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Modulation of Glycoprotein VI and Its Downstream Signaling Pathways as an Antiplatelet Target. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179882. [PMID: 36077280 PMCID: PMC9456422 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiplatelet therapy aims to reduce the risk of thrombotic events while maintaining hemostasis. A promising current approach is the inhibition of platelet glycoprotein GPVI-mediated adhesion pathways; pathways that do not involve coagulation. GPVI is a signaling receptor integral for collagen-induced platelet activation and participates in the thrombus consolidation process, being a suitable target for thrombosis prevention. Considering this, the blocking or antibody-mediated depletion of GPVI is a promising antiplatelet therapy for the effective and safe treatment of thrombotic diseases without a significant risk of bleeding and impaired hemostatic plug formation. This review describes the current knowledge concerning pharmaceutical approaches to platelet GPVI modulation and its downstream signaling pathways in this context.
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Rossouw TM, Anderson R, Manga P, Feldman C. Emerging Role of Platelet-Endothelium Interactions in the Pathogenesis of Severe SARS-CoV-2 Infection-Associated Myocardial Injury. Front Immunol 2022; 13:776861. [PMID: 35185878 PMCID: PMC8854752 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.776861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular dysfunction and disease are common and frequently fatal complications of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Indeed, from early on during the SARS-CoV-2 virus pandemic it was recognized that cardiac complications may occur, even in patients with no underlying cardiac disorders, as part of the acute infection, and that these were associated with more severe disease and increased morbidity and mortality. The most common cardiac complication is acute cardiac injury, defined by significant elevation of cardiac troponins. The potential mechanisms of cardiovascular complications include direct viral myocardial injury, systemic inflammation induced by the virus, sepsis, arrhythmia, myocardial oxygen supply-demand mismatch, electrolyte abnormalities, and hypercoagulability. This review is focused on the prevalence, risk factors and clinical course of COVID-19-related myocardial injury, as well as on current data with regard to disease pathogenesis, specifically the interaction of platelets with the vascular endothelium. The latter section includes consideration of the role of SARS-CoV-2 proteins in triggering development of a generalized endotheliitis that, in turn, drives intense activation of platelets. Most prominently, SARS-CoV-2–induced endotheliitis involves interaction of the viral spike protein with endothelial angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) together with alternative mechanisms that involve the nucleocapsid and viroporin. In addition, the mechanisms by which activated platelets intensify endothelial activation and dysfunction, seemingly driven by release of the platelet-derived calcium-binding proteins, SA100A8 and SA100A9, are described. These events create a SARS-CoV-2–driven cycle of intravascular inflammation and coagulation, which contributes significantly to a poor clinical outcome in patients with severe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa M. Rossouw
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- *Correspondence: Theresa M. Rossouw,
| | - Ronald Anderson
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Pravin Manga
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Charles Feldman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Sun P, Li R, Meng Y, Xi S, Wang Q, Yang X, Peng X, Cai J. Introduction to DOK2 and its potential role in cancer. Physiol Res 2021; 70:671-685. [PMID: 34505522 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a complex, multifactorial disease that modern medicine ultimately aims to overcome. Downstream of tyrosine kinase 2 (DOK2) is a well-known tumor suppressor gene, and a member of the downstream protein DOK family of tyrosine kinases. Through a search of original literature indexed in PubMed and other databases, the present review aims to extricate the mechanisms by which DOK2 acts on cancer, thereby identifying more reliable and effective therapeutic targets to promote enhanced methods of cancer prevention and treatment. The review focuses on the role of DOK2 in multiple tumor types in the lungs, intestines, liver, and breast. Additionally, we discuss the potential mechanisms of action of DOK2 and the downstream consequences via the Ras/MPAK/ERK or PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China. or Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China. or Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei.
