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Lovett B, Barrett H, Macias AM, Stajich JE, Kasson LR, Kasson MT. Morphological and phylogenetic resolution of Conoideocrella luteorostrata (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae), a potential biocontrol fungus for Fiorinia externa in United States Christmas tree production areas. Mycologia 2024; 116:267-290. [PMID: 38275281 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2023.2296337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
The entomopathogenic fungus Conoideocrella luteorostrata has recently been implicated in natural epizootics among exotic elongate hemlock scale (EHS) insects in Christmas tree farms in the eastern United States. Since 1913, C. luteorostrata has been reported from various plant feeding Hemiptera in the southeastern United States, but comprehensive morphological and phylogenetic studies of U.S. populations are lacking. The recovery of multiple strains of C. luteorostrata from mycosed EHS in North Carolina provided an opportunity to conduct pathogenicity assays and morphological and phylogenetic studies to investigate genus- and species-level boundaries among the Clavicipitaceae. Pathogenicity assays confirmed that C. luteorostrata causes mortality of EHS crawlers, an essential first step in developing this fungus as a biocontrol. Morphological studies revealed that conidia aligned with previous measurements of the Paecilomyces-like asexual state of C. luteorostrata, with conidiophore morphology consistent with historical observations. Additionally, a Hirsutella-like synanamorph was observed in select C. luteorostrata strains. In both a four-locus, 54-taxon Clavicipitaceae-wide phylogenetic analysis including D1-D2 domains of the nuclear 28S rRNA region (28S), elongation factor 1 alpha (EF1-α), DNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit 1 (RPB1), and DNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit 2 (RPB2) and a two-locus, 38-taxon (28S and EF1-α) phylogenetic analysis, all three Conoideocrella species were resolved as strongly supported monophyletic lineages across all loci and both methods (maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference) of phylogenetic inference except for 28S for C. tenuis. Despite the strong support for individual Conoideocrella species, none of the analyses supported the monophyly of Conoideocrella with the inclusion of Dussiella. Due to the paucity of RPB1 and RPB2 sequence data, EF1-α provided superior delimitation of intraspecies groupings for Conoideocrella and should be used in future studies. Further development of C. luteorostrata as a biocontrol against EHS will require additional surveys across diverse Hemiptera and expanded pathogenicity testing to clarify host range and efficacy of this fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Lovett
- Emerging Pests and Pathogens Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Hana Barrett
- Plant Pathology & Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Angie M Macias
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506
| | - Jason E Stajich
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Lindsay R Kasson
- School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506
| | - Matt T Kasson
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506
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Ma M, Luo J, Li C, Eleftherianos I, Zhang W, Xu L. A life-and-death struggle: interaction of insects with entomopathogenic fungi across various infection stages. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1329843. [PMID: 38259477 PMCID: PMC10800808 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1329843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Insects constitute approximately 75% of the world's recognized fauna, with the majority of species considered as pests. Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) are parasitic microorganisms capable of efficiently infecting insects, rendering them potent biopesticides. In response to infections, insects have evolved diverse defense mechanisms, prompting EPF to develop a variety of strategies to overcome or circumvent host defenses. While the interaction mechanisms between EPF and insects is well established, recent findings underscore that their interplay is more intricate than previously thought, especially evident across different stages of EPF infection. This review primarily focuses on the interplay between EPF and the insect defense strategies, centered around three infection stages: (1) Early infection stage: involving the pre-contact detection and avoidance behavior of EPF in insects, along with the induction of behavioral responses upon contact with the host cuticle; (2) Penetration and intra-hemolymph growth stage: involving the initiation of intricate cellular and humoral immune functions in insects, while symbiotic microbes can further contribute to host resistance; (3) Host insect's death stage: involving the ultimate confrontation between pathogens and insects. Infected insects strive to separate themselves from the healthy population, while pathogens rely on the infected insects to spread to new hosts. Also, we discuss a novel pest management strategy underlying the cooperation between EPF infection and disturbing the insect immune system. By enhancing our understanding of the intricate interplay between EPF and the insect, this review provides novel perspectives for EPF-mediated pest management and developing effective fungal insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiqi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ioannis Eleftherianos
- Infection and Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Wei Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Letian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
