, Hebling J, Nelson KA. Efficient terahertz generation by optical rectification at 1035 nm. Opt Express 2007; 15:11706-11713. [PMID: 19547531 DOI: 10.1364/oe.15.011706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate efficient generation of THz pulses by optical rectification of 1.03 um wavelength laser pulses in LiNbO3 using tilted pulse front excitation for velocity matching between the optical and THz fields. Pulse energies of 100 nJ with a spectral bandwidth of up to 2.5 THz were obtained at a pump energy of 400 uJ and 300 fs pulse duration. This conversion efficiency of 2.5x10(-4) was an order of magnitude higher than that obtained with collinear optical recitification in GaP, and far higher still than that measured using ZnTe in an optimized geometry. Using a simple model we demonstrate that two- and three-photon absorption strongly limit the THz generation efficiency at high pump fluences in ZnTe and GaP.
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Bender R, Hoffmann MC, Frotscher M, Nitsch C. Species-specific expression of parvalbumin in the entorhinal cortex of the Mongolian gerbil: dependence on local activity but not extrinsic afferents. Neuroscience 2001; 99:423-31. [PMID: 11029535 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(00)00208-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mongolian gerbils are genetically predisposed to develop epileptic seizures in limbic structures. A species-specific property of the Mongolian gerbil is the expression of the calcium-binding protein parvalbumin in the perforant path where it is predominantly concentrated in nerve terminals. To test the hypothesis that this atypical expression of parvalbumin is induced by seizure-correlated hyperactivity in the entorhinohippocampal loop, we investigated whether it is dependent on extrinsic afferents to the entorhinal cortex. We cultivated organotypic slice cultures of neonate gerbil entorhinal cortex, isolated from all regions it is normally connected with in vivo. In these cultures, parvalbumin-expressing neurons demonstrated their characteristic features like in vivo. Blockade of spontaneous local activity with the sodium-channel blocker tetrodotoxin, however, considerably reduced the number of parvalbumin-expressing neurons in culture. These results indicate that spontaneous local activity, but not activity mediated by extrinsic afferents, is an essential factor for the expression of parvalbumin in the entorhinal cortex of the Mongolian gerbil.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bender
- Institute of Anatomy I, University of Freiburg, Albertstr. 17, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
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Scotti AL, Hoffmann MC, Nitsch C. The neurite growth promoting protease nexin 1 in glial cells of the olfactory bulb of the gerbil: an ultrastructural study. Cell Tissue Res 1994; 278:409-13. [PMID: 8001091 DOI: 10.1007/bf00414183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The glia-derived serine protease inhibitor and neurite outgrowth promoter protease nexin-1 (PN-1) is expressed in Schwann cell precursors and astroblasts during embryogenesis. In the adult nervous system, PN-1 persists in the Schwann cells and olfactory glia only. Light-microscopic immunohistochemistry has revealed the presence of PN-1 in the olfactory mucosa and in the nerve fiber layer of the olfactory bulb. The present electron-microscopic study of the gerbil olfactory bulb confirms the occurrence of PN-1 in ensheathing cells of the olfactory nerve fiber layer, a special type of glia which envelopes olfactory axons. In addition, PN-1 is contained in typical astrocytes of the nerve fiber layer and of the glomerular layer. It is inferred that synthesis of PN-1 in the olfactory bulbs is maintained throughout adulthood because its neurite outgrowth promoting action is required for the continuous renewal of olfactory receptor neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Scotti
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Basel, Switzerland
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Hoffmann MC, Nitsch C, Scotti AL, Reinhard E, Monard D. The prolonged presence of glia-derived nexin, an endogenous protease inhibitor, in the hippocampus after ischemia-induced delayed neuronal death. Neuroscience 1992; 49:397-408. [PMID: 1436472 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4522(92)90105-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The presence of glia-derived nexin and glia fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was investigated in the hippocampus of Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) after transient forebrain ischemia. Bilateral clamping of the common carotid arteries for 7 min resulted in selective degeneration of CA1 pyramidal cells after a delay of three to four days, the so-called delayed neuronal death. Immunoreactivity for glia-derived nexin was found in astrocytes of all CA1 layers and was detectable until day 90 (the longest survival time studied). Astroglial reactivity was demonstrated in parallel by staining for GFAP. The co-localization of glia-derived nexin and GFAP was confirmed by double immunocytochemistry. Ultrastructural studies showed the exclusive presence of glia-derived nexin in astrocytes, in the vicinity of degenerating and preserved neuronal structures. Perivascular glia was intensely stained, but endothelial cells were devoid of immunoreactivity. Glia-derived nexin is a potent protease inhibitor with in vitro neurite-promoting activity. During adulthood, it is mainly present in the olfactory system, where receptor neurons are constantly being replaced. The ability of astrocytes to renew the expression of glia-derived nexin after selective delayed neuronal death and the prolonged presence of the protease inhibitor in a zone where degeneration occurs in the immediate neighborhood of preserved neuronal elements indicate that glia-derived nexin may play a role in structural rearrangements of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Hoffmann
- Section of Neuroanatomy, Anatomy Institute of the University, Basel, Switzerland
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