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Molecular Proteomics and Signalling of Human Platelets in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189860. [PMID: 34576024 PMCID: PMC8468031 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets are small anucleate blood cells that play vital roles in haemostasis and thrombosis, besides other physiological and pathophysiological processes. These roles are tightly regulated by a complex network of signalling pathways. Mass spectrometry-based proteomic techniques are contributing not only to the identification and quantification of new platelet proteins, but also reveal post-translational modifications of these molecules, such as acetylation, glycosylation and phosphorylation. Moreover, target proteomic analysis of platelets can provide molecular biomarkers for genetic aberrations with established or non-established links to platelet dysfunctions. In this report, we review 67 reports regarding platelet proteomic analysis and signalling on a molecular base. Collectively, these provide detailed insight into the: (i) technical developments and limitations of the assessment of platelet (sub)proteomes; (ii) molecular protein changes upon ageing of platelets; (iii) complexity of platelet signalling pathways and functions in response to collagen, rhodocytin, thrombin, thromboxane A2 and ADP; (iv) proteomic effects of endothelial-derived mediators such as prostacyclin and the anti-platelet drug aspirin; and (v) molecular protein changes in platelets from patients with congenital disorders or cardiovascular disease. However, sample sizes are still low and the roles of differentially expressed proteins are often unknown. Based on the practical and technical possibilities and limitations, we provide a perspective for further improvements of the platelet proteomic field.
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Aslan JE. Platelet Proteomes, Pathways, and Phenotypes as Informants of Vascular Wellness and Disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:999-1011. [PMID: 33441027 PMCID: PMC7980774 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.314647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Platelets rapidly undergo responsive transitions in form and function to repair vascular endothelium and mediate hemostasis. In contrast, heterogeneous platelet subpopulations with a range of primed or refractory phenotypes gradually arise in chronic inflammatory and other conditions in a manner that may indicate or support disease. Qualitatively distinguishable platelet phenotypes are increasingly associated with a variety of physiological and pathological circumstances; however, the origins and significance of platelet phenotypic variation remain unclear and conceptually vague. As changes in platelet function in disease exhibit many similarities to platelets following the activation of platelet agonist receptors, the intracellular responses of platelets common to hemostasis and inflammation may provide insights to the molecular basis of platelet phenotype. Here, we review concepts around how protein-level relations-from platelet receptors through intracellular signaling events-may help to define platelet phenotypes in inflammation, immune responses, aging, and other conditions. We further discuss how representing systems-wide platelet proteomics data profiles as circuit-like networks of causally related intracellular events, or, pathway maps, may inform molecular definitions of platelet phenotype. In addition to offering insights into platelets as druggable targets, maps of causally arranged intracellular relations underlying platelet function can also advance precision and interceptive medicine efforts by leveraging platelets as accessible, dynamic, endogenous, circulating biomarkers of vascular wellness and disease. Graphic Abstract: A graphic abstract is available for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E. Aslan
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry and School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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Barrachina MN, Hermida-Nogueira L, Moran LA, Casas V, Hicks SM, Sueiro AM, Di Y, Andrews RK, Watson SP, Gardiner EE, Abian J, Carrascal M, Pardo M, García Á. Phosphoproteomic Analysis of Platelets in Severe Obesity Uncovers Platelet Reactivity and Signaling Pathways Alterations. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 41:478-490. [PMID: 33147989 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.314485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity is associated with a proinflammatory and prothrombotic state that supports atherosclerosis progression. The goal of this study was to gain insights into the phosphorylation events related to platelet reactivity in obesity and identify platelet biomarkers and altered activation pathways in this clinical condition. Approach and Results: We performed a comparative phosphoproteomic analysis of resting platelets from obese patients and their age- and gender-matched lean controls. The phosphoproteomic data were validated by mechanistic, functional, and biochemical assays. We identified 220 differentially regulated phosphopeptides, from at least 175 proteins; interestingly, all were up-regulated in obesity. Most of the altered phosphoproteins are involved in SFKs (Src-family kinases)-related signaling pathways, cytoskeleton reorganization, and vesicle transport, some of them validated by targeted mass spectrometry. To confirm platelet dysfunction, flow cytometry assays were performed in whole blood indicating higher surface levels of GP (glycoprotein) VI and CLEC (C-type lectin-like receptor) 2 in platelets from obese patients correlating positively with body mass index. Receiver operator characteristics curves analysis suggested a much higher sensitivity for GPVI to discriminate between obese and lean individuals. Indeed, we also found that obese platelets displayed more adhesion to collagen-coated plates. In line with the above data, soluble GPVI levels-indicative of higher GPVI signaling activation-were almost double in plasma from obese patients. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide novel information on platelet phosphorylation changes related to obesity, revealing the impact of this chronic pathology on platelet reactivity and pointing towards the main signaling pathways dysregulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- María N Barrachina
- Platelet Proteomics Group, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Universidade Santiago de Compostela (M.N.B., L.H.-N., L.A.M., Á.G.).,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain (M.N.B., L.H.-N., L.A.M., Á.G.)
