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Rajendran D, Kamalakannan M, Doss GP, Chandrasekaran N. Surface functionalization, particle size and pharmaceutical co-contaminant dependent impact of nanoplastics on marine crustacean - Artemia salina. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2024; 26:1130-1146. [PMID: 38655700 DOI: 10.1039/d4em00010b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Despite a significant amount of research on micronanoplastics (MNPs), there is still a gap in our understanding of their function as transporters of other environmental pollutants (known as the Trojan horse effect) and the combined effects of ingestion, bioaccumulation, and toxicity to organisms. This study examined the individual effects of polystyrene nanoplastics (PSNPs) with various surface functionalizations (plain (PS), carboxylated (PS-COOH), and aminated (PS-NH2)), particle sizes (100 nm and 500 nm), and a pharmaceutical co-contaminant (metformin hydrochloride (MH), an anti-diabetic drug) on the marine crustacean - Artemia salina. The study specifically aimed to determine if MH alters the detrimental effects of PSNPs on A. salina. The potential toxicity of these emerging pollutants was assessed by examining mortality, hatching rate, morphological changes, and biochemical changes. Smaller nanoparticles had a more significant impact than larger ones, and PS-NH2 was more harmful than PS and PS-COOH. Exposure to the nanoparticle complex with MH resulted in a decrease in hatching rate, an increase in mortality, developmental abnormalities, an increase in reactive oxygen species, catalase, and lipid peroxidase, and a decrease in total protein and superoxide dismutase, indicating a synergistic effect. There were no significant differences between the complex and the individual nanoparticles. However, accumulating these particles in organisms could contaminate the food chain. These results highlight the potential environmental risks associated with the simultaneous exposure of aquatic species to plastics, particularly smaller PS, aminated PS, and pharmaceutical complex PS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durgalakshmi Rajendran
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | | | - George Priya Doss
- Department of Integrative Biology, School of Bioscience and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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Do MA, Dang HT, Doan NT, Pham HLT, Tran TA, Le VCT, Young T, Le DV. Silver nanoparticle toxicity on Artemia parthenogenetica nauplii hatched on axenic tryptic soy agar solid medium. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6365. [PMID: 37076660 PMCID: PMC10115835 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33626-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of gnobiotic brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) for ecotoxicology and bacteria-host interaction studies is common. However, requirements for axenic culture and matrix effects of seawater media can be an obstacle. Thus, we investigated the hatching ability of Artemia cysts on a novel sterile Tryptic Soy Agar (TSA) medium. Herein, we demonstrate for the first time that Artemia cysts can hatch on a solid medium without liquid, which offers practical advantages. We further optimized the culture conditions for temperature and salinity and assessed this culture system for toxicity screening of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) across multiple biological endpoints. Results revealed that maxima hatching (90%) of embryos occurred at 28 °C and without addition of sodium chloride. When capsulated cysts were cultured on TSA solid medium Artemia were negatively impacted by AgNPs at 30-50 mgL-1 in terms of the embryo hatching ratio (47-51%), umbrella- to nauplii-stage transformation ratio (54-57%), and a reduction in nauplii-stage growth (60-85% of normal body length). At 50-100 mgL-1 AgNPs and higher, evidence of damage to lysosomal storage was recorded. At 500 mgL-1 AgNPs, development of the eye was inhibited and locomotory behavior impeded. Our study reveals that this new hatching method has applications in ecotoxicology studies and provides an efficient means to control axenic requirements to produce gnotobiotic brine shrimp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Anh Do
- University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hoa Thi Dang
- Faculty of Fisheries, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nhinh Thi Doan
- Faculty of Fisheries, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hong Lam Thi Pham
- Faculty of Fisheries, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tuyet Anh Tran
- Faculty of Fisheries, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Van Cam Thi Le
- Faculty of Fisheries, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tim Young
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, Department of Environmental Science, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Dung Viet Le
- Faculty of Fisheries, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam.
