1
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Patel SR, Maier CL, Zimring JC. Alloantigen Copy Number as a Critical Factor in RBC Alloimmunization. Transfus Med Rev 2023; 37:21-26. [PMID: 36725483 PMCID: PMC10023450 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmrv.2022.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
RBC alloimmunization remains a significant barrier to ongoing transfusion therapy leading to morbidity, and in extreme cases mortality, due to delayed or insufficient units of compatible RBCs. In addition, the monitoring and characterization of alloantibodies, often with multiple specificities in a single patient, consumes substantial health care resources. Extended phenotypic matching has mitigated, but not eliminated, RBC alloimmunization and is only logistically available for specialized populations. Thus, RBC alloimmunization remains a substantial problem. In recent decades it has become clear that mechanisms of RBC alloimmunization are distinct from other antigens and lack of mechanistic understanding likely contributes to the fact that there are no approved interventions to prevent RBC alloimmunization from transfusion. The combination of human studies and murine modeling have identified several key factors in RBC alloimmunization. In both humans and mice, immunogenicity is a function of alloantigen copy number on RBCs. Murine studies have further shown that copy number not only changes rates of immunization but the mechanisms of antibody formation. This review summarizes the current understanding of quantitative and qualitative effects of alloantigen copy number on RBC alloimmunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema R Patel
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta/Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Cheryl L Maier
- Center for Transfusion and Cellular Therapies, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - James C Zimring
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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2
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Jash A, Hay AM, Collins JB, Heo J, Luckey CJ, Hudson KE, Zimring JC. The role of RBC antigen transgene integration sites on RBC biology in mice. Transfusion 2023; 63:239-248. [PMID: 36436200 DOI: 10.1111/trf.17197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transgenic mice expressing RBC specific antigens are widely used in mechanistic studies of RBC alloimmunization. Existing RBC donor strains have random transgene integration, potentially disrupting host elements that can confound biological interpretation. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Integration site and genomic alterations were characterized by both targeted locus amplification and congenic backcrossing in the five most commonly used RBC alloantigen donor strains (KEL-K2hi , KEL-K2med , and KEL-K2lo , and KEL-K1). A targeted transgenic approach was developed to allow RBC specific transgene expression from a safe harbor locus (ROSA26). Alloimmune responses were assessed by transfusing alloantigen expressing RBCs into wild-type recipients and measuring alloantibodies by flow cytometry. RESULTS/FINDINGS Four of the five analyzed strains had at least one gene disrupted by the transgene integration but none of the disrupted genes are known to be involved in RBC biology. The integration of KEL-K2med potentially altered the immunological properties of RBCs, although the biological significance of the observed changes is unclear. The ROSA26 targeted approach resulted in a single copy of the transgene that maintains RBC specific expression without random disruption of genomic elements. CONCLUSION These findings provide a detailed characterization of genomic disruption by transgene integration found in commonly used RBC donor strains that is relevant to numerous previous publications as well as future studies. With the possible exception of KEL-K2med , transgene integration is not predicted to affect RBC biology in existing models, and new models can avoid this concern using the described targeted transgenic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arijita Jash
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Ariel M Hay
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - J Baodan Collins
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Jinho Heo
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Chance John Luckey
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Krystalyn E Hudson
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - James C Zimring
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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3
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Fan Y, Chen W, Wei R, Qiang W, Pearson JD, Yu T, Bremner R, Chen D. Mapping transgene insertion sites reveals the α-Cre transgene expression in both developing retina and olfactory neurons. Commun Biol 2022; 5:411. [PMID: 35505181 PMCID: PMC9065156 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03379-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The Tg(Pax6-cre,GFP)2Pgr (α-Cre) mouse is a commonly used Cre line thought to be retinal-specific. Using targeted locus amplification (TLA), we mapped the insertion site of the transgene, and defined primers useful to deduce zygosity. Further analyses revealed four tandem copies of the transgene. The insertion site mapped to clusters of vomeronasal and olfactory receptor genes. Using R26R and Ai14 Cre reporter mice, we confirmed retinal Cre activity, but also detected expression in Gα0+ olfactory neurons. Most α-Cre+ olfactory neurons do not express Pax6, implicating the influence of neighboring regulatory elements. RT-PCR and buried food pellet test did not detect any effects of the transgene on flanking genes in the nasal mucosa and retina. Together, these data precisely map α-Cre, show that it does not affect surrounding loci, but reveal previously unanticipated transgene expression in olfactory neurons. The α-Cre mouse can be a valuable tool in both retinal and olfactory research. The Pax6-α-Cre mouse line used in retinal studies actually contains four transgene insertion within gene clusters of olfactory and vomeronasal receptors, leading to expression in not just retinal, but also olfactory and vomeronasal sensory neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimeng Fan