| | - Lidia Hermida-Nogueira
- Platelet Proteomics Group, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Universidade Santiago de Compostela (M.N.B., L.H.-N., L.A.M., Á.G.).,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain (M.N.B., L.H.-N., L.A.M., Á.G.)
| | - Luis A Moran
- Platelet Proteomics Group, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Universidade Santiago de Compostela (M.N.B., L.H.-N., L.A.M., Á.G.).,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain (M.N.B., L.H.-N., L.A.M., Á.G.)
| | - Vanessa Casas
- CSIC/UAB Proteomics Laboratory, IIBB-CSIC-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain (V.C., J.A., M.C.)
| | - Sarah M Hicks
- ACRF Department Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia (S.M.H., R.K.A., E.E.G.)
| | - Aurelio M Sueiro
- Grupo de Endocrinología Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Servicio de Endocrinología, Xerencia de Xestión Integrada de Santiago (XXS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain (A.M.S.)
| | - Ying Di
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom (Y.D., S.P.W.)
| | - Robert K Andrews
- ACRF Department Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia (S.M.H., R.K.A., E.E.G.)
| | - Steve P Watson
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom (Y.D., S.P.W.)
| | - Elizabeth E Gardiner
- ACRF Department Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia (S.M.H., R.K.A., E.E.G.)
| | - Joaquin Abian
- CSIC/UAB Proteomics Laboratory, IIBB-CSIC-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain (V.C., J.A., M.C.)
| | - Montserrat Carrascal
- CSIC/UAB Proteomics Laboratory, IIBB-CSIC-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain (V.C., J.A., M.C.)
| | - María Pardo
- Grupo Obesidómica, CIBEROBN de Fisiopatología de Obesidad y Nutrición, and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Xerencia de Xestión Integrada de Santiago (XXS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain (M.P.)
| | - Ángel García
- Platelet Proteomics Group, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Universidade Santiago de Compostela (M.N.B., L.H.-N., L.A.M., Á.G.).,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain (M.N.B., L.H.-N., L.A.M., Á.G.)
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Platelets in Healthy and Disease States: From Biomarkers Discovery to Drug Targets Identification by Proteomics. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124541. [PMID: 32630608 PMCID: PMC7352998 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets are a heterogeneous small anucleate blood cell population with a central role both in physiological haemostasis and in pathological states, spanning from thrombosis to inflammation, and cancer. Recent advances in proteomic studies provided additional important information concerning the platelet biology and the response of platelets to several pathophysiological pathways. Platelets circulate systemically and can be easily isolated from human samples, making proteomic application very interesting for characterizing the complexity of platelet functions in health and disease as well as for identifying and quantifying potential platelet proteins as biomarkers and novel antiplatelet therapeutic targets. To date, the highly dynamic protein content of platelets has been studied in resting and activated platelets, and several subproteomes have been characterized including platelet-derived microparticles, platelet granules, platelet releasates, platelet membrane proteins, and specific platelet post-translational modifications. In this review, a critical overview is provided on principal platelet proteomic studies focused on platelet biology from signaling to granules content, platelet proteome changes in several diseases, and the impact of drugs on platelet functions. Moreover, recent advances in quantitative platelet proteomics are discussed, emphasizing the importance of targeted quantification methods for more precise, robust and accurate quantification of selected proteins, which might be used as biomarkers for disease diagnosis, prognosis and therapy, and their strong clinical impact in the near future.
