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Wang D, Wang Y, Shi J, Jiang W, Huang W, Chen K, Wang X, Zhang G, Li Y, Cao C, Lee KY, Lin L. Edaravone dexborneol alleviates ischemic injury and neuroinflammation by modulating microglial and astrocyte polarization while inhibiting leukocyte infiltration. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 130:111700. [PMID: 38382262 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Poststroke inflammation is essential in the mechanism of secondary injury, and it is orchestrated by resident microglia, astrocytes, and circulating immune cells. Edaravone dexborneol (EDB) is a combination of edaravone and borneol that has been identified as a clinical protectant for stroke management. In this study, we verified the anti-inflammatory effect of EDB in the mouse model of ischemia and investigated its modulatory action on inflammation-related cells. C57BL/6 male mice, which had the transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO), were treated (i.p.) with EDB (15 mg/kg). EDB administration significantly reduced the brain infarction and improved the sensorimotor function after stroke. And EDB alleviated the neuroinflammation by restraining the polarization of microglia/macrophages and astrocyte toward proinflammatory phenotype and inhibiting the production of proinflammatory cytokines (such as IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6) and chemokines (including MCP-1 and CXCL1). Furthermore, EDB ameliorated the MCAO-induced impairment of Blood-brain barrier (BBB) by suppressing the degradation of tight junction protein and attenuated the accumulation of peripheral leukocytes in the ischemic brain. Additionally, systemic EDB administration inhibited the macrophage phenotypic shift toward the M1 phenotype and the macrophage-dependent inflammatory response in the spleen and blood. Collectively, EDB protects against ischemic stroke injury by inhibiting the proinflammatory activation of microglia/macrophages and astrocytes and through reduction by invasion of circulating immune cells, which reduces central and peripheral inflammation following stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxue Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China; College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Yutao Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Junfeng Shi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Wenyi Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Wenting Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Keyang Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Xue Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Gongchun Zhang
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuankuan Li
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Chengkun Cao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.
| | - Kwang-Youl Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea.
| | - Li Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.
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Zhong J, He Y, Zhao Q, Luo H, Zhang Q, Tian Y, Liu Y, Yang C, Yin Y, Yu L, Pan L, Tan B. Low-Dose LPS Modulates Microglia/Macrophages Phenotypic Transformation to Amplify Rehabilitation Effects in Chronic Spinal Cord Injured (CSCI) Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-03979-y. [PMID: 38311654 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-03979-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in stalled motor function recovery under the chronic phase. One of the reasons due to the presence of ongoing inflammation. Therefore, regulating the status of immune cells may help reopen the window for neural repair, which represents a potential therapeutic target. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether this could be achieved in mice with cervical 5 crush CSCI (4 W) by utilizing a concentration of 0.5 mg/kg of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to stimulate microglia/macrophages. Additionally, the mice underwent rehabilitation training for another 6 weeks. Our results showed that systemic injection of LPS enhanced the effects of forelimb rehabilitation training, as evaluated through single pellet grasping (SPG). Electrophysiological studies revealed the restoration of cortical drive to the injured side's forelimb muscles in the training combined with LPS group. Tract tracing studies demonstrated the reconstruction of cortical innervation to the cervical spinal cord. Furthermore, the levels of pro-inflammatory phenotype markers, such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (INOS) and CD68, decreased, while the expression of anti-inflammatory phenotype markers, including arginase 1 (ARG-1) and CD206, increased. Importantly, this phenotypic switch in microglia/macrophages was accompanied by an increase in phagocytic activity markers as indicated by BODIPY + IBA1 + staining. Collectively, our data suggests that low-dose LPS improves the effects of rehabilitation training by regulating the phenotypic transformation of microglia/macrophages in CSCI. This study provides a fresh perspective and intervention direction for the clinical treatment of chronic spinal cord injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhong
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Yingxi He
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Qin Zhao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Haodong Luo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Yu Tian
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Department of Special War Wound, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Ce Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Department of Special War Wound, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Ying Yin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Lehua Yu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Lu Pan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China.
| | - Botao Tan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China.
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Li L, Jiang W, Yu B, Liang H, Mao S, Hu X, Feng Y, Xu J, Chu L. Quercetin improves cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by promoting microglia/macrophages M2 polarization via regulating PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 168:115653. [PMID: 37812891 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The modulation of microglial polarization from the pro-inflammatory M1 to the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype shows promise as a therapeutic strategy for ischemic stroke. Quercetin, a natural flavonoid abundant in various plants, possesses anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and antioxidant properties. Nevertheless, its effect and underlying mechanism on microglia/macrophages M1/M2 polarization in the treatment of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury (CI/RI) remain poorly explored. In the current study, we observed that quercetin ameliorated neurological deficits, reduced infarct volume, decreased the number of M1 microglia/macrophages (CD16/32+/Iba1+), and enhanced the number of M2 microglia/macrophages (CD206+/Iba1+) after establishing the CI/RI model in rats. Subsequent in vivo and in vitro experiments indicated that quercetin downregulated M1 markers (CD86, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) and upregulated M2 markers (CD206, Arg-1, IL-10, and TGF-β). Network pharmacology analysis and molecular docking revealed that the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway emerged as the core pathway. Western blot confirmed that quercetin upregulated the phosphorylation of PI3K and Akt, while alleviating the phosphorylation of IκBα and NF-κB both in vivo and in vitro. However, the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 reversed the effects of quercetin on M2 polarization and the expression of key proteins in the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB pathway in primary microglia after oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) in vitro. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that quercetin facilitates microglia/macrophages M2 polarization by modulating the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway in the treatment of CI/RI. These findings provide novel insights into the therapeutic mechanisms of quercetin in ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- Department of Physiology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Weifeng Jiang
- Department of Physiology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Baojian Yu
- Department of Physiology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Huiqi Liang
- Department of Physiology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Shihui Mao
- Department of Physiology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Xiaowei Hu
- Department of Physiology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Yan Feng
- Department of Physiology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Jiadong Xu
- Department of Physiology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Lisheng Chu
- Department of Physiology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China.
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Li H, Xiao G, Tan X, Liu G, Xu Y, Gu S. Human umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells ameliorate ischemic brain injury via promoting microglia/macrophages M2 polarization in MCAO Rats. Exp Brain Res 2023; 241:1585-1598. [PMID: 37142782 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-023-06600-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral infarction is one of the most prevalent cerebrovascular disorders. Microglia and infiltrating macrophages play a key role in regulating the inflammatory response after ischemic stroke. Regulation of microglia/macrophages polarization contributes to the recovery of neurological function in cerebral infarction. In recent decades, human umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells (hUCBMNCs) have been considered a potential therapeutic alternative. However, the mechanism of action is yet unclear. Our study aimed to explore whether hUCBMNCs treatment for cerebral infarction is via regulation of microglia/macrophages polarization. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and were treated by intravenous routine with or without hUCBMNCs at 24 h following MCAO. We evaluated the therapeutic effects of hUCBMNCs on cerebral infarction by measuring animal behavior and infarct volume, and further explored the possible mechanisms of hUCBMNCs for cerebral infarction by measuring inflammatory factors and microglia/macrophages markers using Elisa and immunofluorescence staining, respectively. We found that administration with hUCBMNCs improved behavioral functions and reduced infarct volume. Rats treated with hUCBMNCs showed a significant reduction in the level of IL-6, and TNF-α and increased the level of IL-4 and IL-10 compared to those treated without hUCBMNCs. Furthermore, hUCBMNCs inhibited M1 polarization and promoted M2 polarization of microglia/macrophages after MCAO. We conclude that hUCBMNCs could ameliorate cerebral brain injury by promoting microglia/macrophages M2 polarization in MCAO Rats. This experiment provides evidence that hUCBMNCs represent a promising therapeutic option for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Li
- Department of Neurology, the Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Gai Xiao
- Department of Neurology, the Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Xiao Tan
- Department of Neurology, the Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Guojun Liu
- Shandong Cord Blood Bank, Jinan, Shangdong, China
| | - Yangzhou Xu
- Department of Neurology, the Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Shaojuan Gu
- Department of Neurology, the Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
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Cui P, Lu W, Wang J, Wang F, Zhang X, Hou X, Xu F, Liang Y, Chai G, Hao J. Microglia/macrophages require vitamin D signaling to restrain neuroinflammation and brain injury in a murine ischemic stroke model. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:63. [PMID: 36890539 PMCID: PMC9993716 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02705-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency is associated with worse clinical outcomes after ischemic stroke; nevertheless, the pathophysiological mechanisms remain largely unexplored. In this study, we characterized the molecular mechanisms of how vitamin D signaling modulated stroke progression in male mouse ischemia-reperfusion stroke models. We found that vitamin D receptor (VDR) exhibited a predominant upregulation in peri-infarct microglia/macrophages following cerebral ischemia. Conditional Vdr inactivation in microglia/macrophages markedly augmented infarct volumes and neurological deficits. VDR-deficient microglia/macrophages exhibited a more primed proinflammatory phenotype with substantial secretion of TNF-α and IFN-γ. These inflammatory cytokines further enhanced CXCL10 release from endothelial cells and blood-brain barrier disruption, and ultimately infiltration of peripheral T lymphocytes. Notably, blocking TNF-α and IFN-γ significantly ameliorated stroke phenotypes in Vdr conditional knockout mice. Collectively, VDR signaling in microglia/macrophages plays a crucial role in restraining ischemia-elicited neuroinflammation and stroke progression. Our findings delineate a novel mechanism underlying the association between vitamin D deficiency and poor stroke outcomes, and underline the significance of maintaining a functional vitamin D signaling in the management of acute ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Cui
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China.,Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450007, Henan, China.,Beijing Municipal Geriatric Medical Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Wanting Lu
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China.,Beijing Municipal Geriatric Medical Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Junjie Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China.,Beijing Municipal Geriatric Medical Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xiyue Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China.,Beijing Municipal Geriatric Medical Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodan Hou
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China.,Beijing Municipal Geriatric Medical Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Xu
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China.,Beijing Municipal Geriatric Medical Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Liang
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China.,Beijing Municipal Geriatric Medical Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Guoliang Chai
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China. .,Beijing Municipal Geriatric Medical Research Center, Beijing, China. .,Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.