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Dey P, Bradley TM, Boymelgreen A. The impact of selected abiotic factors on Artemia hatching process through real-time observation of oxygen changes in a microfluidic platform. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6370. [PMID: 37076493 PMCID: PMC10115827 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32873-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Current studies on abiotic impacts on Artemia, a crustacean which is widely used in aquaculture, and ecotoxicology, often focus on endpoint analysis (e.g., hatching rates, survival). Here, we demonstrate that a mechanistic understanding can be obtained through measurement of oxygen consumption in real-time over an extended time period in a microfluidic platform. The platform enables high level control of the microenvironment and direct observation of morphological changes. As a demonstration, temperature and salinity are chosen to represent critical abiotic parameters that are also threatened by climate change. The hatching process of Artemia consists of four different stages: hydration, differentiation, emergence, and hatching. Different temperatures (20, 35, and 30 °C) and salinities (0, 25, 50, and 75 ppt) are shown to significantly alter the duration of hatching stages, metabolic rates, and hatchability. Specifically, the metabolic resumption of dormant Artemia cysts was significantly enhanced at higher temperatures and moderate salinity, however, the time needed for this resumption was only dependent on higher temperatures. Hatchability was inversely related to the duration of the differentiation stage of hatching, which persisted longer at lower temperatures and salinities. The current approach of investigation of metabolism and corresponding physical changes can be employed to study hatching processes of other aquatic species, even those with low metabolic rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preyojon Dey
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Florida International University, 10555 W Flagler St, Miami, FL, 33174, USA
| | - Terence M Bradley
- Department of Fisheries, Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
| | - Alicia Boymelgreen
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Florida International University, 10555 W Flagler St, Miami, FL, 33174, USA.
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Bezzekhami MA, Harrane A, Belalia M, Mostefai A, Belkhir NL, Bououdina M. Green Synthesis of Starch Nanoparticles (SNPs) by Esterification with Rosin Acid Catalyzed by Maghnite-H+ (Algerian Montmorillonite) with Enhanced Antioxidant Activity. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-022-07033-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Stathopoulou MEK, Zoupanou N, Banti CN, Douvalis AP, Papachristodoulou C, Marousis KD, Spyroulias GA, Mavromoustakos T, Hadjikakou SK. Organotin derivatives of cholic acid induce apoptosis into breast cancer cells and interfere with mitochondrion; Synthesis, characterization and biological evaluation. Steroids 2021; 167:108798. [PMID: 33472044 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2021.108798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Organotin(IV) derivatives of cholic acid (CAH) with the formulae R3Sn(CA) (R = Ph- (1), n-Bu- (2)) and R2Sn(CA)2 (R = Ph- (3), n-Bu- (4) and Me- (5)) were synthesized. The compounds were characterized in solid state by melting point, FT-IR, 119Sn Mössbauer, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy and in solution by 1H NMR, UV-Vis spectral data and by Electrospray Ionisation Mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), High Resolution Mass spectrometry (HRMS), and atomic absorption analysis. The in vitro bioactivity of 1-5 against human breast adenocarcinoma cancer cells MCF-7 (positive to hormone receptors) and MDA-MB-231 (negative to hormone receptors) reveal that triorganotin derivatives 1-2 exhibit significantly stronger activity than the corresponding diorganotin ones. Compound 5 is inactive against both cell lines at the concentrations tested. Triorganotins 1-2 inhibit selectively MCF-7 than MDA-MB-231 cells, suggesting hormone mimetic behavior of them. Organotins 1-4 inhibit both cancerous cell lines, stronger than cisplatin which rise up to 55-fold against MCF-7 and 170-fold against MDA-MB-231. The in vitro toxicity of 1-4 was evaluated on normal human fetal lung fibroblast cells (MRC-5), while their genotoxicity in vitro by micronucleus assay (MN). Moreover, the in vivo toxicity of 1-4 was tested by Artemia salina assay and their in vivo genotoxicity with Allium cepa test. The mechanism of action of 1-4 against MCF-7 was clarified in vitro by the means of cell morphology studies, cell cycle arrest, Acridine Orange/Ethidium Bromide (AO/EB) Staining, mitochondrial membrane permeabilization test and by their binding affinity toward the calf thymus (CT) DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E K Stathopoulou
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - N Zoupanou
- Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - C N Banti
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece.
| | - A P Douvalis
- Mössbauer Spectroscopy and Physics of Materials Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Ioannina, Greece; University Research Center of Ioannina (URCI), Institute of Materials Science and Computing, Ioannina, Greece
| | | | - K D Marousis
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, GR 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - G A Spyroulias
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, GR 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - T Mavromoustakos
- Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece.
| | - S K Hadjikakou
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; University Research Center of Ioannina (URCI), Institute of Materials Science and Computing, Ioannina, Greece.