- Research Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenyue Chen
- Research Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ran Wei
- Research Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Qiang
- Research Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Joel D Pearson
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, and Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tao Yu
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, and Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rod Bremner
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, and Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Danian Chen
- Research Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. .,Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. .,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, and Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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4
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Börjesson V, Martinez-Monleon A, Fransson S, Kogner P, Johnsen JI, Milosevic J, López MD. TC-hunter: identification of the insertion site of a transgenic gene within the host genome. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:149. [PMID: 35184734 PMCID: PMC8859905 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08376-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Transgenic animal models are crucial for the study of gene function and disease, and are widely utilized in basic biological research, agriculture and pharma industries. Since the current methods for generating transgenic animals result in the random integration of the transgene under study, the phenotype may be compromised due to disruption of known genes or regulatory regions. Unfortunately, most of the tools that predict transgene insertion sites from high-throughput data are not publicly available or not properly maintained. Results We implemented TC-hunter, Transgene-Construct hunter, an open tool that identifies transgene insertion sites and provides simple reports and visualization aids. It relies on common tools used in the analysis of high-throughput data and makes use of chimeric reads and discordant read pairs to identify and support the transgenic insertion site. To demonstrate its applicability, we applied TC-hunter to four transgenic mice samples harboring the human PPM1D gene, a model used in the study of malignant tumor development. We identified the transgenic insertion site in each sample and experimentally validated them with Touchdown-polymerase chain reaction followed by Sanger sequencing. Conclusions TC-hunter is an accessible bioinformatics tool that can automatically identify transgene insertion sites from DNA sequencing data with high sensitivity (98%) and precision (92.45%). TC-hunter is a valuable tool that can aid in evaluating any potential phenotypic complications due to the random integration of the transgene and can be accessed at https://github.com/bcfgothenburg/SSF. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08376-0.
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5
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Malla B, Guo X, Senger G, Chasapopoulou Z, Yildirim F. A Systematic Review of Transcriptional Dysregulation in Huntington's Disease Studied by RNA Sequencing. Front Genet 2021; 12:751033. [PMID: 34721539 PMCID: PMC8554124 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.751033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder caused by an expansion of polyglutamine repeats in exon 1 of the Huntingtin gene. Transcriptional dysregulation accompanied by epigenetic alterations is an early and central disease mechanism in HD yet, the exact mechanisms and regulators, and their associated gene expression programs remain incompletely understood. This systematic review investigates genome-wide transcriptional studies that were conducted using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) technology in HD patients and models. The review protocol was registered at the Open Science Framework (OSF). The biomedical literature and gene expression databases, PubMed and NCBI BioProject, Array Express, European Nucleotide Archive (ENA), European Genome-Phenome Archive (EGA), respectively, were searched using the defined terms specified in the protocol following the PRISMA guidelines. We conducted a complete literature and database search to retrieve all RNA-seq-based gene expression studies in HD published until August 2020, retrieving 288 articles and 237 datasets from PubMed and the databases, respectively. A total of 27 studies meeting the eligibility criteria were included in this review. Collectively, comparative analysis of the datasets revealed frequent genes that are consistently dysregulated in HD. In postmortem brains from HD patients, DNAJB1, HSPA1B and HSPB1 genes were commonly upregulated across all brain regions and cell types except for medium spiny neurons (MSNs) at symptomatic disease stage, and HSPH1 and SAT1 genes were altered in expression in all symptomatic brain datasets, indicating early and sustained changes in the expression of genes related to heat shock response as well as response to misfolded proteins. Specifically in indirect pathway medium spiny neurons (iMSNs), mitochondria related genes were among the top uniquely dysregulated genes. Interestingly, blood from HD patients showed commonly differentially expressed genes with a number of brain regions and cells, with the highest number of overlapping genes with MSNs and BA9 region at symptomatic stage. We also found the differential expression and predicted altered activity of a set of transcription factors and epigenetic regulators, including BCL6, EGR1, FOSL2 and CREBBP, HDAC1, KDM4C, respectively, which may underlie the observed transcriptional changes in HD. Altogether, our work provides a complete overview of the transcriptional studies in HD, and by data synthesis, reveals a number of common and unique gene expression and regulatory changes across different cell and tissue types in HD. These changes could elucidate new insights into molecular mechanisms of differential vulnerability in HD. Systematic Review Registration: https://osf.io/pm3wq.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bimala Malla