| | - Junwei Hao
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China. .,Beijing Municipal Geriatric Medical Research Center, Beijing, China. .,Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.
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Zheng Y, Tan X, Cao S. The Critical Role of Erythrolysis and Microglia/Macrophages in Clot Resolution After Intracerebral Hemorrhage: A Review of the Mechanisms and Potential Therapeutic Targets. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:59-67. [PMID: 34981286 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01175-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a common cerebrovascular disorder with high morbidity and mortality. Secondary brain injury after ICH, which is initiated by multiple hemolytic products during erythrolysis, has been identified as a critical factor accounting for the poor prognosis of ICH patients. Clot resolution and hematoma clearance occur immediately after ICH via erythrolysis and erythrophagocytosis. During this process, erythrolysis after ICH results in the release of hemoglobin and products of degradation along with rapid morphological changes in red blood cells (RBCs). Phagocytosis of deformed erythrocytes and products of degradation by microglia/macrophages accelerates hematoma clearance, which turns out to be neuroprotective. Thus, a better understanding of the mechanism of erythrolysis and the role of microglia/macrophages after ICH is urgently needed. In this review, the current research progresses on the underlying mechanism of erythrolysis and erythrophagocytosis, as well as several useful tools for the quantification of erythrolysis-induced brain injury, are summarized, providing potential intervention targets and possible treatment strategies for ICH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghe Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Tan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shenglong Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
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Portillo JAC, Yu JS, Vos S, Bapputty R, Lopez Corcino Y, Hubal A, Daw J, Arora S, Sun W, Lu ZR, Subauste CS. Disruption of retinal inflammation and the development of diabetic retinopathy in mice by a CD40-derived peptide or mutation of CD40 in Müller cells. Diabetologia 2022; 65:2157-2171. [PMID: 35920844 PMCID: PMC9630214 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-022-05775-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS CD40 expressed in Müller cells is a central driver of diabetic retinopathy. CD40 causes phospholipase Cγ1 (PLCγ1)-dependent ATP release in Müller cells followed by purinergic receptor (P2X7)-dependent production of proinflammatory cytokines in myeloid cells. In the diabetic retina, CD40 and P2X7 upregulate a broad range of inflammatory molecules that promote development of diabetic retinopathy. The molecular event downstream of CD40 that activates the PLCγ1-ATP-P2X7-proinflammatory cytokine cascade and promotes development of diabetic retinopathy is unknown. We hypothesise that disruption of the CD40-driven molecular events that trigger this cascade prevents/treats diabetic retinopathy in mice. METHODS B6 and transgenic mice with Müller cell-restricted expression of wild-type (WT) CD40 or CD40 with mutations in TNF receptor-associated factor (TRAF) binding sites were made diabetic using streptozotocin. Leucostasis was assessed using FITC-conjugated concanavalin A. Histopathology was examined in the retinal vasculature. Expression of inflammatory molecules and phospho-Tyr783 PLCγ1 (p-PLCγ1) were assessed using real-time PCR, immunoblot and/or immunohistochemistry. Release of ATP and cytokines were measured by ATP bioluminescence and ELISA, respectively. RESULTS Human Müller cells with CD40 ΔT2,3 (lacks TRAF2,3 binding sites) were unable to phosphorylate PLCγ1 and release ATP in response to CD40 ligation, and could not induce TNF-α/IL-1β secretion in bystander myeloid cells. CD40-TRAF signalling acted via Src to induce PLCγ1 phosphorylation. Diabetic mice in which WT CD40 in Müller cells was replaced by CD40 ΔT2,3 failed to exhibit phosphorylation of PLCγ1 in these cells and upregulate P2X7 and TNF-α in microglia/macrophages. P2x7 (also known as P2rx7), Tnf-α (also known as Tnf), Il-1β (also known as Il1b), Nos2, Icam-1 (also known as Icam1) and Ccl2 mRNA were not increased in these mice and the mice did not develop retinal leucostasis and capillary degeneration. Diabetic B6 mice treated intravitreally with a cell-permeable peptide that disrupts CD40-TRAF2,3 signalling did not exhibit either upregulation of P2X7 and inflammatory molecules in the retina or leucostasis. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION CD40-TRAF2,3 signalling activated the CD40-PLCγ1-ATP-P2X7-proinflammatory cytokine pathway. Src functioned as a link between CD40-TRAF2,3 and PLCγ1. Replacing WT CD40 with CD40 ΔT2,3 impaired activation of PLCγ1 in Müller cells, upregulation of P2X7 in microglia/macrophages, upregulation of a broad range of inflammatory molecules in the diabetic retina and the development of diabetic retinopathy. Administration of a peptide that disrupts CD40-TRAF2,3 signalling reduced retinal expression of inflammatory molecules and reduced leucostasis in diabetic mice, supporting the therapeutic potential of pharmacological inhibition of CD40-TRAF2,3 in diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose-Andres C Portillo
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jin-Sang Yu
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Sarah Vos
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Reena Bapputty
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Yalitza Lopez Corcino
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Alyssa Hubal
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jad Daw
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Sahil Arora
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Wenyu Sun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Zheng-Rong Lu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Carlos S Subauste
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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Sorge RE, Si Y, Norian LA, Guha A, Moore GE, Nabors LB, Filippova N, Yang X, Smith R, Chellappan R, King PH. Inhibition of the RNA Regulator HuR by SRI-42127 Attenuates Neuropathic Pain After Nerve Injury Through Suppression of Neuroinflammatory Responses. Neurotherapeutics 2022; 19:1649-1661. [PMID: 35864415 PMCID: PMC9606176 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-022-01278-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglial activation with the production of pro-inflammatory mediators such as IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β, is a major driver of neuropathic pain (NP) following peripheral nerve injury. We have previously shown that the RNA binding protein, HuR, is a positive node of regulation for many of these inflammatory mediators in glia and that its chemical inhibition or genetic deletion attenuates their production. In this report, we show that systemic administration of SRI-42127, a novel small molecule HuR inhibitor, attenuates mechanical allodynia, a hallmark of NP, in the early and chronic phases after spared nerve injury in male and female mice. Flow cytometry of lumbar spinal cords in SRI-42127-treated mice shows a reduction in infiltrating macrophages and a concomitant decrease in microglial populations expressing IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, and CCL2. Immunohistochemistry, ELISA, and qPCR of lumbar spinal cord tissue indicate suppression of these cytokines and other inflammatory mediators. ELISA of plasma samples in the acute phase also shows attenuation of inflammatory responses. In summary, inhibition of HuR by SRI-42127 leads to the suppression of neuroinflammatory responses and allodynia after nerve injury and represents a promising new direction in the treatment of NP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Sorge
- Department of Psychology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Ying Si
- Department of Neurology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Civitan 545C, 1719 6th Ave. South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
- Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Lyse A Norian
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Abhishek Guha
- Department of Neurology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Civitan 545C, 1719 6th Ave. South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Grace E Moore
- Department of Psychology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - L Burt Nabors
- Department of Neurology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Civitan 545C, 1719 6th Ave. South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Natalia Filippova
- Department of Neurology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Civitan 545C, 1719 6th Ave. South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Xiuhua Yang
- Department of Neurology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Civitan 545C, 1719 6th Ave. South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Reed Smith
- Department of Neurology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Civitan 545C, 1719 6th Ave. South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Rajeshwari Chellappan
- Department of Neurology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Civitan 545C, 1719 6th Ave. South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
- Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Peter H King
- Department of Neurology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Civitan 545C, 1719 6th Ave. South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
- Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
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Cao C, Ding J, Cao D, Li B, Wu J, Li X, Li H, Cui G, Shen H, Chen G. TREM2 modulates neuroinflammation with elevated IRAK3 expression and plays a neuroprotective role after experimental SAH in rats. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 171:105809. [PMID: 35781003 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The modulation of neuroinflammation is a new direction that may alleviate the early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Brain resident microglia/macrophages (Mi/MΦ) are the key drivers of neuroinflammation. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) has been reported to play a neuroprotective role by activating phagocytosis and suspending inflammatory response in experimental ischemic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage. This study was designed to investigate the role of TREM2 on neuroinflammation and neuroprotective effects in a rat SAH model. METHODS Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were induced SAH through endovascular perforation. Lentivirus vectors were administered by i.c.v. to induce TREM2 overexpression or knockdown 7 days before SAH induction. Short- and long-term neurobehavioral tests, western blotting, immunofluorescence, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling and Nissl staining were performed to explore the neuroprotective role of TREM2 after SAH. RESULTS The expression of TREM2 elevated in a rat SAH model with a peak at 48 h after SAH and mainly expressed in Mi/MΦ in brain. TREM2 overexpression improved short- and long-term neurological deficits induced by SAH in rats, while TREM2 knockdown worsened neurological dysfunction. The rats with TREM2 overexpressed presented less neuronal apoptosis and more neuronal survival at 48 h after SAH, while the rats with TREM2 knockdown presented on the contrary. TREM2 overexpression manifested activated phagocytosis and suppressed inflammatory response, with the increase of CD206+/CD11b+ cells and IL-10 expression as well as the decrease of the infiltration of MPO+ cells and the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β. While TREM2 knockdown abolished these effects. The protein level of IRAK3, a negative regulatory factor of inflammation, was significantly elevated after TREM2 overexpression and declined after TREM2 knockdown. CONCLUSIONS Our research suggested TREM2 played a neuroprotective role and improved the short- and long-term neurological deficits by modulating neuroinflammation after SAH. The modulation on neuroinflammation of TREM2 after SAH was related with the elevated protein level of IRAK3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu Province, China; Department of Neurocritical Intensive Care Unit, The Affiliated Jiangyin Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Jiangyin City 214400, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jiasheng Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Demao Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Bing Li
