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Patel DK, Ganguly K, Dutta SD, Patil TV, Lim KT. Cellulose nanocrystals vs. cellulose nanospheres: A comparative study of cytotoxicity and macrophage polarization potential. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 303:120464. [PMID: 36657847 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nanocellulose application has been increasing owing to its appealing physicochemical properties. Monitoring of the crystallinity, surface topography, and reactivity of this high-aspect-ratio nanomaterial is crucial for efficient tissue engineering. Controlling macrophage polarization phenotype remains a challenge in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. Herein, we monitored the effects of shape-regulated (rod and spherical) nanocellulose on the macrophage modulatory potential of RAW 246.7 cells in vitro. Spherical nanocellulose (s-NC) exhibited higher thermal stability and biocompatibility than rod nanocellulose. Macrophage polarization was profoundly affected by nanocellulose topography and incubation period. M2 polarization was observed in vitro after 1 day of treatment with s-NC, followed by M1 polarization after treatment for longer periods. Transcriptome analysis similarly revealed that M1 polarization was dominant after 1 day h of incubation with both nanocellulose types. These findings demonstrate that macrophage polarization can be controlled by selecting suitable nanocellulose shape and incubation time for desired applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh K Patel
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Institute of Forest Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Keya Ganguly
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Institute of Forest Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Sayan Deb Dutta
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Institute of Forest Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Tejal V Patil
- Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Taek Lim
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Institute of Forest Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea; Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea.
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Wang Q, Chen YY, Yang ZC, Yuan HJ, Dong YW, Miao Q, Li YQ, Wang J, Yu JZ, Xiao BG, Ma CG. Grape Seed Extract Attenuates Demyelination in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Mice by Inhibiting Inflammatory Response of Immune Cells. Chin J Integr Med 2023; 29:394-404. [PMID: 36607588 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-022-3587-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the anti-inflammatory effect of grape seed extract (GSE) in animal and cellular models and explore its mechanism of action. METHODS This study determined the inhibitory effect of GSE on macrophage inflammation and Th1 and Th17 polarization in vitro. Based on the in vitro results, the effects and mechanisms of GSE on multiple sclerosis (MS)-experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice model were further explored. The C57BL/6 mice were intragastrically administered with 50 mg/kg of GSE once a day from the 3rd day to the 27th day after immunization. The activation of microglia, the polarization of Th1 and Th17 and the inflammatory factors such as tumor necrosis factor- α (TNF- α), interleukin-1 β (IL-1 β), IL-6, IL-12, IL-17 and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) secreted by them were detected in vitro and in vivo by flow cytometry, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunofluorescence staining and Western blot, respectively. RESULTS GSE reduced the secretion of TNF-α, IL-1 β and IL-6 in bone marrow-derived macrophages stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (P<0.01), inhibited the secretion of TNF-α, IL-1 β, IL-6, IL-12, IL-17 and IFN-γ in spleen cells of EAE mice immunized for 9 days (P<0.05 or P<0.01), and reduced the differentiation of Th1 and Th17 mediated by CD3 and CD28 factors (P<0.01). GSE significantly improved the clinical symptoms of EAE mice, and inhibited spinal cord demyelination and inflammatory cell infiltration. Peripherally, GSE downregulated the expression of toll-like-receptor 4 (TLR4) and Rho-associated kinase (ROCKII, P<0.05 or P<0.01), and inhibited the secretion of inflammatory factors (P<0.01 or P<0.05). In the central nervous system, GSE inhibited the infiltration of CD45+CD11b+ and CD45+CD4+ cells, and weakened the differentiation of Th1 and Th17 (P<0.05). Moreover, it reduced the secretion of inflammatory factors (P<0.01), and prevented the activation of microglia (P<0.05). CONCLUSION GSE had a beneficial effect on the pathogenesis and progression of EAE by inhibiting inflammatory response as a potential drug and strategy for the treatment of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wang
- Research Center of Neurobiology, the Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, Shanxi Province, 030619, China
| | - Yang-Yang Chen
- Research Center of Neurobiology, the Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, Shanxi Province, 030619, China
| | - Zhi-Chao Yang
- Research Center of Neurobiology, the Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, Shanxi Province, 030619, China
| | - Hai-Jun Yuan
- Research Center of Neurobiology, the Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, Shanxi Province, 030619, China
| | - Yi-Wei Dong
- Research Center of Neurobiology, the Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, Shanxi Province, 030619, China
| | - Qiang Miao
- Research Center of Neurobiology, the Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, Shanxi Province, 030619, China
| | - Yan-Qing Li
- Research Center of Neurobiology, the Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, Shanxi Province, 030619, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Research Center of Neurobiology, the Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, Shanxi Province, 030619, China.,Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Jie-Zhong Yu
- Research Center of Neurobiology, the Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, Shanxi Province, 030619, China.,Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Inflammatory Neurodegenerative Diseases, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, Shanxi Province, 037009, China.,Department of Neurology, Datong Fifth People's Hospital, Datong, Shanxi Province, 037009, China
| | - Bao-Guo Xiao
- Research Center of Neurobiology, the Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, Shanxi Province, 030619, China.,Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200000, China
| | - Cun-Gen Ma
- Research Center of Neurobiology, the Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, Shanxi Province, 030619, China. .,Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Inflammatory Neurodegenerative Diseases, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, Shanxi Province, 037009, China.