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Zhao J, Chen Y, Keyhani NO, Wang C, Li Y, Pu H, Li J, Liu S, Lai P, Zhu M, He X, Cai S, Guan X, Qiu J. Isolation of a highly virulent Metarhizium strain targeting the tea pest, Ectropis obliqua. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1164511. [PMID: 37256050 PMCID: PMC10226365 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1164511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Tea is one of the most widely consumed beverages around the world. Larvae of the moth, Ectropis obliqua Prout (Geometridae, Lepidoptera), are one of the most destructive insect pests of tea in China. E. obliqua is a polyphagus insect that is of increasing concern due to the development of populations resistant to certain chemical insecticides. Microbial biological control agents offer an environmentally friendly and effective means for insect control that can be compatible with "green" and organic farming practices. Methods To identify novel E. obliqua biological control agents, soil and inset cadaver samples were collected from tea growing regions in the Fujian province, China. Isolates were analyzed morphologically and via molecular characterization to identity them at the species level. Laboratory and greenhouse insect bioassays were used to determine the effectiveness of the isolates for E. obliqua control. Results Eleven isolates corresponding to ten different species of Metarhizium were identified according to morphological and molecular analyses from soil and/or insect cadavers found on tea plants and/or in the surrounding soil sampled from eight different regions within the Fujian province, China. Four species of Metarhizium including M. clavatum, M. indigoticum, M. pemphigi, and M. phasmatodeae were documented for the first time in China, and the other species were identified as M. anisopliae, M. brunneum, M. lepidiotae, M. majus, M. pinghaense, and M. robertsii. Insect bioassays of the eleven isolates of Metarhizium revealed significant variation in the efficacy of each isolate to infect and kill E. obliqua. Metarhizium pingshaense (MaFZ-13) showed the highest virulence reaching a host target mortality rate of 93% in laboratory bioassays. The median lethal concentration (LC50) and median lethal time (LT50) values of M. pingshaense MaFZ-13 were 9.6 × 104 conidia/mL and 4.8 days, respectively. Greenhouse experiments and a time-dose-mortality (TDM) models were used to further evaluate and confirm the fungal pathogenic potential of M. pingshaense MaFZ-13 against E. obliqua larvae. Discussion Isolation of indigenous microbial biological control agents targeting specific pests is an effective approach for collecting resources that can be exploited for pest control with lowered obstacles to approval and commercialization. Our data show the presence of four different previously unreported Metarhizium species in China. Bioassays of the eleven different Metarhizium strains isolated revealed that each could infect and kill E. obliqua to different degrees with the newly isolated M. pingshaense MaFZ-13 strain representing a particularly highly virulent isolate potentially applicable for the control of E. obliqua larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhao
- Key Lab of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education; State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yuxi Chen
- Key Lab of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education; State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Nemat O. Keyhani
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Cong Wang
- Key Lab of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education; State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yichen Li
- Dulwich International High School Suzhou, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huili Pu
- Key Lab of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education; State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jincheng Li
- Key Lab of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education; State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Sen Liu
- Key Lab of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education; State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Pengyu Lai
- Key Lab of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education; State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Mengjia Zhu
- Key Lab of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education; State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Xueyou He
- Fujian Academy of Forestry, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Shouping Cai
- Fujian Academy of Forestry, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Xiayu Guan
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Junzhi Qiu
- Key Lab of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education; State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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Miranda-Calixto A, Loera-Corral O, López-Pérez M, Figueroa-Martínez F. Improvement of Akanthomyces lecanii resistance to tebuconazole through UV-C radiation and selective pressure on microbial evolution and growth arenas. J Invertebr Pathol 2023; 198:107914. [PMID: 36958641 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2023.107914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Tebuconazole (TEB) is a fungicide widely used in agriculture; however, its constant application has increased the emergence of resistant plant pathogenic fungal strains and reduced the effectiveness of fungi as biological control agents; for instance, the entomopathogenic and hyperparasitic fungus Akanthomyces lecanii, suitable for simultaneous biological control of insect pest and plant pathogenic fungi, is highly sensitive to fungicides. We carried out the induction of resistance to TEB in two wild type strains of A. lecanii by UV radiation and selective pressure in increasing fungicide gradients using a modified Microbial Evolution and Growth Arena (MEGA), to produce A. lecanii strains that can be used as biological control agent in the presence of tebuconazole. Nine UV-induced and three naturally adapted A. lecanii strains were resistant to TEB at the agriculturally recommended dose, and three irradiated strains were resistant to TEB concentration ten times higher; moreover, growth, sporulation rates, production of hydrolytic enzymes, and virulence against the hemipteran Coccus viridis, a major pest of coffee crops, were not affected in the TEB-resistant strains. These A. lecanii TEB-resistant strains would have a greater opportunity to develop and to establish themselves in fields where the fungicide is present and can be used in a combined biological-chemical strategy to improve insect and plant pathogenic fungal control in agriculture. Also, the selective pressure through modified MEGA plate methodology can be used for the adaptation of entomopathogenic filamentous fungi to withstand other chemical or abiotic stresses that limits its effectiveness for pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Miranda-Calixto
- Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Departamento de Biotecnología, San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, C. P. 09340 CDMX, Mexico
| | - Octavio Loera-Corral
- Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Departamento de Biotecnología, San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, C. P. 09340 CDMX, Mexico
| | - Marcos López-Pérez
- Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Lerma Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Av. de las Garzas 10, El panteón, C. P. 52005 Lerma de Villada, Mexico
| | - Francisco Figueroa-Martínez
- CONACyT Research Fellow - Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, C. P. 09340 CDMX, Mexico.