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jiang Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Haiying Li
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Gang Cui
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Haitao Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu Province, China
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Sgroi S, Romeo E, Fruscia PD, Porceddu PF, Russo D, Realini N, Albanesi E, Bandiera T, Bertozzi F, Reggiani A. Inhibition of N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase reduces T cell infiltration in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Pharmacol Res 2021; 172:105816. [PMID: 34391933 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS), in which myeloid cells sustain inflammation, take part in priming, differentiation, and reactivation of myelin-specific T cells, and cause direct myelin damage. N-Acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase (NAAA) is a proinflammatory enzyme induced by phlogosis and overexpressed in macrophages and microglia of EAE mice. Targeting these cell populations by inhibiting NAAA may be a promising pharmacological strategy to modulate the inflammatory aspect of MS and manage disease progression. To address this goal, we used ARN16186, a small molecule specifically designed and synthesized as a pharmacological tool to inhibit NAAA. We assessed whether enzyme inhibition affected the severity of neurological symptoms and modulated immune cell infiltration into the central nervous system of EAE mice. We found that preventive chronic treatment with ARN16186 was efficacious in slowing disease progression and preserving locomotor activity in EAE mice. Furthermore, NAAA inhibition reduced the number of immune cells infiltrating the spinal cord and modulated the overactivation of NF-kB and STAT3 transcription factors, leading to less expansion of Th17 cells over the course of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Sgroi
- D3-Validation, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16163, Italy
| | - Elisa Romeo
- D3-Validation, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16163, Italy
| | - Paolo Di Fruscia
- D3-PharmaChemistry, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16163, Italy
| | | | - Debora Russo
- D3-PharmaChemistry, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16163, Italy
| | - Natalia Realini
- D3-Validation, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16163, Italy
| | - Ennio Albanesi
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Neurofacility, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16163, Italy
| | - Tiziano Bandiera
- D3-PharmaChemistry, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16163, Italy
| | - Fabio Bertozzi
- D3-PharmaChemistry, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16163, Italy
| | - Angelo Reggiani
- D3-Validation, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16163, Italy.
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Kambhampati SP, Bhutto IA, Wu T, Ho K, McLeod DS, Lutty GA, Kannan RM. Systemic dendrimer nanotherapies for targeted suppression of choroidal inflammation and neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration. J Control Release 2021; 335:527-540. [PMID: 34058271 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation and neovascularization are key pathological events in human age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Activated microglia/macrophages (mi/ma) and retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) play an active role in every stage of disease progression. Systemic therapies that can target these cells and address both inflammation and neovascularization will broaden the impact of existing therapies and potentially open new avenues for early AMD where there are no viable therapies. Utilizing a clinically relevant rat model of AMD that mirrors many aspects that of human AMD pathological events, we show that systemic hydroxyl-terminated polyamidoamine dendrimer-triamcinolone acetonide conjugate (D-TA) is selectively taken up by the injured mi/ma and RPE (without the need for targeting ligands). D-TA suppresses choroidal neovascularization significantly (by >80%, >50-fold better than free drug), attenuates inflammation in the choroid and retina, by limiting macrophage infiltration in the pathological area, significantly suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines and pro-angiogenic factors, with minimal side effects to healthy ocular tissue and other organs. In ex vivo studies on human postmortem diabetic eyes, the dendrimer is also taken up into choroidal macrophages. These results suggest that the systemic hydroxyl dendrimer-drugs can offer new avenues for therapies in treating early/dry AMD and late/neovascular AMD alone, or in combination with current anti-VEGF therapies. This hydroxyl dendrimer platform but conjugated to a different drug is undergoing clinical trials for severe COVID-19, potentially paving the way for faster clinical translation of similar compounds for ocular and retinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siva P Kambhampati
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America; Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Imran A Bhutto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Tony Wu
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Katie Ho
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - D Scott McLeod
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Gerard A Lutty
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America; Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America.
| | - Rangaramanujam M Kannan
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America; Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America.
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12
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Kim SY, Kambhampati SP, Bhutto IA, McLeod DS, Lutty GA, Kannan RM. Evolution of oxidative stress, inflammation and neovascularization in the choroid and retina in a subretinal lipid induced age-related macular degeneration model. Exp Eye Res 2020; 203:108391. [PMID: 33307075 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress, inflammation and neovascularization are the key pathological events that are implicated in human age-related macular degeneration (AMD). There are a limited number of animal models available for evaluating and developing new therapies. Most models represent late exudative or neovascular AMD (nAMD) but there is a relative paucity of models that mimic early events in AMD. The purpose of this study is to characterize the evolution of oxidative stress, inflammation, retinal degeneration and neovascularization in a rat model of AMD, created by subretinal injection of human lipid hydroperoxide (HpODE) that found in the sub-macular region in aged and AMD patients. Subretinal HpODE induced retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and retinal degeneration resulting in loss of RPE cells, photoreceptors and retinal thinning. RPE degeneration and atrophy were detected by day 5, followed by neural tissue degeneration at day 12 with robust TUNEL positive cells. Western blot analysis confirmed an increase in pro-apoptotic Bak protein at day 12 in retinal tissues. Oxidative damage biomarkers (4-hydroxynonenal, malondialdehyde, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, and nitrotyrosine) increased in retinal tissue from days 5-12. Müller glial activation was observed in the HpODE injected area at day 5 followed by its remodeling and migration in the outer retina by day 20. RT-qPCR analysis further indicated upregulation of pro-inflammatory genes (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6) both in retinal and RPE/choroidal tissue as early as day 2 and persisted until day 12. Upregulation of oxidative stress markers such as NADPH oxidase (NOX and DOUX family) was detected early in retinal tissue by day 2 followed by its upregulation in choroidal tissue at day 5. Neovascularization was demonstrated from day 12 to day 20 post HpODE injection in choroidal tissue. The results from this study indicate that subretinal HpODE induces advanced AMD phenotypes comprising many aspects of both dry/early and late) and neovascular/late AMD as observed in humans. Within 3 weeks via oxidative damage, upregulation of reactive oxygen species and pro-inflammatory genes, pro-apoptotic Bak and pro-angiogenic VEGF upregulation occurs leading to CNV formation. This experimental model of subretinal HpODE is an appropriate model for the study of AMD and provides an important platform for translational and basic research in developing new therapies particularly for early/dry AMD where currently no viable therapies are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Young Kim
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Siva P Kambhampati
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Imran A Bhutto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - D Scott McLeod
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gerard A Lutty
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Rangaramanujam M Kannan
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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13
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Chen J, Koduri S, Dai S, Toyota Y, Hua Y, Chaudhary N, Pandey AS, Keep RF, Xi G. Intra-hematomal White Matter Tracts Act As a Scaffold for Macrophage Infiltration After Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Transl Stroke Res 2020; 12:858-865. [PMID: 33094829 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-020-00870-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a stroke subtype with high mortality and severe morbidity. Hemorrhages frequently develop within the white matter, but whether white matter fibers within the hematoma survive after ICH has not been well studied. The current study examines whether white matter fibers persist in the hematoma after ICH, fibers that might be impacted by evacuation, and their relationship to macrophage infiltration in a porcine model. Male piglets had 2.5 ml blood with or without CD47 blocking antibody injected into the right frontal lobe. Brains were harvested from 3 days to 2 months after ICH for brain histology. White matter fibers were detected within the hematoma 3 and 7 days after hemorrhage by brain histology and myelin basic protein immunohistochemistry. White matter still remained in the hematoma cavity at 2 months after ICH. Macrophage scavenger receptor-1 positive macrophages/microglia and heme oxygenase-1 positive cells infiltrated into the hematoma along the intra-hematomal white matter fibers at 3 and 7 days after ICH. Treatment with CD47 blocking antibody enhanced the infiltration of these cells. In conclusion, white matter fibers exist within the hematoma after ICH and macrophages/microglia may use such fibers as a scaffold to infiltrate into the hematoma and aid in hematoma clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyin Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sravanthi Koduri
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Shuhui Dai
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Yasunori Toyota
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Ya Hua
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Neeraj Chaudhary
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Aditya S Pandey
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Richard F Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Guohua Xi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA.