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Lebas H, Yahiaoui K, Martos R, Boulaftali Y. Platelets Are at the Nexus of Vascular Diseases. Front Cardiovasc Med 2019; 6:132. [PMID: 31572732 PMCID: PMC6749018 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2019.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets are important actors of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Current antiplatelet drugs that inhibit platelet aggregation have been shown to be effective in CVD treatment. However, the management of bleeding complications is still an issue in vascular diseases. While platelets can act individually, they interact with vascular cells and leukocytes at sites of vascular injury and inflammation. The main goal remains to better understand platelet mechanisms in thrombo-inflammatory diseases and provide new lines of safe treatments. Beyond their role in hemostasis and thrombosis, recent studies have reported the role of several aspects of platelet functions in CVD progression. In this review, we will provide a comprehensive overview of platelet mechanisms involved in several vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héloïse Lebas
- Laboratory of Vascular Translational Science, U1148 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Sorbonne Paris Cite, Univ Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Katia Yahiaoui
- Laboratory of Vascular Translational Science, U1148 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Sorbonne Paris Cite, Univ Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Raphaël Martos
- Laboratory of Vascular Translational Science, U1148 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Sorbonne Paris Cite, Univ Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Yacine Boulaftali
- Laboratory of Vascular Translational Science, U1148 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Sorbonne Paris Cite, Univ Paris Diderot, Paris, France
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GPVI surface expression and signalling pathway activation are increased in platelets from obese patients: Elucidating potential anti-atherothrombotic targets in obesity. Atherosclerosis 2019; 281:62-70. [PMID: 30658193 PMCID: PMC6403451 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Platelets play a fundamental role in the increased atherothrombotic risk related to central obesity since they show hyperactivation and lower sensitivity to antiplatelet therapy in obese patients. The main goal of this study was to identify platelet biomarkers related to the risk of atherothrombosis in obese patients, confirm platelet activation levels in these patients, and identify altered activation pathways. METHODS Platelets were obtained from cohorts of obese patients and age- and sex-matched lean controls. Biochemical and proteome analyses were done by two-dimensional differential in-gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE), mass spectrometry, and immunoblotting. Functional and mechanistic studies were conducted with aggregation assays and flow cytometry. RESULTS We confirmed an up-regulation of αIIb and fibrinogen isoforms in platelets from obese patients. A complementary platelet aggregation approach showed platelets from obese patients are hyper-reactive in response to collagen and collagen-related peptide (CRP), revealing the collagen receptor Glycoprotein VI (GPVI) signalling as one of the altered pathways. We also found the active form of Src (pTyr418) is up-regulated in platelets from obese individuals, which links proteomics to aggregation data. Moreover, we showed that CRP-activated platelets present higher levels of tyrosine phosphorylated PLCγ2 in obese patients, confirming alterations in GPVI signalling. In line with the above, flow cytometry studies show higher surface expression levels of total GPVI and GPVI-dimer in obese platelets, both correlating with BMI. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest a higher activation state of SFKs-mediated signalling pathways in platelets from obese patients, with a primary involvement of GPVI signalling.
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Looße C, Swieringa F, Heemskerk JWM, Sickmann A, Lorenz C. Platelet proteomics: from discovery to diagnosis. Expert Rev Proteomics 2018; 15:467-476. [PMID: 29787335 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2018.1480111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Platelets are the smallest cells within the circulating blood with key roles in physiological hemostasis and pathological thrombosis regulated by the onset of activating/inhibiting processes via receptor responses and signaling cascades. Areas covered: Proteomics as well as genomic approaches have been fundamental in identifying and quantifying potential targets for future diagnostic strategies in the prevention of bleeding and thrombosis, and uncovering the complexity of platelet functions in health and disease. In this article, we provide a critical overview on current functional tests used in diagnostics and the future perspectives for platelet proteomics in clinical applications. Expert commentary: Proteomics represents a valuable tool for the identification of patients with diverse platelet associated defects. In-depth validation of identified biomarkers, e.g. receptors, signaling proteins, post-translational modifications, in large cohorts is decisive for translation into routine clinical diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Looße
- a Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V., Dortmund , Germany
| | - Frauke Swieringa
- a Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V., Dortmund , Germany
| | - Johan W M Heemskerk
- b Department of Biochemistry , CARIM, Maastricht University , Maastricht , The Netherlands
| | - Albert Sickmann
- a Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V., Dortmund , Germany.,c Medizinisches Proteom-Center , Medizinische Fakultät, Ruhr-Universität Bochum , Bochum , Germany.,d Department of Chemistry, College of Physical Sciences , University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen , UK
| | - Christin Lorenz
- a Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V., Dortmund , Germany
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