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Ramdani C, El Fakhouri K, Boulamtat R, Bouharroud R, Mesfioui A, Al-Jaboobi M, El Bouhssini M. Entomopathogenic fungi as biological control agents of Dactylopius opuntiae (Hemiptera: Dactylopiidae) under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.997254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cactus Opuntia ficus-indica L. is widly cultivated in Morocco and has a very an important economic role as a source of food, livestock feed and not forgetting that it is considered to be an income for people in rural communities. This crop is subject to the attack of a serious insect pest, the Dactylopius opuntiae (Cockerell), which sucks the sap from the plant causing huge production losses since its introduction to the country in 2014. The present study investigated the entomopathogenic effect of six fungal isolates {Beauveria bassiana [HASS; RFSL10; SPT 011(a)]; Akanthomyces lecanii [RFSLV; SPT R 215] and Cordyceps farinosa [SPSBI4]} for controlling of both nymphs and adult females of D. opuntiae in laboratory and greenhouse bioassays. Under laboratory conditions, the highest mortality of female D. opuntiae was registered by B. bassiana strain HASS at 108 conidia ml−1 with 100%, followed by B. bassiana strain RFSL10, A. lecanii RFSLV, and C. farinosa SPSBI4 isolates with 98%, respectively, 10 days after treatments. Similarly, the highest level of nymph mortality (100%) was recorded by B. bassiana RFSL10 and HASS isolates at 108 conidia ml1, respectively, 4 and 5 days after application. Under greenhouse conditions, B. bassiana (HASS and RFSL10) and A. lecanii (RFSLV) isolates sprayed alone expressed a higher toxicity on nymphs with 75, 68.5 and 58%, respectively, 12 days after treatments. However, no significant difference was observed in adult female's mortality between different fungal isolates, where B. bassiana (HASS) at 108 conidia ml−1 presented a moderate mortality rate with 55%, 12 days after application. In fact, the combination of black soap (60 g/L) with B. bassiana HASS and RFSL10 and A. lecanii (RFSLV) isolates at 108 conidia ml−1 caused the highest toxic activity on D. opuntiae adult females, with 70.5, 68.75 and 67.65%, respectively. These findings showed that entomopathogenic fungi are promising for developing a biopesticide formulation for the management of D. opuntiae as an adequate and safe alternative to chemical pesticides.
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Physiological and Molecular Response Modifications by Ultraviolet-C Radiation in Plutella xylostella and Its Compatibility with Cordyceps fumosorosea. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179800. [PMID: 36077199 PMCID: PMC9456147 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet-C (UV-C) radiation significantly impacts living organisms. UV-C radiation can also be used as a pest management tool. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the effect of UV-C radiation on the physiology and gene expression level of Plutella xylostella, a destructive vegetable pest. Results showed that, after exposure to UV-C radiation for 3, 6, 12, and 24 h, the activity of SOD (superoxide dismutase) and CAT (catalase) of P. xylostella increased, while the activity of PPO (polyphenol oxidase), POD (peroxidase), AChE (acetylcholinesterase), CarE (carboxylesterase), and ACP (acid phosphatase) decreased with increased exposure time. Correlation coefficient analyses indicated that the activity of CAT correlated positively, while PPO and CarE correlated negatively, with exposure time. Gene regulation analysis via qRT-PCR confirmed a significant increase in regulation in CAT, CarE, and PPO-related genes. We also investigated the effect of UV-C exposure on the virulence of Cordyceps fumosorosea against P. xylostella. Here, results indicated that when the fungal treatment was applied to larvae before UV-C radiation, the virulence of C. fumosorosea was significantly reduced. However, this decline in virulence of C. fumosorosea due to UV-C exposure remained only for one generation, and no effect was observed on secondary infection. On the other hand, when larvae were exposed to UV-C radiation before fungal application, the mortality rate significantly increased as the exposure time to UV-C radiation increased. From the current study, it could be concluded that UV-C exposure suppressed the immunity to P. xylostella, which later enhanced the virulence of entomopathogenic fungi. Moreover, the study also suggested that UV irradiation is an effective pest management tool that could be incorporated into pest management strategies, which could help reduce pesticide application, be economically beneficial for the farmer, and be environmentally safe.