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14
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He J, Huang Y, Liu H, Sun X, Wu J, Zhang Z, Liu L, Zhou C, Jiang S, Huang Z, Zhong J, Guo Z, Jiang L, Cheng C. Bexarotene promotes microglia/macrophages - Specific brain - Derived Neurotrophic factor expression and axon sprouting after traumatic brain injury. Exp Neurol 2020; 334:113462. [PMID: 32916173 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been regarded as one of the leading cause of injury-related death and disability. White matter injury after TBI is characterized by axon damage and demyelination, resulting in neural network impairment and neurological deficit. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) can promote white matter repair. The activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) has been reported to promote microglia/macrophages towards anti-inflammatory state and therefore to promote axon regeneration. Bexarotene, an agonist of retinoid X receptor (RXR), can activate RXR/PPARγ heterodimers. The aim of the present study was to identify the effect of bexarotene on BDNF in microglia/macrophages and axon sprouting after TBI in mice. Bexarotene was administered intraperitoneally in C57BL/6 mice undergoing controlled cortical impact (CCI). PPARγ dependency was determined by intraperitoneal administration of a PPARγ antagonist T0070907. We found that bexarotene promoted axon regeneration indicated by increased growth associated protein 43 (GAP43) expression, myelin basic protein (MBP) expression, and biotinylated dextran amine (BDA)+ axon sprouting. Bexarotene also increased microglia/macrophages-specific brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression after TBI. In addition, bexarotene reduced the number of pro-inflammatory microglia/macrophages while increased the number of anti-inflammatory microglia/macrophages after TBI. Moreover, bexaortene inhibited pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion. In addition, bexarotene treatment improved neurological scores and cognitive function of CCI-injured mice. These effects of bexarotene were partially abolished by T0070907. In conclusion, bexarotene promotes axon sprouting, increases microglia/macrophages-specific BDNF expression, and induces microglia/macrophages from a pro-inflammatory state towards an anti-inflammatory one after TBI at least partially in a PPARγ-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junchi He
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yike Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Army Medical Center (Daping Hospital), Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Han Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaochuan Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jingchuan Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhaosi Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liu Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chao Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shaoqiu Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhijian Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianjun Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zongduo Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chongjie Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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15
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Álvarez-Sánchez N, Cruz-Chamorro I, Álvarez-López AI, López-González A, Lacalle Remigio JR, Lardone PJ, Guerrero JM, Martínez-López A, Carrillo-Vico A. Seasonal Variations in Macrophages/Microglia Underlie Changes in the Mouse Model of Multiple Sclerosis Severity. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:4082-9. [PMID: 32661729 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02017-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Both immune and neurodegenerative mechanisms underlie multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). MS/EAE are triggered by encephalitogenic immune cells, including Th1 and Th17 cells, whereas T regulatory (Treg) cells are involved in inflammation resolution. Pro-inflammatory macrophages/microglia also play a deleterious role in the disease. Seasonal variations in MS relapses, active lesions, and pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels have been described in MS patients and have been related with both perinatal and adult exposure to sunlight and other environmental factors. However, some data in EAE mice suggest that these variations might be, at least partially, endogenously determined. Thus, our objective was to study the effect of the season of birth and disease induction on the course of EAE, and immune cell infiltration in the central nervous system (CNS) in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG35-55)-induced EAE in 8 weeks old, female C57BL/6N mice maintained under constant, controlled conditions. EAE severity as well as pathogenic (Th1, Th17, macrophages/microglia) and protective (Treg) subsets was found to vary according to the season of birth or of EAE induction. Summer-born or summer-immunized animals developed a milder disease, which coincided with variations in numbers of T effector/regulatory subsets, and significantly low numbers of macrophages/microglia. These results suggest that endogenous rhythms in immune responses might cause seasonal variations in EAE severity, and, maybe, in the course of MS, and that they might be related to macrophages/microglia.
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Zhao J, Wang B, Wu X, Yang Z, Huang T, Guo X, Guo D, Liu Z, Song J. TGFβ1 alleviates axonal injury by regulating microglia/macrophages alternative activation in traumatic brain injury. Brain Res Bull 2020; 161:21-32. [PMID: 32389801 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes substantial mortality and long-term disability worldwide. TGFβ1 is a unique molecular and functional signature in microglia, but the role of TGFβ1 in TBI is not clear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of TGFβ1 in TBI. The weight dropping device was used to establish TBI model of rats. Hematoxylin eosin staining and Bielschowsky silver staining were used to assess tissue loss. Beam walking and muscle strength tests were used to assess neurological deficits. Immunohistochemical staining was used to assess axonal injures. Western blotting was used to detect expression of related proteins. RT-PCR was used to detect expression of cytokines. Immunofluorescence staining was used to assess the microglia/macrophages activation. We observed obvious axonal injury and microglia/macrophages activation in the peri-lesion cortex. The expression of inflammatory cytokines was markedly high after TBI. The expression of TGFβ1 and TGFβRI were significantly reduced after TBI. TGFβ1 promoted the functional recovery and alleviated axonal injury 1 day after TBI. TGFβ1 promoted microglia/macrophages polarizing to alternative activation and alleviated neuroinflammation. These effects of TGFβ1 could be inhibited by LY2109761, the inhibitor of TGFRI/II. These results suggested that TGFβ1 played a protective role in axonal injury and could be a potential therapeutic target in early stages following TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Xiang Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Zhongbo Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Tingqin Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China
| | - Xiaoye Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Dan Guo
- Department of Science and Technology, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Zunwei Liu
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China; Department of Renal Transplantation, Nephropathy Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Jinning Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China.
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17
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Ma D, Zhao Y, Huang L, Xiao Z, Chen B, Shi Y, Shen H, Dai J. A novel hydrogel-based treatment for complete transection spinal cord injury repair is driven by microglia/macrophages repopulation. Biomaterials 2020; 237:119830. [PMID: 32036301 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.119830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Microglia/macrophage mediated-inflammation, a main contributor to the microenvironment after spinal cord injury (SCI), persists for a long period of time and affects SCI repair. However, the effects of microglia/macrophage mediated-inflammation on neurogenic differentiation of endogenous neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) are not well understood. In this study, to attenuate activated microglia/macrophage mediated-inflammation in the spinal cord of complete transection SCI mice, a combination of photo-crosslinked hydrogel transplantation and CSF1R inhibitor (PLX3397) treatment was used to replace the prolonged, activated microglia/macrophages via cell depletion and repopulation. This combined treatment in SCI mice produced a significant reduction in CD68-positive reactive microglia/macrophages and mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory factors, and a substantial increase in the number of Tuj1-positive neurons in the lesion area compared with single treatment methods. Moreover, most of the newborn Tuj1-positive neurons were confirmed to be generated from endogenous NSPCs using a genetic fate mapping mouse line (Nestin-CreERT2; LSL-tdTomato) that can label and trace NSPC marker-nestin expressing cells and their progenies. Collectively, our findings show that the combined treatment method for inhibiting microglia/macrophage mediated-inflammation promotes endogenous NSPC neurogenesis and improves functional recovery, which provides a promising therapeutic strategy for complete transection SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, PR China
| | - Yannan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, PR China
| | - Lei Huang
- Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface Research, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, PR China
| | - Zhifeng Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, PR China
| | - Bing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, PR China
| | - Ya Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, PR China
| | - He Shen
- Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface Research, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, PR China.
| | - Jianwu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, PR China.
