Generation of narrowband, high-intensity, carrier-envelope phase-stable pulses tunable between 4 and 18 THz

We report on the generation of high-energy (1.9 μJ) far-infrared pulses tunable between 4 and 18 THz frequency. Emphasis is placed on tunability and on minimizing the bandwidth of these pulses to less than 1 THz, as achieved by difference-frequency mixing of two linearly chirped near-infrared pulses in the organic nonlinear crystal DSTMS. As the two near-infrared pulses are derived from amplification of the same white light continuum, their carrier envelope phase fluctuations are mutually correlated, and hence the difference-frequency THz field exhibits absolute phase stability. This source opens up new possibilities for the control of condensed matter and chemical systems by selective excitation of low-energy modes in a frequency range that has, to date, been difficult to access.

Spatially resolved ultrafast magnetic dynamics initiated at a complex oxide heterointerface

Static strain in complex oxide heterostructures has been extensively used to engineer electronic and magnetic properties at equilibrium. In the same spirit, deformations of the crystal lattice with light may be used to achieve functional control across heterointerfaces dynamically. Here, by exciting large-amplitude infrared-active vibrations in a LaAlO3 substrate we induce magnetic order melting in a NdNiO3 film across a heterointerface. Femtosecond resonant soft X-ray diffraction is used to determine the spatiotemporal evolution of the magnetic disordering. We observe a magnetic melt front that propagates from the substrate interface into the film, at a speed that suggests electronically driven motion. Light control and ultrafast phase front propagation at heterointerfaces may lead to new opportunities in optomagnetism, for example by driving domain wall motion to transport information across suitably designed devices.

Femtosecond all-optical synchronization of an X-ray free-electron laser

Many advanced applications of X-ray free-electron lasers require pulse durations and time resolutions of only a few femtoseconds. To generate these pulses and to apply them in time-resolved experiments, synchronization techniques that can simultaneously lock all independent components, including all accelerator modules and all external optical lasers, to better than the delivered free-electron laser pulse duration, are needed. Here we achieve all-optical synchronization at the soft X-ray free-electron laser FLASH and demonstrate facility-wide timing to better than 30 fs r.m.s. for 90 fs X-ray photon pulses. Crucially, our analysis indicates that the performance of this optical synchronization is limited primarily by the free-electron laser pulse duration, and should naturally scale to the sub-10 femtosecond level with shorter X-ray pulses.

Few-femtosecond synchronization at free-electron lasers is key for nearly all experimental applications, stable operation and future light source development. Here, Schulz et al. demonstrate all-optical synchronization of the soft X-ray FEL FLASH to better than 30 fs and illustrate a pathway to sub-10 fs.

Melting of charge stripes in vibrationally driven La(1.875)Ba(0.125)CuO4: assessing the respective roles of electronic and lattice order in frustrated superconductors

We report femtosecond resonant soft x-ray diffraction measurements of the dynamics of the charge order and of the crystal lattice in nonsuperconducting, stripe-ordered La1.875Ba0.125CuO4. Excitation of the in-plane Cu-O stretching phonon with a midinfrared pulse has been previously shown to induce a transient superconducting state in the closely related compound La1.675Eu0.2Sr0.125CuO4. In La1.875Ba0.125CuO4, we find that the charge stripe order melts promptly on a subpicosecond time scale. Surprisingly, the low temperature tetragonal (LTT) distortion is only weakly reduced, reacting on significantly longer time scales that do not correlate with light-induced superconductivity. This experiment suggests that charge modulations alone, and not the LTT distortion, prevent superconductivity in equilibrium.

Efficient continuous wave and passively mode-locked Tm-doped crystalline silicate laser

An efficient continuous wave and passively mode-locked thulium-doped oxyorthosilicate Tm:LuYSiO5 laser is demonstrated. A maximum slope efficiency of 56.3% is obtained at 2057.4 nm in continuous wave operation regime. With an InGaAs quantum well SESAM, self-starting passively mode-locked Tm:LuYSiO5 laser is realized in the 1929 nm to 2065 nm spectral region. A maximum average output power of 130.2 mW with a pulse duration of 33.1 ps and a repetition rate of about 100 MHz is generated at 1984.1 nm. Pulses as short as 24.2 ps with an average output power of 100 mW are obtained with silicon prisms where used to manage the intracavity dispersion. The shortest pulse duration of about 19.6 ps is obtained with an average output power of 64.5 mW at 1944.3 nm.

Ultrafast strain engineering in complex oxide heterostructures

We report on ultrafast optical experiments in which femtosecond midinfrared radiation is used to excite the lattice of complex oxide heterostructures. By tuning the excitation energy to a vibrational mode of the substrate, a long-lived five-order-of-magnitude increase of the electrical conductivity of NdNiO(3) epitaxial thin films is observed as a structural distortion propagates across the interface. Vibrational excitation, extended here to a wide class of heterostructures and interfaces, may be conducive to new strategies for electronic phase control at THz repetition rates.

Comparative investigations on continuous wave operation of a-cut and b-cut Tm,Ho:YAlO3 lasers at room temperature

The Tm,Ho:YAlO3 laser performance for two crystal orientations pumped by a wavelength tunable Ti:Sapphire laser is presented in this paper. An experimental investigation comparing a- and b-oriented Tm,Ho:YAlO3 crystals laser performance is demonstrated and discussed. Single- and multi-wavelength operations of Tm,Ho:YAlO3 lasers have been investigated in detail. The maximum output powers of 890 mW at 2119 nm for a-oriented Tm,Ho:YAlO3 crystal and 946 mW at 2103 nm for b-oriented Tm,Ho:YAlO3 crystal have been obtained, respectively. The two crystals show very similar performance in terms of output power and conversion efficiency, only that the b-cut Tm,Ho:YAP crystal demonstrates more regimes of multi-wavelength operations.