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Paradza VM, Khamis FM, Yusuf AA, Subramanian S, Ekesi S, Akutse KS. Endophytic Colonisation of Solanum lycopersicum and Phaseolus vulgaris by Fungal Endophytes Promotes Seedlings Growth and Hampers the Reproductive Traits, Development, and Survival of the Greenhouse Whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:771534. [PMID: 34868170 PMCID: PMC8640138 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.771534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In the scope of mitigating the negative impacts of pesticide use and managing greenhouse whiteflies, Trialeurodes vaporariorum sustainably, 16 endophytic fungal isolates from five different genera (Beauveria, Trichoderma, Hypocrea, Bionectria, and Fusarium) were screened for their ability to colonise two preferred host plant species, namely, tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), through seed inoculation. Seven and nine isolates were endophytic to P. vulgaris and S. lycopersicum, respectively, where significant differences in the endophytic colonisation rates were observed among the fungal isolates in P. vulgaris and its plant parts, with a significant interaction between the isolates and plant parts in S. lycopersicum. Hypocrea lixii F3ST1, Trichoderma asperellum M2RT4, Trichoderma atroviride F5S21, and T. harzianum KF2R41 successfully colonised all the plant parts of both hosts and therefore were selected and further evaluated for their endophytic persistence, effect on plant growth, and pathogenicity to T. vaporariorum adults and F1 progeny. The four endophytes remained in both host plants for the 5-week assessment with varied colonisation rates related to the strong interaction with the time, isolates, and plant parts in both hosts. The effect of the same endophytes on the different host growth parameters varied in P. vulgaris and S. lycopersicum, with T. asperellum M2RT4 not boosting the growth in both host plants while T. atroviride F5S21 resulted in enhanced shoot biomass in S. lycopersicum. T. atroviride F5S21 and T. harzianum KF2R41 inoculated S. lycopersicum plants and H. lixii F3ST1, T. asperellum M2RT4, and T. harzianum KF2R41 inoculated P. vulgaris plants had significantly lower oviposition, while nymph development in both hosts was significantly prolonged in all the endophytically-colonised plants. The endophytes H. lixii F3ST1 and T. asperellum M2RT4 significantly reduced the longevity/survival of the exposed T. vaporariorum adults and the progeny in both S. lycopersicum and P. vulgaris. The findings demonstrate the attributes of the various endophytes in host plant growth promotion as well as their effects on the life-history parameters of T. vaporariorum and could consequently be developed as potential endophytic fungal-based biopesticides for the sustainable management of the pest in S. lycopersicum and P. vulgaris cropping systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vongai M. Paradza
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa
| | - Fathiya M. Khamis
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Abdullahi A. Yusuf
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa
| | - Sevgan Subramanian
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sunday Ekesi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Komivi S. Akutse
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
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Sujithra M, Prathibha HV, Rajkumar M, Guru-Pirasanna-Pandi G, Senthil-Nathan S, Hegde V. Entomopathogenic Potential of Simplicillium lanosoniveum Native Strain in Suppressing Invasive Whitefly, Aleurodicusrugioperculatus Martin (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), Infesting Coconut. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7110964. [PMID: 34829251 PMCID: PMC8619503 DOI: 10.3390/jof7110964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2016, infestation of an exotic polyphagous pest, the rugose spiraling whitefly (RSW), Aleurodicus rugioperculatus Martin (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), was documented on coconut for the first time in India. Instantaneously, RSW has garnered wide attention owing to its damage severity and rapid spread across the coconut-growing regions of the country. Hence, an attempt was made to devise a sustainable integrated pest management (IPM) module using biological control agents as a mainstay component. The present study documented the identification and characterization of a potential entomopathogenic fungal isolate for the management of RSW. An entomopathogenic fungus isolated from nymphal cadavers of RSW was identified as Simplicillium lanosoniveum based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses. A gradient of five conidial concentrations (1 × 104, 1 × 105, 1 × 106, 1 × 107 and 1 × 108 conidia/mL) of the S.lanosoniveum were tested against eggs, first instars, second to third instars and pupae of RSW. Results revealed that S.lanosoniveum is highly virulent to all developmental stages of RSW by causing mortality rates of 95.20%, 87.33%, 85.38% and 72.85%, in eggs, initial, middle and later instar nymphs of RSW, respectively, at the highest tested concentration (1 × 108 conidia/mL) at seven days after exposure. The LC50 and LT50 values of S.lanosoniveum were 4.72 × 104, 4.94 × 104, 5.11 × 105, 5.92 × 105 conidia/mL and 4.27, 4.86, 4.56, 5.89 days against eggs, initial, middle and later instar nymphs of RSW, respectively. Further, preliminary field trials with S.lanosoniveum strain at 1 × 108 conidia/mL exhibited a significant reduction in the egg and nymphal population by 57.8% and 56.3%, respectively. This report thus demonstrated that the newly isolated S.lanosoniveum is an effective pathogen at suppressing all the developmental stages of RSW. This is the first record of S.lanosoniveum infecting RSW, and it has a great potential to be developed as a mycoinsecticide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maruthakasi Sujithra
- Division of Crop Protection, Central Plantation Crop Research Institute, ICAR, Kasaragod 671124, India; (H.V.P.); (M.R.); (V.H.)