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Li Y, Wang D, Li Z, Ouyang Z. PSB0788 ameliorates maternal inflammation-induced periventricular leukomalacia-like injury. Bioengineered 2022; 13:10224-10234. [PMID: 35436416 PMCID: PMC9161964 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2061296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies have shown that periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) is a distinctive form of cerebral white matter injury that pertains to myelination disturbances. Maternal inflammation is a main cause of white matter injury. Intrauterine inflammation cellular will be propagated to the developing brain by the entire maternal-placental-fetal axis, and triggers neural immune injury. As a low-affinity receptor, adenosine A2B receptor (A2BAR) requires high concentrations of adenosine to be significantly activated in pathological conditions. We hypothesized that in the maternal inflammation-induced PVL model, a selective A2BAR antagonist PSB0788 had the potential to prevent the injury. In this work, a total of 18 SD pregnant rats were divided into three groups, and treated with intraperitoneal injection of phosphate buffered saline (PBS), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or LPS+PSB0788. Placental infection was determined by H&E staining and the inflammatory condition was determined by ELISA. Change of MBP, NG2 and CC-1 in the brain of the rats' offspring were detected by western blot and immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, LPS-induced maternal inflammation reduced the expression of MBP, which related to the decrease in the numbers of OPCs and mature oligodendrocytes in neonate rats. After treatment with PSB0788, the levels of MBP proteins increased in the rats' offspring, improved the remyelination. In conclusion, our study shows that the selective A2BAR antagonist PSB0788 plays an important role in promoting the normal development of OPCs in vivo by the maternal inflammation-induced PVL model. Future studies will focus on the mechanism of PSB0788 in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilu Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, scDFG Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of clinical medicine, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China,Department of clinical medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Zhuoyang Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, scDFG Guangzhou, Guangdong, China,South China University of Technology-Zhuhai Institute of Modern Industrial Innovation, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi Ouyang
- South China University of Technology Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China,CONTACT Zhi Ouyang South China University of Technology Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Combined Treatment of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Fasudil Promotes Neurovascular Remodeling and Neurological Function Recovery in Ischemic Stroke. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2021; 194:801-812. [PMID: 34542824 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-021-03679-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Stroke remains a highly deadly and disabling disease with limited treatment tragedies due to the limitations of available treatments; novel therapies for stroke are needed. In this article, the synergistic results of dual bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC) and fasudil treatment in rat models of ischemic stroke still require further identification. Sprague-Dawley rats were used to construct the middle cerebral artery, occlusion models. BMSCs were incubated with fasudil, and MTT was performed to evaluate cell proliferation. The rats were treated with fasudil + BMSC, BMSC, fasudil, and saline. Blood samples were collected for complete blood count analysis and measurement of serum TNF-α levels. The neurological functions were evaluated. After the rats were sacrificed, immunohistochemical staining and TTC staining was performed. Fasudil promoted the proliferation of BMSCs and induced their differentiation into neuron-like cells. BMSCs increased the proportion of neutrophils; nevertheless, fasudil counteracted the neutrophil increase. The TUJ-1/MAP2/VIII factor expression in the fasudil + BMSC group was significantly higher than that in the other groups. The number of GFAP-positive cells decreased in the fasudil + BMSC and BMSC alone groups. The infarct volume in the fasudil + BMSC and BMSC alone groups was significantly lower than in the fasudil alone and control groups. Both BMSCs and fasudil exert neurorestorative effects in rat models of cerebral ischemia. Fasudil neutralizes the pro-inflammatory effects of BMSCs, while BMSCs and fasudil together had synergistic effects promoting neurovascular remodeling and neurological function recovery in stroke. A combination of BMSCs and fasudil provides a promising method for the treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Guiler W, Koehler A, Boykin C, Lu Q. Pharmacological Modulators of Small GTPases of Rho Family in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:661612. [PMID: 34054432 PMCID: PMC8149604 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.661612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical Rho GTPases, including RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42, are members of the Ras small GTPase superfamily and play essential roles in a variety of cellular functions. Rho GTPase signaling can be turned