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Xuanzong Guo
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gökçe Senger
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Zoi Chasapopoulou
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ferah Yildirim
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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6
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Pattamatta A, Nguyen L, Olafson HR, Scotti MM, Laboissonniere LA, Richardson J, Berglund JA, Zu T, Wang ET, Ranum LPW. Repeat length increases disease penetrance and severity in C9orf72 ALS/FTD BAC transgenic mice. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 29:3900-3918. [PMID: 33378537 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddaa279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
C9orf72 ALS/FTD patients show remarkable clinical heterogeneity, but the complex biology of the repeat expansion mutation has limited our understanding of the disease. BAC transgenic mice were used to better understand the molecular mechanisms and repeat length effects of C9orf72 ALS/FTD. Genetic analyses of these mice demonstrate that the BAC transgene and not integration site effects cause ALS/FTD phenotypes. Transcriptomic changes in cell proliferation, inflammation and neuronal pathways are found late in disease and alternative splicing changes provide early molecular markers that worsen with disease progression. Isogenic sublines of mice with 800, 500 or 50 G4C2 repeats generated from the single-copy C9-500 line show longer repeats result in earlier onset, increased disease penetrance and increased levels of RNA foci and dipeptide RAN protein aggregates. These data demonstrate G4C2 repeat length is an important driver of disease and identify alternative splicing changes as early biomarkers of C9orf72 ALS/FTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrutha Pattamatta
- Center for NeuroGenetics, Colllege of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Colllege of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.,University of Florida Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Lien Nguyen
- Center for NeuroGenetics, Colllege of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Colllege of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.,University of Florida Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Hailey R Olafson
- Center for NeuroGenetics, Colllege of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Colllege of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.,University of Florida Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Marina M Scotti
- Center for NeuroGenetics, Colllege of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Colllege of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.,University of Florida Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Lauren A Laboissonniere
- Center for NeuroGenetics, Colllege of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Colllege of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.,University of Florida Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Jared Richardson
- Center for NeuroGenetics, Colllege of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.,University of Florida Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.,McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - J Andrew Berglund
- Center for NeuroGenetics, Colllege of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colllege of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.,RNA Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Tao Zu
- Center for NeuroGenetics, Colllege of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Colllege of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.,University of Florida Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Eric T Wang
- Center for NeuroGenetics, Colllege of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Colllege of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.,University of Florida Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.,McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Laura P W Ranum
- Center for NeuroGenetics, Colllege of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Colllege of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.,University of Florida Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.,McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.,Fixel Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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7
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Mullane K, Williams M. Preclinical Models of Alzheimer's Disease: Relevance and Translational Validity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 84:e57. [PMID: 30802363 DOI: 10.1002/cpph.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The only drugs currently approved for the treatment of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) are four acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and the NMDA antagonist memantine. Apart from these drugs, which have minimal to no clinical benefit, the 40-year search for effective therapeutics to treat AD has resulted in a clinical failure rate of 100% not only for compounds that prevent brain amyloid deposition or remove existing amyloid plaques but also those acting by a variety of other putative disease-associated mechanisms. This indicates that the preclinical data generated from current AD targets to support the selection, optimization, and translation of new chemical entities (NCEs) and biologics to clinical trials is seriously compromised. While many of these failures reflect flawed hypotheses or a lack of adequate characterization of the preclinical pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic (PD/PK) properties of lead NCEs-including their bioavailability and toxicity-the conceptualization, validation, and interrogation of the current animal models of AD represent key limitations. The overwhelming majority of these AD models are transgenic, based on aspects of the amyloid hypothesis and the genetics of the familial form of the disease. As a result, these generally lack construct and predictive validity for the sporadic form of the human disease. The 170 or so transgenic models, perhaps the largest number ever focused on a single disease, use rodents, mainly mice, and in addition to amyloid also address aspects of tau causality with more complex multigene models including other presumed causative factors together with amyloid. This overview discusses the current animal models of AD in the context of both the controversies surrounding the causative role of amyloid in the disease and the need to develop validated models of cognitive function/dysfunction that more appropriately reflect the phenotype(s) of human aged-related dementias. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Williams