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (G.G.-P.-P.); (S.S.-N.); Tel.: +91-(04994)-232894 (M.S.); Fax: +91-(04994)-232322 (M.S.)
| | - Hanumanthappa Veerappa Prathibha
- Division of Crop Protection, Central Plantation Crop Research Institute, ICAR, Kasaragod 671124, India; (H.V.P.); (M.R.); (V.H.)
| | - Manikappa Rajkumar
- Division of Crop Protection, Central Plantation Crop Research Institute, ICAR, Kasaragod 671124, India; (H.V.P.); (M.R.); (V.H.)
| | - Govindharaj Guru-Pirasanna-Pandi
- Division of Crop Protection, National Rice Research Institute, ICAR, Cuttack 753006, India
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (G.G.-P.-P.); (S.S.-N.); Tel.: +91-(04994)-232894 (M.S.); Fax: +91-(04994)-232322 (M.S.)
| | - Sengottayan Senthil-Nathan
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli 627412, India
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (G.G.-P.-P.); (S.S.-N.); Tel.: +91-(04994)-232894 (M.S.); Fax: +91-(04994)-232322 (M.S.)
| | - Vinayaka Hegde
- Division of Crop Protection, Central Plantation Crop Research Institute, ICAR, Kasaragod 671124, India; (H.V.P.); (M.R.); (V.H.)
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Paradza VM, Khamis FM, Yusuf AA, Subramanian S, Akutse KS. Virulence and horizontal transmission of Metarhizium anisopliae by the adults of the greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) and the efficacy of oil formulations against its nymphs. Heliyon 2021; 7:e08277. [PMID: 34765790 PMCID: PMC8571502 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenicity of dry conidia and fungal suspensions of 16 entomopathogenic fungal isolates (10 Metarhizium anisopliae and six Beauveria bassiana) was evaluated against adults and second instar nymphs of the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum respectively. All the tested isolates were pathogenic to T. vaporariorum and caused mortality of 45-93% against the adults and 24-89% against the nymphs. However, M. anisopliae strains showed higher virulence to both developmental stages as compared to B. bassiana strains. The three most virulent isolates that caused high mortalities in adults were M. anisopliae ICIPE 18, ICIPE 62 and ICIPE 69, with cumulative mortalities of 82, 91 and 93%, and median lethal times (LT50) of 5.20, 5.05 and 4.78 days, respectively. These isolates were further assessed for spore acquisition and retention by the adult insects at 0, 24, 48 and 72 h after exposure to dry conidia spores. There was no significant difference among isolates on their acquisition by the insects, although the effect of time on the number of spores retained by each insect was significant. For M. anisopliae ICIPE 62 and ICIPE 69, spore number was significantly higher immediately after exposure at 0 h than at 24, 48 and 72 h, whereas for M. anisopliae ICIPE 18, the spore number remained constant for all the days. The infected "donor" insects were able to horizontally transmit the acquired spores to uninfected "recipient" insects causing high mortality rates in both donor and recipient groups. Metarhizium anisopliae ICIPE 7, ICIPE 18 and ICIPE 62 were the most virulent isolates against the nymphs in aqueous formulation during the first screening with >80% mortality. However, in 2% (v/v) oil formulations at 1 × 108 conidia/ml, canola formulated ICIPE 62, ICIPE 18 and olive formulated ICIPE 18 were the most effective, resulting in 87.8, 88.1 and 99.4% nymphal mortalities respectively and with lower LT50. Oil formulations significantly enhanced the efficacy and virulence of the isolates against the nymphs compared to aqueous formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vongai M. Paradza
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa
| | - Fathiya M. Khamis
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Abdullahi A. Yusuf
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa
| | - Sevgan Subramanian
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Komivi S. Akutse
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
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Wu S, Toews MD, Castrillo LA, Barman AK, Cottrell TE, Shapiro-Ilan DI. Identification and Virulence of Cordyceps javanica Strain wf GA17 Isolated From a Natural Fungal Population in Sweetpotato Whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 50:1127-1136. [PMID: 34169323 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvab061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A new strain of the entomopathogenic fungus, identified as Cordyceps javanica (Frieder. & Bally) Kepler, B. Shrestha & Spatafora (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) wf GA17, was found naturally infecting the sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) MEAM1 in southern Georgia, US, in September 2017. The fungus was tested for pathogenicity and virulence in comparison with commercially available entomopathogenic fungal strains against several insect species in the laboratory. In specific, it was compared with Cordyceps fumosorosea (Wize) Kepler, B. Shrestha & Spatafora (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) Apopka 97, Beauveria bassiana (Bals.-Criv.) Vuill. (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) strain GHA, and Metarhizium brunneum Petch (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) strain F52 for virulence against B. tabaci (4th instars) and cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae) (4th instars with or without wingbuds), on leaf-discs, and against last instars of pecan weevil Curculio caryae (Horn) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and citrus root weevil Diaprepes abbreviatus (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in soil cups. Against B. tabaci, C. javanica exhibited higher mortality and mycosis development at 5 d post inoculation than other fungi. In assays against A. gossypii with and without wingbuds, C. javanica and C. fumosorosea had the highest mortality and mycosis levels and B. bassiana had the lowest; nymphs with wingbuds were more susceptible to some fungal infection than those without. Against C. caryae, B. bassiana was more effective than other fungi. For D. abbreviatus, B. bassiana also caused the highest mortality while M. brunneum had the lowest, with Cordyceps spp. being intermediate. Overall, the findings suggest high potential of the new strain, C. javanica wf GA17, for managing whiteflies and aphids, while it was not as effective as B. bassiana against the curculionids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohui Wu
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, USA