on and off by specific GEFs and GAPs, respectively. These features empower Rho GTPases and their upstream and downstream modulators as targets for scientific research and therapeutic intervention. Specifically, significant therapeutic potential exists for targeting Rho GTPases in neurodegenerative diseases due to their widespread cellular activity and alterations in neural tissues. This study will explore the roles of Rho GTPases in neurodegenerative diseases with focus on the applications of pharmacological modulators in recent discoveries. There have been exciting developments of small molecules, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and natural products and toxins for each classical Rho GTPase category. A brief overview of each category followed by examples in their applications will be provided. The literature on their roles in various diseases [e.g., Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and Multiple sclerosis (MS)] highlights the unique and broad implications targeting Rho GTPases for potential therapeutic intervention. Clearly, there is increasing knowledge of therapeutic promise from the discovery of pharmacological modulators of Rho GTPases for managing and treating these conditions. The progress is also accompanied by the recognition of complex Rho GTPase modulation where targeting its signaling can improve some aspects of pathogenesis while exacerbating others in the same disease model. Future directions should emphasize the importance of elucidating how different Rho GTPases work in concert and how they produce such widespread yet different cellular responses during neurodegenerative disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Qun Lu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Harriet and John Wooten Laboratory for Alzheimer’s and Neurogenerative Diseases Research, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
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Ding ZB, Han QX, Wang Q, Song LJ, Chu GG, Guo MF, Chai Z, Yu JZ, Xiao BG, Li XY, Ma CG. Fasudil enhances the phagocytosis of myelin debris and the expression of neurotrophic factors in cuprizone-induced demyelinating mice. Neurosci Lett 2021; 753:135880. [PMID: 33838256 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is mainly associated with the neuroinflammation and demyelination in the central nervous system (CNS), in which the failure of remyelination results in persistent neurological dysfunction. Fasudil, a typical Rho kinase inhibitor, has been exhibited beneficial effects on several models of neurodegenerative disorders. In this study, we showed that Fasudil promoted the uptake of myelin debris by microglia via cell experiments and through a cuprizone (CPZ)-induced demyelinating model. In vitro, microglia with phagocytic debris exhibited enhanced expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), and the conditioned medium promoted the maturation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). Meanwhile, Fasudil upregulated TREM2/DAP12 pathway, which positively regulated the phagocytosis of myelin debris by microglia. Similarly, in vivo, Fasudil intervention enhanced the clearance of myelin debris, upregulated the expression of BDNF and GDNF on microglia, and promoted the formation of Oligo2+/PDGFRα+ OPCs and the maturation of MBP + oligodendrocytes in the brain. Our results showed that Fasudil targeted the phagocytic function of microglia, effectively clearing myelin debris produced during pathological process possibly by upregulating TREM2/DAP12 pathway, accompanied by increased expression of BDNF and GDNF. However, the precise mechanism underlying the effects of Fasudil in promoting phagocytic effects and neurotrophic factors remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Bin Ding
- Department of Neurology, Bethune Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032, China; The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, 030024, China
| | - Qing-Xian Han
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, 030024, China
| | - Qing Wang
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, 030024, China
| | - Li-Juan Song
- Department of Neurology, Bethune Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032, China; The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, 030024, China
| | - Guo-Guo Chu
- Department of Neurology, Bethune Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032, China; The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, 030024, China
| | - Min-Fang Guo
- Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Inflammatory Neurodegenerative Diseases, Medical School of Shanxi Datong University, Datong, 037009, China
| | - Zhi Chai
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, 030024, China
| | - Jie-Zhong Yu
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, 030024, China; Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Inflammatory Neurodegenerative Diseases, Medical School of Shanxi Datong University, Datong, 037009, China
| | - Bao-Guo Xiao
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China.
| | - Xin-Yi Li
- Department of Neurology, Bethune Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032, China.
| | - Cun-Gen Ma
- Department of Neurology, Bethune Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032, China; The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, 030024, China; Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Inflammatory Neurodegenerative Diseases, Medical School of Shanxi Datong University, Datong, 037009, China.