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Takada S, Sakakima H, Matsuyama T, Otsuka S, Nakanishi K, Norimatsu K, Itashiki Y, Tani A, Kikuchi K. Disruption of Midkine gene reduces traumatic brain injury through the modulation of neuroinflammation. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:40. [PMID: 31996236 PMCID: PMC6990546 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-1709-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Midkine (MK) is a multifunctional cytokine found upregulated in the brain in the presence of different disorders characterized by neuroinflammation, including neurodegenerative disorders and ischemia. The neuroinflammatory response to traumatic brain injury (TBI) represents a key secondary injury factor that can result in further neuronal injury. In the present study, we investigated the role of endogenous MK in secondary injury, including neuroinflammation, immune response, and neuronal apoptosis activity, after TBI. Methods Wild type (Mdk+/+) and MK gene deficient (Mdk−/−) mice were subjected to fluid percussion injury for TBI models and compared at 3, 7, and 14 days after TBI, in terms of the following: brain tissue loss, neurological deficits, microglia response, astrocytosis, expression of proinflammatory M1 and anti-inflammatory M2 microglia/macrophage phenotype markers, and apoptotic activity. Results As opposed to Mdk+/+ mice, Mdk−/− mice reported a significantly reduced area of brain tissue loss and an improvement in their neurological deficits. The ratios of the Iba1-immunoreactive microglia/macrophages in the perilesional site were significantly decreased in Mdk−/− than in the Mdk+/+ mice at 3 days after TBI. However, the ratios of the glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactive area were similar between the two groups. The M1 phenotype marker (CD16/32) immunoreactive areas were significantly reduced in Mdk−/− than in the Mdk+/+ mice. Likewise, the mRNA levels of the M1 phenotype markers (TNF-α, CD11b) were significantly decreased in Mdk−/− mice than in Mdk+/+ mice. Furthermore, flow cytometry analysis identified the M2 markers, i.e., CD163+ macrophages cells and arginase-1+ microglia cells, to be significantly higher in Mdk−/− than in Mdk+/+ mice. Finally, the ratios of apoptotic neurons were significantly decreased in the area surrounding the lesion in Mdk−/− than in Mdk+/+ mice following TBI. Conclusion Our findings suggest that MK-deficiency reduced tissue infiltration of microglia/macrophages and altered their polarization status thereby reducing neuroinflammation, neuronal apoptosis, and tissue loss and improving neurological outcomes after TBI. Therefore, targeting MK to modulate neuroinflammation may represent a potential therapeutic strategy for TBI management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiya Takada
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
| | - Harutoshi Sakakima
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Matsuyama
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Shotaro Otsuka
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
| | - Kazuki Nakanishi
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
| | - Kosuke Norimatsu
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
| | - Yuki Itashiki
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
| | - Akira Tani
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Kikuchi
- Division of Brain Science, Department of Physiology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
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Tan Z, Lei Z, Zhang Z, Zhang H, Shu K, Hu F, Lei T. Identification and characterization of microglia/macrophages in the granuloma microenvironment of encephalic schistosomiasis japonicum. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:1088. [PMID: 31888505 PMCID: PMC6937796 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4725-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Egg-induced immune response and granuloma formation are thought to be the basis of central nervous system (CNS)-related clinical symptoms of Schistosoma japonicum. Microglia/macrophages are the major immune cells involved in detection and subsequent elimination of pathogens and injured tissue in the brain. However, little is known about their role in the pathogenesis of neuroschistosomiasis. The main purpose of the study is to clarify the pathological involvement of microglia/macrophages in the pathogenesis of neuroschistosomiasis (NS). Methods Staining techniques were applied to the granuloma tissues excised from 4 patients, as well as mice model which was established by microinjecting viable S. japonicum eggs into the brain. Clinical features of the patients and neurological symptoms in mice were also collected and analyzed in terms of their correlation with microglia/macrophages. Results Microglia/macrophages constituted the major portions of the granulomas surrounding the eggs in both all human cases and S. japonicum egg-injected mice. Granuloma persisted in all patients accompanied by unremitted neurological symptoms, while in mice granuloma formation initiated on day 3, peaked on day 7 and subsided on day 30 post injection with S. japonicum eggs. No neurological abnormalities were observed in egg-injected mice except for significant weight decrease on day 3 compared with saline-injected control. M1 polarization of microglia/macrophages was confirmed in egg-injected mice 3 days post injection and in all human cases. M2 polarization was absent in human patients despite the duration of complaints but dominated in the whole progression of egg-induced pathology in mice until the elimination of eggs and subsidence of neuroinflammation on day 30 post injection. Conclusions Microglia/macrophages participated actively in the granuloma microenvironment of encephalic schistosomiasis japonicum in both human and mice. The polarization pattern of microglia/macrophages coincided with the symptomatic features in human cases and S. japonicum egg-injected mice, indicating M2 instead of M1 activation as a probably more important mediator in the battle against egg-induced pathology and concomitant manifestations. These new findings will shed light on the pathogenesis of NS from a brand-new perspective, and may contribute to the immunotherapy development for such disease, favoring perhaps M2 polarization of microglia/macrophages as a feasible strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhoubin Tan
- Sino-German Neuro-Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhuowei Lei
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- Sino-German Neuro-Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Present Address: Department of Neurosurgery, Philipps University Marburg, Baldingerstr, Marburg, Germany
| | - Huaqiu Zhang
- Sino-German Neuro-Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kai Shu
- Sino-German Neuro-Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Feng Hu
- Sino-German Neuro-Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Ting Lei
- Sino-German Neuro-Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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Zhu J, Cao D, Guo C, Liu M, Tao Y, Zhou J, Wang F, Zhao Y, Wei J, Zhang Y, Fang W, Li Y. Berberine Facilitates Angiogenesis Against Ischemic Stroke Through Modulating Microglial Polarization via AMPK Signaling. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2019; 39:751-68. [PMID: 31020571 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-019-00675-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that microglia/macrophages can change their phenotype to M1 or M2 and participate in tissue damage or repair. Berberine (BBR) has shown promise in experimental stroke models, but its effects on microglial polarization and long-term recovery after stroke are elusive. Here, we investigated the effects of BBR on angiogenesis and microglial polarization through AMPK signaling after stroke. In the present study, C57BL/6 mice were subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO), intragastrically administrated with BBR at 50 mg/kg/day. Neo-angiogenesis was observed by 68Ga-NODAGA-RGD micro-PET/CT and immunohistochemistry. Immunofluorescent staining further exhibited an increase of M2 microglia and a reduction of M1 microglia at 14 days after stroke. In vitro studies, the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced BV2 microglial cells were used to confirm the AMPK activation effect of BBR. RT-PCR, Flow cytometry, and ELISA all demonstrated that BBR could inhibit M1 polarization and promote M2 polarization. Furthermore, treatment of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) with conditioned media collected from BBR-treated BV2 cells promoted angiogenesis. All effects stated above were reversed by AMPK inhibitor (Compound C) and AMPK siRNA. In conclusion, BBR treatment improves functional recovery and promotes angiogenesis following tMCAO via AMPK-dependent microglial M2 polarization.
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21
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Yan Y, Yu J, Gao Y, Kumar G, Guo M, Zhao Y, Fang Q, Zhang H, Yu J, Jiang Y, Zhang HT, Ma CG. Therapeutic potentials of the Rho kinase inhibitor Fasudil in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and the related mechanisms. Metab Brain Dis 2019; 34:377-384. [PMID: 30552558 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-018-0355-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS), Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and other neurodegenerative diseases of central nervous system (CNS) disorders are serious human health problems. Rho-kinase (ROCK) is emerging as a potentially important therapeutic target relevant to inflammatory neurodegeneration diseases. This is supported by studies showing the beneficial effects of fasudil, a ROCK inhibitor, in inflammatory neurodegeneration diseases. MS is an autoimmune disease resulting from inflammation and demyelination in the white matter of the CNS. It has been postulated that activation of Rho/ROCK causes neuropathological changes accompanied with related clinical symptoms, which are improved by treatment with ROCK inhibitors. Therefore, inhibition of abnormal activation of the Rho/ROCK signaling pathway appears to be a new mechanism for treating CNS diseases. In this review, we extensively discussed the role of ROCK inhibitors, summarized the efficacy of fasudil in the MS conventional animal model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), both in vivo and in vitro, and highlighted the mechanism involved. Overall, the findings collected in this review support the role of the ROCK signaling pathway in neurodegenerative diseases. Hence, ROCK inhibitors such as fasudil can be novel, and efficacious treatment for inflammatory neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Yan
- Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
| | - Jiezhong Yu
- Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ye Gao
- Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
| | - Gajendra Kumar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong
| | - Minfang Guo
- Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
| | - Yijin Zhao
- Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
| | - Qingli Fang
- Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
| | - Huiyu Zhang
- Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
| | - Jingwen Yu
- Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
| | - Yuqiang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Han-Ting Zhang
- Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China.