| | - Michael D Toews
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, USA
| | - Louela A Castrillo
- USDA-ARS, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture & Health, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Apurba K Barman
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, USA
| | - Ted E Cottrell
- USDA-ARS, SE Fruit and Tree Nut Research Unit, Byron, GA, USA
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11
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Bamisile BS, Akutse KS, Siddiqui JA, Xu Y. Model Application of Entomopathogenic Fungi as Alternatives to Chemical Pesticides: Prospects, Challenges, and Insights for Next-Generation Sustainable Agriculture. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:741804. [PMID: 34659310 PMCID: PMC8514871 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.741804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In the past few decades, the control of pests and diseases of cultivated plants using natural and biological measures has drawn increasing attention in the quest to reduce the level of dependence on chemical products for agricultural production. The use of living organisms, predators, parasitoids, and microorganisms, such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi, has proven to be a viable and sustainable pest management technique. Among the aforementioned, fungi, most importantly the insect-pathogenic species, have been in use for more than 150years. These include the most popular strains belonging to the genera Beauveria, Metarhizium, Isaria, Hirsutella, and Lecanicillium. Their application is usually through an inundative approach, which inherently involves exposure of the fungal spores to unfavorable humidity, temperature, and solar radiation conditions. These abiotic factors reduce the persistence and efficacy of these insect-pathogenic fungi. Despite these limitations, over 170 strains have been formulated as mycopesticides and are available for commercial use. In the last few decades, numerous studies have suggested that these species of entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) offer far more benefits and have broader ecological functions than hitherto presumed. For instance, aside from their roles as insect killers, it has been well established that they also colonize various host plants and, hence, provide other benefits including plant pathogen antagonism and plant growth promotion and serve as sources of novel bioactive compounds and secondary metabolites, etc. In this light, the potential of EPF as alternatives or perhaps as supplements to chemical pesticides in plant protection is discussed in this review. The paper highlights the numerous benefits associated with endophytic fungal entomopathogen and host plant associations, the mechanisms involved in mediating plant defense against pests and pathogens, and the general limitations to the use of EPF in plant protection. A deeper understanding of these plant host-fungus-insect relationships could help unveil the hidden potentials of fungal endophytes, which would consequently increase the level of acceptance and adoption by users as an integral part of pest management programs and as a suitable alternative to chemical inputs toward sustainable crop production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Komivi Senyo Akutse
- Plant Health Theme, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Junaid Ali Siddiqui
- Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yijuan Xu
- Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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12
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Al Khoury C, Nemer N, Bernigaud C, Fischer K, Guillot J. First evidence of the activity of an entomopathogenic fungus against the eggs of Sarcoptes scabiei. Vet Parasitol 2021; 298:109553. [PMID: 34388422 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana has been successfully used for the control of phytopathogenic arthropods and there are a growing number of studies suggesting that this kind of fungus could also be used for the control of ectoparasites in mammals. This study evaluated for the first time the efficacy of different Beauveria strains against the eggs of Sarcoptes scabiei collected from experimentally infected pigs. Eggs were exposed to fungal conidia and monitored for hatching over 10 days. The strongest effect (28.75 % of hatching inhibition) was obtained with a commercial B. bassiana strain. Furthermore, the detection of fungal genomic within the surface-cleaned eggs demonstrated the ability of B. bassiana to penetrate and proliferate in the egg-shell of S. scabiei. This study provides the first evidence, using molecular techniques, that the development of mycoacaricides may be of interest for the control of S. scabiei infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charbel Al Khoury
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Byblos Campus, P.O. Box 36, Byblos, Lebanon; EA 7380 Dynamic, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, UPEC, USC ANSES, 7 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Nabil Nemer
- Department of Agriculture and Food Engineering, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, P.O.Box 446, Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - Charlotte Bernigaud
- EA 7380 Dynamic, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, UPEC, USC ANSES, 7 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France; Dermatology Department, AP-AH, Henri Mondor Hospital, Université Paris-Est, 51 Avenue du Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, 94010, Créteil, France
| | - Katja Fischer
- Scabies Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Infectious Diseases Program, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jacques Guillot
- EA 7380 Dynamic, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, UPEC, USC ANSES, 7 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