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Villoslada P, Steinman L. New targets and therapeutics for neuroprotection, remyelination and repair in multiple sclerosis. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2020; 29:443-459. [DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2020.1757647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Villoslada
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences & Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, California, CA, USA
| | - Lawrence Steinman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences & Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, California, CA, USA
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Paul S, Bhakat M, Guin J. Radical C−H Acylation of Nitrogen Heterocycles Induced by an Aerobic Oxidation of Aldehydes. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:3154-3160. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201900857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Subhasis Paul
- School of Chemical SciencesIndian Association for the Cultivation of Science 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur Kolkata- 700032 India
| | - Manotosh Bhakat
- School of Chemical SciencesIndian Association for the Cultivation of Science 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur Kolkata- 700032 India
| | - Joyram Guin
- School of Chemical SciencesIndian Association for the Cultivation of Science 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur Kolkata- 700032 India
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Mdivi-1, a mitochondrial fission inhibitor, modulates T helper cells and suppresses the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:149. [PMID: 31324254 PMCID: PMC6642537 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1542-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Unrestrained activation of Th1 and Th17 cells is associated with the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). While inactivation of dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1), a GTPase that regulates mitochondrial fission, can reduce EAE severity by protecting myelin from demyelination, its effect on immune responses in EAE has not yet been studied. Methods We investigated the effect of Mdivi-1, a small molecule inhibitor of Drp1, on EAE. Clinical scores, inflammation, demyelination and Drp1 activation in the central nervous system (CNS), and T cell responses in both CNS and periphery were determined. Results Mdivi-1 effectively suppressed EAE severity by reducing demyelination and cellular infiltration in the CNS. Mdivi-1 treatment decreased the phosphorylation of Drp1 (ser616) on CD4+ T cells, reduced the numbers of Th1 and Th17 cells, and increased Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in the CNS. Moreover, Mdivi-1 treatment effectively inhibited IFN-γ+, IL-17+, and GM-CSF+ CD4+ T cells, while it induced CD4+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in splenocytes by flow cytometry. Conclusions Together, our results demonstrate that Mdivi-1 has therapeutic potential in EAE by modulating the balance between Th1/Th17 and regulatory T cells.
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Yan Y, Yu J, Gao Y, Kumar G, Guo M, Zhao Y, Fang Q, Zhang H, Yu J, Jiang Y, Zhang HT, Ma CG. Therapeutic potentials of the Rho kinase inhibitor Fasudil in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and the related mechanisms. Metab Brain Dis 2019; 34:377-384. [PMID: 30552558 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-018-0355-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS), Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and other neurodegenerative diseases of central nervous system (CNS) disorders are serious human health problems. Rho-kinase (ROCK) is emerging as a potentially important therapeutic target relevant to inflammatory neurodegeneration diseases. This is supported by studies showing the beneficial effects of fasudil, a ROCK inhibitor, in inflammatory neurodegeneration diseases. MS is an autoimmune disease resulting from inflammation and demyelination in the white matter of the CNS. It has been postulated that activation of Rho/ROCK causes neuropathological changes accompanied with related clinical symptoms, which are improved by treatment with ROCK inhibitors. Therefore, inhibition of abnormal activation of the Rho/ROCK signaling pathway appears to be a new mechanism for treating CNS diseases. In this review, we extensively discussed the role of ROCK inhibitors, summarized the efficacy of fasudil in the MS conventional animal model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), both in vivo and in vitro, and highlighted the mechanism involved. Overall, the findings collected in this review support the role of the ROCK signaling pathway in neurodegenerative diseases. Hence, ROCK inhibitors such as fasudil can be novel, and efficacious treatment for inflammatory neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Yan
- Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
| | - Jiezhong Yu
- Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ye Gao
- Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
| | - Gajendra Kumar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong
| | - Minfang Guo
- Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
| | - Yijin Zhao
- Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
| | - Qingli Fang
- Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
| | - Huiyu Zhang
- Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
| | - Jingwen Yu
- Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
| | - Yuqiang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Han-Ting Zhang
- Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China.