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Mahmoodi-Eshkaftaki M, Rahmanian-Koushkaki H. An optimum strategy for substrate mixture and pretreatment in biogas plants: Potential application for high-pH waste management. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 113:329-341. [PMID: 32574990 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Optimization of anaerobic digestion poses many practical constraints. Therefore, a new approach was developed by integrating mathematical modeling and desirability analysis to determine optimum amounts of input factors. For this purpose, different proportions of co-digestion (grapefruit waste:cow manure) and pretreatments (NaOH and H2O2) were tested on the basis of a combined D-optimal experimental design. Different models were developed for certain slurry properties and CH4 production (responses) depending on the input factors. To improve the models, Box-Cox transformation was used to transform the models into more accurate formats. The improved models were then used in desirability analysis, and optimum ranges were determined instead of optimum absolute values in three cases of given constraints, (i) constraints of the slurry properties, (ii) increase in CH4 production, and (iii) constraints on all the responses (more important for plant efficiency). The optimum ranges were extracted for the desirability levels with values greater than 0.9 × (maximum desirability value). For the constraints given in all the responses, the optimum range of grapefruit waste:cow manure proportion was 2.5%:97.5% to 25%:75%, the optimum range of NaOH pretreatment was 0.3-2.64%, and the optimum range of H2O2 was range experimented except for 1.32-1.68%. Similar trends were determined for the other cases of constraints. To clarify the method of desirability analysis, the overlaying method was used to determine regions of interest according to some predefined constraints. Simultaneous consideration of range optimization and region of interest showed that (i) an amount greater than 25% grapefruit waste in the digestion decreased the CH4 production significantly, and (ii) plant efficiency was improved with all amounts of H2O2 except 1.32-1.68%, and with amounts of 0.3-1.2% and 1.8-2.64% of NaOH. As shown the optimum ranges are more common for practical use in plants.
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Rossos AK, Banti CN, Kalampounias AG, Papachristodoulou C, Kordatos K, Zoumpoulakis P, Mavromoustakos T, Kourkoumelis N, Hadjikakou SK. pHEMA@AGMNA-1: A novel material for the development of antibacterial contact lens. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 111:110770. [PMID: 32279741 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.110770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The Metal Organic Framework (MOF) of formula {[Ag6(μ3-HMNA)4(μ3-MNA)2]2-·[(Et3NH)+]2·(DMSO)2·(H2O)} (AGMNA), a known efficient antimicrobial compound which contains the anti-metabolite, 2-thio-nicotinic acid (H2MNA), was incorporated in polymer hydrogels using, hydroxyethyl-methacrylate (HEMA). The material pHEMA@AGMNA-1 was characterized by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction analysis (XRPD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Thermogravimetric Differential Thermal Analysis (TG-DTA), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DTG/DSC), attenuated total reflection spectroscopy (FT-IR-ATR) and Ultrasonic Imaging. The antimicrobial capacity of pHEMA@AGMNA-1 was evaluated against the Gram negative bacterial strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the Gram positive ones of the genus of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus, which are the etiology of the microbial keratitis. The % bacterial viability of P. aeruginosa, S. epidermidis and S. aureus upon their incubation with pHEMA@AGMNA-1 discs is significantly low (0.4 ± 0.1%, 1.5 ± 0.4% and 7.7 ± 0.5% respectively). The inhibition zones (IZ) caused by pHEMA@AGMNA-1 discs against P. aeruginosa, S. epidermidis and S. aureus are 14.0 ± 1.1, 11.3 ± 1.3 and 11.8 ± 1.8 mm respectively. Furthermore, pHEMA@AGMNA-1 exhibits low toxicity. Thus, pHEMA@AGMNA-1 might be an efficient candidate for the development of antimicrobial active contact lenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Rossos
- Section of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Greece
| | - C N Banti
- Section of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Greece.