- Departments of Behavioral Medicine & Psychiatry, Physiology & Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, the Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.
| | - Cun-Gen Ma
- Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China.
- "2011" Collaborative Innovation Center/Research Center of Neurobiology, Taiyuan, China.
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Xiao Y, Lai L, Chen H, Shi J, Zeng F, Li J, Feng H, Mao J, Zhang F, Wu N, Xu Y, Tan Z, Gong F, Zheng F. Interleukin-33 deficiency exacerbated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis with an influence on immune cells and glia cells. Mol Immunol 2018; 101:550-563. [PMID: 30173119 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-33, a member of the IL-1 cytokine family, is highly expressed in central nervous system (CNS), suggesting its potential role in CNS. Although some studies have focused on the role of IL-33 in multiple sclerosis (MS) / experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an autoimmune disease characterized by demyelination and axonal damage in CNS, the exact role of IL-33 in MS/EAE remains unclear and controversial. Here, we used IL-33 knockout mice to clarify the role of endogenous IL-33 in EAE by simultaneously eliminating its role as a nuclear transcription factor and an extracellular cytokine. We found that the clinical score in IL-33 knockout EAE mice was higher accompanied by more severe demyelination compared with the wild-type (WT) EAE mice. As for the main immune cells participating in EAE in IL-33 knockout mice, pathogenic effector T cells increased both in peripheral immune organs and CNS, while CD4+FOXP3+ regulatory T cells decreased in spleen and lymph nodes, Th2 cells and natural killer (NK) cells decreased in CNS. Additionally, the populations of microglia/macrophages and CD11C+CD11B+ dendritic cells (DCs) increased in CNS of IL-33 knockout mice with EAE, among which iNOS-producing microglia/macrophages increased. Moreover, resident astrocytes/microglia were more activated in IL-33 knockout mice with EAE. In vitro, after blocking the IL-33, the proliferation of primary astrocytes, the production of MCP-1/CCL2 and TNF-α by astrocytes, and the production of TNF-α by primary microglia stimulated by the homogenate of the peak stage of EAE were increased. Our results indicate that IL-33 plays a protective role in EAE and exerts extensive influences on multiple immune cells and neural cells involved in EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Xiao
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Lin Lai
- Department of Clinical laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, PR China
| | - Huoying Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Junyu Shi
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - FanFan Zeng
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Huiting Feng
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Jie Mao
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Naming Wu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Zheng Tan
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education; NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Feili Gong
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education; NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Fang Zheng
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education; NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China.
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23
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Papa S, Vismara I, Mariani A, Barilani M, Rimondo S, De Paola M, Panini N, Erba E, Mauri E, Rossi F, Forloni G, Lazzari L, Veglianese P. Mesenchymal stem cells encapsulated into biomimetic hydrogel scaffold gradually release CCL2 chemokine in situ preserving cytoarchitecture and promoting functional recovery in spinal cord injury. J Control Release 2018; 278:49-56. [PMID: 29621597 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is an acute neurodegenerative disorder caused by traumatic damage of the spinal cord. The neuropathological evolution of the primary trauma involves multifactorial processes that exacerbate the pathology, worsening the neurodegeneration and limiting neuroregeneration. This complexity suggests that multi-therapeutic approaches, rather than any single treatment, might be more effective. Encouraging preclinical results indicate that stem cell-based treatments may improve the disease outcome due to their multi-therapeutic ability. Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) are currently considered one of the most promising approaches. Significant improvement in the behavioral outcome after MSC treatment sustained by hydrogel has been demonstrated. However, it is still not known how hydrogel contribute to the delivery of factors secreted from MSCs and what factors are released in situ. Among different mediators secreted by MSCs after seeding into hydrogel, we have found CCL2 chemokine, which could account for the neuroprotective mechanisms of these cells. CCL2 secreted from human MSCs is delivered efficaciously in the lesioned spinal cord acting not only on recruitment of macrophages, but driving also their conversion to an M2 neuroprotective phenotype. Surprisingly, human CCL2 delivered also plays a key role in preventing motor neuron degeneration in vitro and after spinal cord trauma in vivo, with a significant improvement of the motor performance of the rodent SCI models.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Papa
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, via La Masa 19, Milano 20156, Italy
| | - I Vismara
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, via La Masa 19, Milano 20156, Italy
| | - A Mariani
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", via La Masa 19, Milan 20156, Italy
| | - M Barilani
- EPIGET LAB, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Unit of Rigenerative Medicine - Cell Factory, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - S Rimondo
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, Milano 20131, Italy
| | - M De Paola
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", via La Masa 19, Milan 20156, Italy
| | - N Panini
- Department of Oncology, IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", via La Masa 19, Milan 20156, Italy
| | - E Erba
- Department of Oncology, IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", via La Masa 19, Milan 20156, Italy
| | - E Mauri
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, Milano 20131, Italy
| | - F Rossi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, Milano 20131, Italy
| | - G Forloni
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, via La Masa 19, Milano 20156, Italy
| | - L Lazzari
- Unit of Rigenerative Medicine - Cell Factory, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - P Veglianese
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, via La Masa 19, Milano 20156, Italy.
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Brandenburg S, Turkowski K, Mueller A, Radev YT, Seidlitz S, Vajkoczy P. Myeloid cells expressing high level of CD45 are associated with a distinct activated phenotype in glioma. Immunol Res 2018; 65:757-768. [PMID: 28367602 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-017-8915-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme is characterized by high accumulation of microglia/macrophages. The function of these tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells is not sufficiently elucidated. Therefore, a better understanding of the precise immune cell composition and function in brain tumors is required. In rodent glioma models, two different myeloid cell populations exist, determined by the expression level of CD45, namely CD11b+CD45low and CD11b+CD45high. Previous analyses of cytokine and marker expression profiles were almost exclusively performed on the entire myeloid cell fraction. Consequently, described pro- and anti-tumoral characteristics were not assigned to the evident subpopulations. In the present study, we used a syngeneic glioblastoma mouse model and subsequent flow cytometric analyses to demonstrate the distinct properties of CD11b+CD45high and the CD11b+CD45low cells. First, the majority of CD11b+CD45high cells expressed high level of GR1 and around 6% of IL10 representing in part features of myeloid-derived suppressor cells, while the CD11b+CD45low fraction displayed no upregulation of these molecules. Second, we detected that specifically the CD11b+CD45high population showed antigen-presenting, co-stimulatory, and inflammatory features. Here, we identified up to 80% of MHCII and approximately 50% of CD86 and TNFα-expressing cells. Investigation of MHCI and CD80 revealed a moderate upregulation. By contrast, in the CD11b+CD45low cell fraction, merely MHCII and TNFα were marginally overexpressed. In summary, these data emphasize the specific phenotype of CD11b+CD45high cells in glioma with suppressive as well as pro-inflammatory characteristics whereas the CD11b+CD45low cells were almost unaffected. Hence, primarily, the subpopulation consisting of CD45high-expressing cells is activated by the tumor and should be considered as therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Brandenburg
- Department of Experimental Neurosurgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kati Turkowski
- Department of Experimental Neurosurgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Annett Mueller
- Department of Experimental Neurosurgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yordan T Radev
- Department of Experimental Neurosurgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabine Seidlitz
- Department of Experimental Neurosurgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Vajkoczy
- Department of Experimental Neurosurgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany. .,Department of Neurosurgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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Liu W, Zhu M, Yu Z, Yin D, Lu F, Pu Y, Zhao C, He C, Cao L. Therapeutic effects of diosgenin in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 2017; 313:152-160. [PMID: 29132838 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Currently, there is no drug available to cure this kind of disease. Diosgenin is a plant-derived steroid saponin. A previous study in our lab revealed that diosgenin can promote oligodendrocyte progenitor cell differentiation and accelerate remyelination. In the present study, we found that diosgenin dose-dependently alleviated the progression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis with reduced central nervous system inflammation and demyelination. We also found that diosgenin treatment can significantly inhibit the activation of microglia and macrophages, suppress CD4+ T cell proliferation and hinder Th1/Th17 cell differentiation. Therefore, we suggested that diosgenin may be a potential therapeutic drug for inflammatory demyelinating diseases, such as MS.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Diosgenin/therapeutic use
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Encephalitis/drug therapy
- Encephalitis/etiology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/complications
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/drug therapy
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Female
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/drug effects
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Microglia/drug effects
- Statistics, Nonparametric
- Treatment Outcome
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Affiliation(s)
- Weili Liu
- Institute of Health Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of the Ministry of Education and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Mei Zhu
- Institute of Health Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of the Ministry of Education and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhongwang Yu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of the Ministry of Education and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Dou Yin
- Institute of Health Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of the Ministry of Education and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Fengfeng Lu
- Institute of Health Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of the Ministry of Education and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yingyan Pu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of the Ministry of Education and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chao Zhao
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AH, England, UK
| | - Cheng He
- Institute of Health Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of the Ministry of Education and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Li Cao