- Departments of Behavioral Medicine & Psychiatry, Physiology & Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, the Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.
| | - Cun-Gen Ma
- Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China.
- "2011" Collaborative Innovation Center/Research Center of Neurobiology, Taiyuan, China.
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Wang Q, Wang J, Yang Z, Sui R, Miao Q, Li Y, Yu J, Liu C, Zhang G, Xiao B, Ma C. Therapeutic effect of oligomeric proanthocyanidin in cuprizone-induced demyelination. Exp Physiol 2019; 104:876-886. [PMID: 30811744 DOI: 10.1113/ep087480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Oligomeric proanthocyanidin has the capacity to alleviate abnormalities in neurological functioning. However, whether oligomeric proanthocyanidin can reduce the progression of demyelination or promote remyelination in demyelinating diseases remains unknown. What is the main finding and its importance? Oligomeric proanthocyanidin can improve cuprizone-induced demyelination by inhibiting immune cell infiltration, reversing overactivated microglia, decreasing the inflammatory cytokines secreted by inflammatory cells and decreasing the production of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein35-55 -specific antibody in the brain. ABSTRACT Demyelinating diseases of the CNS, including multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica and acute disseminated encephalomylitis, are characterized by recurrent primary demyelination-remyelination and progressive neurodegeneration. In the present study, we investigated the therapeutic effect of oligomeric proanthocyanidin (OPC), the most effective component of grape seed extract, in cuprizone-fed C57BL/6 mice, a classic demyelination-remyelination model. Our results showed that OPC attenuated abnormal behaviour, reduced demyelination and increased expression of myelin basic protein and expression of O4+ oligodendrocytes in the corpus callosum. Oligomeric proanthocyanidin also reduced the numbers of B and T cells, activated microglia in the corpus callosum and inhibited secretion of inflammatory factors. Furthermore, concentrations of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-specific antibodies were significantly reduced in serum and brain homogenates after OPC treatment. Together, these results demonstrate a potent therapeutic effect for OPC in cuprizone-mediated demyelination and clearly highlight multiple effects of this natural product in attenuating myelin-specific autoantibodies and the inflammatory microenvironment in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wang
- The Key Research Laboratory Study of Beneficial Qi as a Blood Circulation Stimulator in the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, 030619, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Zhichao Yang
- The Key Research Laboratory Study of Beneficial Qi as a Blood Circulation Stimulator in the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, 030619, China
| | - Ruoxuan Sui
- The Key Research Laboratory Study of Beneficial Qi as a Blood Circulation Stimulator in the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, 030619, China
| | - Qiang Miao
- The Key Research Laboratory Study of Beneficial Qi as a Blood Circulation Stimulator in the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, 030619, China
| | - Yanhua Li
- Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Inflammatory Neurodegenerative Diseases, Shanxi Datong University,, Datong, 037009, China
| | - Jiezhong Yu
- Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Inflammatory Neurodegenerative Diseases, Shanxi Datong University,, Datong, 037009, China
| | - Chunyun Liu
- Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Inflammatory Neurodegenerative Diseases, Shanxi Datong University,, Datong, 037009, China
| | - Guangxian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Baoguo Xiao
- Insitute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University,, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Cungen Ma
- The Key Research Laboratory Study of Beneficial Qi as a Blood Circulation Stimulator in the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, 030619, China.,Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China.,Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Inflammatory Neurodegenerative Diseases, Shanxi Datong University,, Datong, 037009, China
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Lloyd AF, Davies CL, Miron VE. Microglia: origins, homeostasis, and roles in myelin repair. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2017; 47:113-120. [PMID: 29073528 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are the resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS), implicated in developmental processes, homeostasis, and responses to injury. Derived from the yolk sac during development, microglia self-renew, self-regulate their numbers during homeostatic conditions, and show a robust proliferative capacity even in adulthood. Together with monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM), microglia coordinate the regeneration of CNS myelin around axons, termed remyelination. Gene expression analyses and experimental modelling have identified pro-remyelination roles for microglia/MDM in clearance of myelin debris, secretion of growth factors, and remodelling of the extracellular matrix. Further investigations into the molecular mechanisms controlling these regenerative functions will reveal novel therapeutic strategies to enhance remyelination, by harnessing the beneficial effects of the innate immune response to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy F Lloyd
- Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Claire L Davies
- Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Veronique E Miron
- Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom.
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