| | - A G Kalampounias
- Physical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Greece
| | | | - K Kordatos
- Laboratory of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Greece
| | - P Zoumpoulakis
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - T Mavromoustakos
- Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Greece, Greece
| | - N Kourkoumelis
- Medical Physics Laboratory, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Greece
| | - S K Hadjikakou
- Section of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Greece; University Research Center of Ioannina (URCI), Institute of Materials Science and Computing, Ioannina, Greece.
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Patel SB, Attar UA, Sakate DM, Ghane SG. Efficient extraction of cucurbitacins from Diplocyclos palmatus (L.) C. Jeffrey: Optimization using response surface methodology, extraction methods and study of some important bioactivities. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2109. [PMID: 32034276 PMCID: PMC7005863 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58924-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Diplocyclos palmatus (L.) C. Jeffrey is an important medicinal plant used in several reproductive medicines. It serves as a wide source of tetracyclic triterpens called cucurbitacins. Response surface methodology (RSM) with Box-Behnken design (BBD) was studied to optimize the production of cucurbitacins. RSM put forth the ideal conditions such as 1:30 SS ratio (g/mL), 80 rpm (mixing extraction speed), 150 µm mean particle size, 30 min extraction time and 50 °C using chloroform in continuous shaking extraction (CSE) and showed the highest cucurbitacin I (CUI) content (2.345 ± 0.1686 mg/g DW). Similarly, the highest yield of cucurbitacin B (CUB) (1.584 ± 0.15 mg/g DW) was recorded at ideal conditions (1:40 g/mL SS ratio and 60 min time and others similar to CUI). Among the tested extraction methods, the highest CUI, CUB, and CUI + B yield (1.437 ± 0.03, 0.782 ± 0.10, 2.17 ± 0.35 mg/g DW, respectively) as well as promising DPPH radical scavenging activity (25.06 ± 0.1 µgAAE/g DW) were recorded from the SBAE (steam bath assisted extraction). In addition, MAE and UAE revealed the highest inhibition of α-amylase (68.68%) and α-glucosidase (56.27%) enzymes, respectively. Fruit extracts showed potent anticancer activity against breast (MCF-7) and colon (HT-29) cancer cell lines (LC50 - 44.27 and 46.88 µg/mL, respectively). Our study proved that SS ratio, particle size and temperature were the most positively influencing variables and served to be the most efficient for the highest recovery of CUI and CUB. Based on the present study, the fruits of D. palmatus were revealed as a potent antioxidant, anti-diabetic and anticancer bio-resource that could be explored further to develop novel drug to manage diabetes, cancer and oxidative stress related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Patel
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, 416 004, Maharashtra, India
| | - U A Attar
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, 416 004, Maharashtra, India
| | - D M Sakate
- Department of Statistics, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, 416 004, Maharashtra, India
| | - S G Ghane
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, 416 004, Maharashtra, India.