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Accoti A, Engdahl CS, Dimopoulos G. Discovery of Novel Entomopathogenic Fungi for Mosquito-Borne Disease Control. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2021; 2:637234. [PMID: 37744144 PMCID: PMC10512396 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2021.637234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The increased application of chemical control programs has led to the emergence and spread of insecticide resistance in mosquitoes. Novel environmentally safe control strategies are currently needed for the control of disease vectors. The use of entomopathogenic fungi could be a suitable alternative to chemical insecticides. Currently, Beauveria spp. and Metarhizium spp. are the most widely used entomopathogenic fungi for mosquito control, but increasing the arsenal with additional fungi is necessary to mitigate the emergence of resistance. Entomopathogenic fungi are distributed in a wide range of habitats. We have performed a comprehensive screen for candidate mosquitocidal fungi from diverse outdoor environments in Maryland and Puerto Rico. An initial screening of 22 fungi involving exposure of adult Anopheles gambiae to 2-weeks-old fungal cultures identified five potent pathogenic fungi, one of which is unidentified and the remaining four belonging to the three genera Galactomyces sp., Isaria sp. and Mucor sp. These fungi were then screened against Aedes aegypti, revealing Isaria sp. as a potent mosquito killer. The entomopathogenic effects were confirmed through spore-dipping assays. We also probed further into the killing mechanisms of these fungi and investigated whether the mosquitocidal activities were the result of potential toxic fungus-produced metabolites. Preliminary assays involving the exposure of mosquitoes to sterile filtered fungal liquid cultures showed that Galactomyces sp., Isaria sp. and the unidentified isolate 1 were the strongest producers of factors showing lethality against An. gambiae. We have identified five fungi that was pathogenic for An. gambiae and one for Ae. aegypti, among these fungi, four of them (two strains of Galactomyces sp., Mucor sp., and the unidentified isolate 1) have never previously been described as lethal to insects. Further characterization of these entomopathogenic fungi and their metabolites needs to be done to confirm their potential use in biologic control against mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - George Dimopoulos
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Muniz ER, Ribeiro-Silva CS, Arruda W, Keyhani NO, Fernandes ÉKK. The Msn2 Transcription Factor Regulates Acaricidal Virulence in the Fungal Pathogen Beauveria bassiana. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:690731. [PMID: 34354961 PMCID: PMC8329533 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.690731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Beauveria bassiana holds promise as a feasible biological control agent for tick control. The B. bassiana stress–response transcription factor Msn2 is known to contribute to fungal growth, conidiogenesis, stress–response and virulence towards insects; however, little is known concerning whether Msn2 is involved in infection across Arthropoda classes. We evaluated the effects of Msn2 on B. bassiana virulence against Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari, Ixodidae) using wild-type, targeted gene knockout (ΔBbmsn2) and complemented mutant (ΔBbmsn2/Bbmsn2) strains. Reproductive parameters of R. microplus engorged females treated topically or by an intra-hemocoel injection of conidial suspensions were assessed. Treated cuticles of engorged females were analyzed by microscopy, and proteolytic activity of B. bassiana on cuticles was assessed. Topically treated engorged females showed high mean larval hatching (>84%) in control and ΔBbmsn2 treatments, whereas treatment with the wild-type or ΔBbmsn2/Bbmsn2 strains resulted in significantly decreased (lowered egg viability) larval hatching. Percent control of R. microplus topically treated with ΔBbmsn2 was lower than in the groups treated with wild-type (56.1%) or ΔBbmsn2/Bbmsn2 strains. However, no differences on reproductive parameters were detected when R. microplus were treated by intra-hemocoel injection using low (800 conidia/tick) doses for all strains tested; R. microplus injected with high doses of wild-type or mutant strains (106 conidia/tick) died before laying eggs (~48 h after treatment). SEM analyses of B. bassiana infection showed similar conidial germination and formation of pseudo-appressoria on tick cuticle. Histological sections of ticks treated with the wild-type or ΔBbmsn2/Bbmsn2 strains showed fungal penetration through the cuticle, and into the tick interior. Hyphae of ΔBbmsn2, however, did not appear to penetrate or breach the tick exocuticle 120 h after treatment. Protease activity was lower on tick cuticles treated with ΔBbmsn2 than those treated with the wild-type or ΔBbmsn2/Bbmsn2 strains. These data show that loss of the Msn2 transcription factor reduced B. bassiana virulence against R. microplus, but did not interfere with conidial germination, appressoria formation or sporulation on tick cadavers, and plays only a minimal role once the cuticle is breached. Our results indicate that the BbMsn2 transcription factor acts mainly during the fungal penetration process and that decreased protease production may be one mechanism that contributes to the inability of the mutant strain to breach the tick cuticle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elen R Muniz
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil.,Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Cárita S Ribeiro-Silva
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Walquíria Arruda
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Nemat O Keyhani
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Éverton K K Fernandes
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil.,Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
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15
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Ebani VV, Mancianti F. Entomopathogenic Fungi and Bacteria in a Veterinary Perspective. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10060479. [PMID: 34071435 PMCID: PMC8229426 DOI: 10.3390/biology10060479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Several fungal species are well suited to control arthropods, being able to cause epizootic infection among them and most of them infect their host by direct penetration through the arthropod’s tegument. Most of organisms are related to the biological control of crop pests, but, more recently, have been applied to combat some livestock ectoparasites. Among the entomopathogenic bacteria, Bacillus thuringiensis, innocuous for humans, animals, and plants and isolated from different environments, showed the most relevant activity against arthropods. Its entomopathogenic property is related to the production of highly biodegradable proteins. Entomopathogenic fungi and bacteria are usually employed against agricultural pests, and some studies have focused on their use to control animal arthropods. However, risks of infections in animals and humans are possible; thus, further studies about their activity are necessary. Abstract The present study aimed to review the papers dealing with the biological activity of fungi and bacteria against some mites and ticks of veterinary interest. In particular, the attention was turned to the research regarding acarid species, Dermanyssus gallinae and Psoroptes sp., which are the cause of severe threat in farm animals and, regarding ticks, also pets. Their impact on animal and human health has been stressed, examining the weaknesses and strengths of conventional treatments. Bacillus thuringiensis, Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae are the most widely employed agents. Their activities have been reviewed, considering the feasibility of an in-field application and the effectiveness of the administration alone or combined with conventional and alternative drugs is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Virginia Ebani