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of the Ministry of Education and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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Wu CH, Shyue SK, Hung TH, Wen S, Lin CC, Chang CF, Chen SF. Genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase reduces brain damage and attenuates neuroinflammation after intracerebral hemorrhage. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:230. [PMID: 29178914 PMCID: PMC5702198 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-1005-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammatory responses significantly contribute to neuronal damage and poor functional outcomes following intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) is known to induce neuroinflammatory responses via degradation of anti-inflammatory epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EET), and sEH is upregulated in response to brain injury. The present study investigated the involvement of sEH in ICH-induced neuroinflammation, brain damage, and functional deficits using a mouse ICH model and microglial cultures. Methods ICH was induced by injecting collagenase in both wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 mice and sEH knockout (KO) mice. WT mice were injected intracerebroventricularly with 12-(3-adamantan-1-yl-ureido)-dodecanoic acid (AUDA), a selective sEH inhibitor, 30 min before ICH. Expression of sEH in the hemorrhagic hemisphere was examined by immunofluorescence and Western blot analysis. The effects of genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition of sEH by AUDA on neuroinflammatory responses, EET degradation, blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, histological damage, and functional deficits were evaluated. The anti-inflammatory mechanism of sEH inactivation was investigated in thrombin- or hemin-stimulated cultured microglia. Results ICH induced an increase in sEH protein levels in the hemorrhagic hemisphere from 3 h to 4 days. sEH was expressed in microglia/macrophages, astrocytes, neurons, and endothelial cells in the perihematomal region. Genetic deletion of sEH significantly attenuated microglia/macrophage activation and expression of inflammatory mediators and reduced EET degradation at 1 and 4 days post-ICH. Deletion of sEH also reduced BBB permeability, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 activity, neutrophil infiltration, and neuronal damage at 1 and 4 days. Likewise, administration of AUDA attenuated proinflammatory microglia/macrophage activation and EET degradation at 1 day post-ICH. These findings were associated with a reduction in functional deficits and brain damage for up to 28 days. AUDA also ameliorated neuronal death, BBB disruption, MMP-9 activity, and neutrophil infiltration at 1 day. However, neither gene deletion nor pharmacological inhibition of sEH altered the hemorrhage volume following ICH. In primary microglial cultures, genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition of sEH by AUDA reduced thrombin- and hemin-induced microglial activation. Furthermore, AUDA reduced thrombin- and hemin-induced P38 MAPK and NF-κB activation in BV2 microglia cultures. Ultimately, AUDA attenuated N2A neuronal death that was induced by BV2 microglial conditioned media. Conclusions Our results suggest that inhibition of sEH may provide a potential therapy for ICH by suppressing microglia/macrophage-mediated neuroinflammation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-017-1005-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hu Wu
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Song-Kun Shyue
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Tai-Ho Hung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shin Wen
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chao-Chang Lin
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, 45 Cheng Hsin Street, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Che-Feng Chang
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Szu-Fu Chen
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China. .,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, 45 Cheng Hsin Street, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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Pena-Philippides JC, Caballero-Garrido E, Lordkipanidze T, Roitbak T. In vivo inhibition of miR-155 significantly alters post-stroke inflammatory response. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:287. [PMID: 27829437 PMCID: PMC5103429 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0753-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background MicroRNA miR-155 is implicated in modulation of the inflammatory processes in various pathological conditions. In our previous studies, we demonstrated that in vivo inhibition of miR-155 promotes functional recovery after mouse experimental stroke. In the present study, we explored if this beneficial effect is associated with miR-155 inhibition-induced alterations in post-stroke inflammatory response. Methods Intravenous injections of a specific miR-155 inhibitor were initiated at 48 h after mouse distal middle cerebral artery occlusion (dMCAO). Temporal changes in the expression of cytokines and key molecules associated with cytokine signaling were assessed at 7, 14, and 21 days after dMCAO, using mouse cytokine gene and protein arrays and Western blot analyses. Electron and immunofluorescence confocal microscopy techniques were used to evaluate the ultrastructural changes, as well as altered expression of specific phenotypic markers, at different time points after dMCAO. Results In the inhibitor-injected mice (inhibitor group), there was a significant decrease in CCL12 and CXCL3 cytokine expression at 7 days and significantly increased levels of major cytokines IL-10, IL-4, IL-6, MIP-1α, IL-5, and IL-17 at 14 days after dMCAO. These temporal changes correlated with altered expression of miR-155 target proteins SOCS-1, SHIP-1, and C/EBP-β and phosphorylation levels of cytokine signaling regulator STAT-3. Electron microscopy showed decreased number of phagocytically active peri-vascular microglia/macrophages in the inhibitor samples. Immunofluorescence and Western blot of these samples demonstrated that expression of leukocyte/ macrophage marker CD45 and phagocytosis marker CD68 was reduced at 7 days, and in contrast, significantly increased at 14 days after dMCAO, as compared to controls. Conclusions Based on our findings, we propose that in vivo miR-155 inhibition following mouse stroke significantly alters the time course of the expression of major cytokines and inflammation-associated molecules, which could influence inflammation process and tissue repair after experimental cerebral ischemia. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0753-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Pena-Philippides
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, 1101 Yale Blvd, Albuquerque, NM, 87106-3834, USA
| | - Ernesto Caballero-Garrido
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, 1101 Yale Blvd, Albuquerque, NM, 87106-3834, USA
| | | | - Tamara Roitbak
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, 1101 Yale Blvd, Albuquerque, NM, 87106-3834, USA.
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Li Z, Wei H, Piirainen S, Chen Z, Kalso E, Pertovaara A, Tian L. Spinal versus brain microglial and macrophage activation traits determine the differential neuroinflammatory responses and analgesic effect of minocycline in chronic neuropathic pain. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 58:107-117. [PMID: 27262531 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Substantial evidence indicates involvement of microglia/macrophages in chronic neuropathic pain. However, the temporal-spatial features of microglial/macrophage activation and their pain-bound roles remain elusive. Here, we evaluated microglia/macrophages and the subtypes in the lumbar spinal cord (SC) and prefrontal cortex (PFC), and analgesic-anxiolytic effect of minocycline at different stages following spared nerve injury (SNI) in rats. While SNI enhanced the number of spinal microglia/macrophages since post-operative day (POD)3, pro-inflammatory MHCII+ spinal microglia/macrophages were unexpectedly less abundant in SNI rats than shams on POD21. By contrast, less abundant anti-inflammatory CD172a (SIRPα)+ microglia/macrophages were found in the PFC of SNI rats. Interestingly in naïve rats, microglial/macrophage expression of CD11b/c, MHCII and MHCII+/CD172a+ ratio were higher in the SC than the cortex. Consistently, multiple immune genes involved in anti-inflammation, phagocytosis, complement activation and M2 microglial/macrophage polarization were upregulated in the spinal dorsal horn and dorsal root ganglia but downregulated in the PFC of SNI rats. Furthermore, daily intrathecal minocycline treatment starting from POD0 for two weeks alleviated mechanical allodynia most robustly before POD3 and attenuated anxiety on POD9. Although minocycline dampened spinal MHCII+ microglia/macrophages until POD13, it failed to do so on cortical microglia/macrophages, indicating that dampening only spinal inflammation may not be enough to alleviate centralized pain at the chronic stage. Taken together, our data provide the first evidence that basal microglial/macrophage traits underlie differential region-specific responses to SNI and minocycline treatment, and suggest that drug treatment efficiently targeting not only spinal but also brain inflammation may be more effective in treating chronic neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilin Li
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Hong Wei
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Sami Piirainen
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Zuyue Chen
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Eija Kalso
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Antti Pertovaara
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Li Tian
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Psychiatry Research Center, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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Wang P, He Y, Li D, Han R, Liu G, Kong D, Hao J. Class I PI3K inhibitor ZSTK474 mediates a shift in microglial/macrophage phenotype and inhibits inflammatory response in mice with cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:192. [PMID: 27549161 PMCID: PMC4994222 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0660-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Microglia/macrophages play a critical role in the inflammatory and immune processes of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Since microglia/macrophages can reversibly shift their phenotype toward either a “detrimental” or a “restorative” state in the injured central nervous system (CNS), compounds mediate that shift which could inhibit inflammation and restore the ability to alleviate cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury would have therapeutic potential. Methods Transient middle cerebral artery occlusion was induced in male C57BL/6 mice. Mice were randomly separated into a sham-operated group, a control group, and a ZSTK474-treated group. We investigated the effect of ZSTK474 by assessing neurological deficits, infarct volume, and histopathological changes. We then determined the potential mechanism by immunofluorescent staining, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and Western blot analysis. The Tukey’s test or Mann–Whitney U test was used to compare differences among the groups. Results ZSTK474 alleviated neurological deficits and reduced infarct volume in the cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury model. Presumably, ZSTK474 shifted the phenotype of microglia/macrophages to a restorative state, since this treatment decreased the secretion of pro-inflammatory factors and advanced the secretion of anti-inflammatory factors. These neuroprotective properties of ZSTK474 may be mediated by the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway. Conclusions ZSTK474 can mediate a shift in microglia/macrophage phenotype and inhibit the inflammatory response in cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury of mice. These effects appeared to ensue via the PI3K/AKT/mTORC1 pathway. Therefore, ZSTK474 may represent a therapeutic intervention with potential for circumventing the catastrophic aftermath of ischemic stroke. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0660-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China.,Department of Neurology, Baotou Central Hospital, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, 014000, China
| | - Yating He
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Daojing Li
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Ranran Han
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Guiyou Liu
- Genome Analysis Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300000, China
| | - Dexin Kong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Junwei Hao
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China. .,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China.