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Conjugation of Penicillin-G with Silver(I) Ions Expands Its Antimicrobial Activity against Gram Negative Bacteria. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9010025. [PMID: 31941048 PMCID: PMC7168214 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Conjugation of penicillin G (PenH) with silver(I) ions forms a new CoMeD (conjugate of metal with a drug) with formula [Ag(pen)(CH3OH)]2 (PenAg). PenAg was characterized by a plethora of physical and spectroscopic techniques, which include in the solid state m.p.; elemental analysis; X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy; scanning electron microscopy (SEM); energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX); FT-IR; and in solution: attenuated total reflection spectroscopy (FT-IR-ATR), UV–Vis, 1H NMR, and atomic absorption (AA). The structure of PenAg was determined by NMR spectroscopy. Silver(I) ions coordinate to the carboxylic group of PenH, while secondary intra-molecular interactions are developed through (i) the nitrogen atom of the amide group in MeOD-d4 or (ii) the sulfur atom in the thietane ring in deuterated dimethyl sulfoxide DMSO-d6. The antibacterial activities of PenAg and the sodium salt of penicillin (PenNa) (the formulation which is clinically used) against Gram positive (Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)) and Gram negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeuroginosa PAO1)) bacteria were evaluated by the means of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and inhibition zone (IZ). PenAg inhibits the growth of the Gram negative bacterial strain P. aeuroginosa with a MIC value of 23.00 ± 2.29 μM, in contrast to PenNa, which shows no such activity (>2 mM). The corresponding antimicrobial activities of PenAg against the Gram positive bacteria S. epidermidis and S. aureus are even better than those of PenNa. Moreover, PenAg exhibits no in vivo toxicity against Artemia salina at concentration up to 300 μΜ. The wide therapeutic window and the low toxicity, make PenAg a possible candidate for the development of a new antibiotic.
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Gilannejad N, Martínez-Rodríguez G, Yúfera M, Moyano FJ. Modelling digestive hydrolysis of nutrients in fish using factorial designs and desirability function. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206556. [PMID: 30383874 PMCID: PMC6211707 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Models simulating the in vitro digestive hydrolysis of nutrients by different animal species are frequently used to obtain a better understanding of factors affecting this process. Optimization algorithm of a model may be used to prospect the more favourable combination of selected factors resulting in the higher performance. This study was conducted to determine the combination of factors (pH, enzyme:substrate ratio, and reaction time) leading to highest bioavailability of proteins and carbohydrates in the gilthead seabream gastrointestinal tract. Besides, a novel multi-objective algorithm, desirability function, was introduced for optimization of the digestive hydrolysis of nutrients within the simulated gut of the species, using models based on the Response Surface Methodology. Design of experiment was defined based on the physiology and culture conditions of the species, and in vitro assays were performed in a two-phase (stomach ad intestine) digestion process, using the species-specific enzyme extract. According to results, intestinal phase of digestion makes the major contribution to the total protein hydrolysis, being the efficiency of the process directly correlated to all the three studied factors. In contrast, the efficiency of carbohydrate hydrolysis was directly correlated to the amount of substrate and inversely to the pH, while reaction time did not exert a significant effect. The physiological range of the factors studied in the assays favoured the hydrolysis of proteins over carbohydrates, a similar scenario to that observed in the live fish. Results from the mathematical models and their simultaneous optimization obtained from this work may have practical applications in design of feeds for this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Gilannejad
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía (ICMAN-CSIC), Puerto Real, Spain
| | | | - Manuel Yúfera
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía (ICMAN-CSIC), Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Moyano
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI-MAR), Universidad de Almería, La Cañada de San Urbano, Almería, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Assessment of Suitability of Tree Species for Bioenergy Production on Burned and Degraded Peatlands in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. LAND 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/land7040115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Large areas of deforested and degraded land, particularly degraded peatlands, need a viable long-term solution for restoration, ideally one that ensures energy security without compromising food security or biodiversity conversation. To address a knowledge gap on the most adaptive bioenergy crop(s) for degraded lands, this research project assessed the survival and growth performance of potential bioenergy crops to restore burned and degraded peatlands. Our methodology compared the bioenergy species with the potential to survive in extreme environments, i.e., gamal [Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp.], kaliandra (Calliandra calothyrsus Meissner), kemiri sunan [Reutealis trisperma (Blanco) Airy Shaw], and nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum L.). Observed parameters are plant survival rates, tree height, and circular stem growth. The experiment was conducted between March 2016 to February 2017 in a two-hectare demonstration plot on burned and degraded peatland in Buntoi village, Pulang Pisau, Central Kalimantan province. Using a split plot design, two treatments were given to each species, i.e., monoculture plantation and agroforestry (intercropped with Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.); with each treatment, the species were replicated on two separate plots. Results indicate that nyamplung is the most adoptable species followed by kemiri sunan, however both species performed very well under agroforestry treatment when compared with monoculture. Further study is needed to assess the productivity and associate biofuel yield.
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