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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Tosh JL, Rickman M, Rhymes E, Norona FE, Clayton E, Mucke L, Isaacs AM, Fisher EM, Wiseman FK. The integration site of the APP transgene in the J20 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Wellcome Open Res 2018; 2:84. [PMID: 29062914 PMCID: PMC5645710 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.12237.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Transgenic animal models are a widely used and powerful tool to investigate human disease and develop therapeutic interventions. Making a transgenic mouse involves random integration of exogenous DNA into the host genome that can have the effect of disrupting endogenous gene expression. The J20 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a transgenic overexpresser of human APP with familial AD mutations and has been extensively utilised in preclinical studies and our aim was to determine the genomic location of the J20 transgene insertion. Methods: We used a combination of breeding strategy and Targeted Locus Amplification with deep sequencing to identify the insertion site of the J20 transgene array. To assess RNA and protein expression of Zbtb20, we used qRT-PCR and Western Blotting. Results: We demonstrate that the J20 transgene construct has inserted within the genetic locus of endogenous mouse gene Zbtb20 on chromosome 16 in an array , disrupting expression of mRNA from this gene in adult hippocampal tissue, while expression of Zbtb20 protein remains unchanged. We note that the endogenous mouse App gene also lies on chromosome 16, although 42 Mb from the Zbtb20 locus. Conclusions: These data will be useful for future studies utilising this popular model of AD, particularly those investigating gene interactions between the J20 APP transgene and other genes present on Mmu16 in the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin L. Tosh
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Matthew Rickman
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Ellie Rhymes
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Frances E. Norona
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Emma Clayton
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Lennart Mucke
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease and University of California, San Francisco, CA, 4158, USA
| | - Adrian M. Isaacs
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK,UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Elizabeth M.C. Fisher
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK,
| | - Frances K. Wiseman
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK,
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9
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Tosh JL, Rickman M, Rhymes E, Norona FE, Clayton E, Mucke L, Isaacs AM, Fisher EM, Wiseman FK. The integration site of the APP transgene in the J20 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Wellcome Open Res 2018; 2:84. [PMID: 29062914 PMCID: PMC5645710 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.12237.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Transgenic animal models are a widely used and powerful tool to investigate human disease and develop therapeutic interventions. Making a transgenic mouse involves random integration of exogenous DNA into the host genome that can have the effect of disrupting endogenous gene expression. The J20 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a transgenic overexpresser of human APP with familial AD mutations and has been extensively utilised in preclinical studies and our aim was to determine the genomic location of the J20 transgene insertion. Methods: We used a combination of breeding strategy and Targeted Locus Amplification with deep sequencing to identify the insertion site of the J20 transgene array. To assess RNA and protein expression of Zbtb20, we used qRT-PCR and Western Blotting. Results: We demonstrate that the J20 transgene construct has inserted within the genetic locus of endogenous mouse gene Zbtb20 on chromosome 16 in an array , disrupting expression of mRNA from this gene in adult hippocampal tissue. Preliminary data suggests that ZBTB20 protein levels remain unchanged in this tissue, however further study is necessary. We note that the endogenous mouse App gene also lies on chromosome 16, although 42 Mb from the Zbtb20 locus. Conclusions: These data will be useful for future studies utilising this popular model of AD, particularly those investigating gene interactions between the J20 APP transgene and other genes present on Mmu16 in the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin L. Tosh
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Matthew Rickman
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Ellie Rhymes
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Frances E. Norona
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Emma Clayton
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Lennart Mucke
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease and University of California, San Francisco, CA, 4158, USA
| | - Adrian M. Isaacs
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK,UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Elizabeth M.C. Fisher
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK,
| | - Frances K. Wiseman
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK,
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