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Brandenburg S, Müller A, Turkowski K, Radev YT, Rot S, Schmidt C, Bungert AD, Acker G, Schorr A, Hippe A, Miller K, Heppner FL, Homey B, Vajkoczy P. Resident microglia rather than peripheral macrophages promote vascularization in brain tumors and are source of alternative pro-angiogenic factors. Acta Neuropathol 2016; 131:365-78. [PMID: 26718201 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-015-1529-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Myeloid cells are an essential part of the glioblastoma microenvironment. However, in brain tumors the function of these immune cells is not sufficiently clarified. In our study, we investigated differential pro-angiogenic activities of resident microglia and peripheral macrophages and their impact on glioma vascularization and progression. Our data demonstrate stable accumulation of microglia/macrophages during tumor growth. These cells often interact with tumor blood vessels correlating with vascular remodeling. Here, we identified resident microglia as well as peripheral macrophages as part of the perivascular niche, primarily contacting endothelial cells. We found overexpression of a variety of pro-angiogenic molecules within freshly isolated microglia/macrophages from glioma. CXCL2, until now a poorly described chemokine, was strongly up-regulated and showed better angiogenic activity than VEGF in vitro. Blocking the CXCL2-CXCR2 signaling pathway resulted in considerably diminished glioma sizes. Additionally, the importance of microglia/macrophages in tumor angiogenesis was confirmed by depletion of these cells in vivo. Vessel density decreased by 50% leading to significantly smaller tumor volumes. Remarkably, selective reduction of resident microglia affected tumoral vessel count comparable to ablation of the whole myeloid cell fraction. These results provide evidence that resident microglia are the crucial modulatory cell population playing a central role in regulation of vascular homeostasis and angiogenesis in brain tumors. Thus, resident microglia represent an alternative source of pro-angiogenic growth factors and cytokines.
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Zhang Q, Bian G, Chen P, Liu L, Yu C, Liu F, Xue Q, Chung SK, Song B, Ju G, Wang J. Aldose Reductase Regulates Microglia/Macrophages Polarization Through the cAMP Response Element-Binding Protein After Spinal Cord Injury in Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 53:662-76. [PMID: 25520004 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-9035-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory reactions are the most critical pathological processes occurring after spinal cord injury (SCI). Activated microglia/macrophages have either detrimental or beneficial effects on neural regeneration based on their functional polarized M1/M2 subsets. However, the mechanism of microglia/macrophage polarization to M1/M2 at the injured spinal cord environment remains unknown. In this study, wild-type (WT) or aldose reductase (AR)-knockout (KO) mice were subjected to SCI by a spinal crush injury model. The expression pattern of AR, behavior tests for locomotor activity, and lesion size were assessed at between 4 h and 28 days after SCI. We found that the expression of AR is upregulated in microglia/macrophages after SCI in WT mice. In AR KO mice, SCI led to smaller injury lesion areas compared to WT. AR deficiency-induced microglia/macrophages induce the M2 rather than the M1 response and promote locomotion recovery after SCI in mice. In the in vitro experiments, microglia cell lines (N9 or BV2) were treated with the AR inhibitor (ARI) fidarestat. AR inhibition caused 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) accumulation, which induced the phosphorylation of the cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) to promote Arg1 expression. KG501, the specific inhibitor of phosphorylated CREB, could cancel the upregulation of Arg1 by ARI or HNE stimulation. Our results suggest that AR works as a switch which can regulate microglia by polarizing cells to either the M1 or the M2 phenotype under M1 stimulation based on its states of activity. We suggest that inhibiting AR may be a promising therapeutic method for SCI in the future.
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Jin Q, Cheng J, Liu Y, Wu J, Wang X, Wei S, Zhou X, Qin Z, Jia J, Zhen X. Improvement of functional recovery by chronic metformin treatment is associated with enhanced alternative activation of microglia/macrophages and increased angiogenesis and neurogenesis following experimental stroke. Brain Behav Immun 2014; 40:131-42. [PMID: 24632338 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute AMPK activation exacerbates ischemic brain damage experimentally. Paradoxically, the clinical use of an AMPK activator metformin reduces the incidence of stroke. We investigated whether post-stroke chronic metformin treatment promotes functional recovery and tissue repair via an M2-polarization mechanism following experimental stroke. Mice were randomly divided to receive metformin or vehicle daily beginning at 24h after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Neurological deficits were monitored for 30days following MCAO. To characterize the polarization of the microglia and infiltrating macrophages, the expression of the M1 and M2 signature genes was analyzed with qPCR, ELISA and immunohistochemistry. Post-MCAO angiogenesis and neurogenesis were examined immunohistochemically. An in vitro angiogenesis model was employed to examine whether metformin promoted angiogenesis in a M2 polarization-dependent manner. Post-stroke chronic metformin treatment had no impact on acute infarction but enhanced cerebral AMPK activation, promoted functional recovery and skewed the microglia/macrophages toward an M2 phenotype following MCAO. Metformin also significantly increased angiogenesis and neurogenesis in the ischemic brain. Consistently, metformin-induced M2 polarization of BV2 microglial cells depended on AMPK activation in vitro. Furthermore, treatment of brain endothelial cells with conditioned media collected from metformin-polarized BV2 cells promoted angiogenesis in vitro. In conclusion, post-stroke chronic metformin treatment improved functional recovery following MCAO via AMPK-dependent M2 polarization. Modulation of microglia/macrophage polarization represents a novel therapeutic strategy for stroke.
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Lau BY, Fogerson SM, Walsh RB, Morgan JR. Cyclic AMP promotes axon regeneration, lesion repair and neuronal survival in lampreys after spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol 2013; 250:31-42. [PMID: 24041988 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Axon regeneration after spinal cord injury in mammals is inadequate to restore function, illustrating the need to design better strategies for improving outcomes. Increasing the levels of the second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) after spinal cord injury enhances axon regeneration across a wide variety of species, making it an excellent candidate molecule that has therapeutic potential. However, several important aspects of the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which cAMP enhances axon regeneration are still unclear, such as how cAMP affects axon growth patterns, the molecular components within growing axon tips, the lesion scar, and neuronal survival. To address these points, we took advantage of the large, identified reticulospinal (RS) neurons in lamprey, a vertebrate that exhibits robust axon regeneration after a complete spinal cord transection. Application of a cAMP analog, db-cAMP, at the time of spinal cord transection increased the number of axons that regenerated across the lesion site. Db-cAMP also promoted axons to regenerate in straighter paths, prevented abnormal axonal growth patterns, increased the levels of synaptotagmin within axon tips, and increased the number of axotomized neurons that survived after spinal cord injury, thereby increasing the pool of neurons available for regeneration. There was also a transient increase in the number of microglia/macrophages and improved repair of the lesion site. Taken together, these data reveal several new features of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying cAMP-mediated enhancement of axon regeneration, further emphasizing the positive roles for this conserved pathway.
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