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
- Interdepartmental Research Center “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-050-221-6968
| | - Francesca Mancianti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
- Interdepartmental Research Center “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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16
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Entomopathogenic fungi as the microbial frontline against the alien Eucalyptus pest Gonipterus platensis in Brazil. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7233. [PMID: 33790337 PMCID: PMC8012584 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86638-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The eucalyptus snout beetle (ESB), Gonipterus platensis, is endemic to Australia but has become a major invasive, destructive pest of Brazilian eucalyptus plantations. Efforts to develop insecticides based on entomopathogenic fungi against ESB are limited by the lack of known virulent strains. We therefore explored the virulence of indigenous Brazilian strains of major entomopathogenic fungi—Beauveria spp. and Metarhizium anisopliae—against ESB adults. We found widely varying virulence and later capacities for conidial production on infected adult cadavers. Two strains stood out, B. bassiana IBCB-240 and M. anisopliae IBCB-364, as especially lethal for ESB adults under laboratory conditions, sporulated abundantly on infected insects, and also outperformed comparable strains used in commercial mycoinsecticides. Notably, B. bassiana IBCB-240 exhibited lower LT50 values at low inoculum levels (≤ 107 conidia mL−1) and smaller LC50 values than M. anisopliae IBCB-364. Taken together, this study emphasizes natural variation in virulence among indigenous Beauveria and Metarhizium strains against ESB adults and identifies fungal strains with superior lethality to existing commercialized strains for managing this eucalyptus pest in Brazil.
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17
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Zhao Q, Ye L, Wang Z, Li Y, Zhang Y, Keyhani NO, Huang Z. Sustainable control of the rice pest, Nilaparvata lugens, using the entomopathogenic fungus Isaria javanica. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:1452-1464. [PMID: 33128435 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens) is an insect pest of rice (Oryza sativa) that is distributed worldwide and is responsible for significant crop yield losses. Of particular concern, N. lugens has developed high resistance to several commonly used insecticides. The entomopathogenic fungus, Isaria javanica, offers an alternative to insecticides for the control of rice plant pests. RESULTS We show that I. javanica caused high mortality of N. lugens nymphs and reduced the survival and fecundity of newly emerged adults in I. javanica-treated insects. I. javanica persisted on plants up to 17 days after its inoculation under greenhouse conditions carried out in summer and autumn. Rice metabolites supported conidial germination and mycelia growth of I. javanica. A granular formulation of I. javanica conidia controlled N. lugens populations in a field experiment. The granular formulation promoted fungal survival and growth in the field up to 28 days post inoculation, resulting in increased fungal persistence and greater pest control coverage. CONCLUSION These data indicate that a granular formulation of I. javanica is able to control N. lugens populations in rice fields. Therefore, this granular formulation can be an alternative to insecticides and can be used in organic fields. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Creation and Application of Guangdong Province, Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lu Ye
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Creation and Application of Guangdong Province, Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaolei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Creation and Application of Guangdong Province, Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanfang Li
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nemat O Keyhani
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Zhen Huang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Creation and Application of Guangdong Province, Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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18
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Lei Y, Hussain A, Guan Z, Wang D, Jaleel W, Lyu L, He Y. Unraveling the Mode of Action of Cordyceps fumosorosea: Potential Biocontrol Agent against Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12020179. [PMID: 33670783 PMCID: PMC7922683 DOI: 10.3390/insects12020179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The entomopathogenic fungus, Cordyceps fumosorosea is a potential eco-friendly biocontrol agent. The present study revealed the entire course of infection of P. xylostella by C. fumosorosea with particular reference to cuticular penetration. Comparative studies on the infection of Plutella xylostella larvae by two strains of C. fumosorosea with different pathogenicity were carried out using light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. We found that C. fumosorosea tended to adhere to the cuticle surfaces containing protrusions. Although conidia of the lower pathogenic strain IFCF-D58 germinated, they failed to penetrate and complete the development cycle. In contrast, the higher pathogenic strain IFCF01 began to germinate within 4 h and attached to the cuticle by a thin mucilaginous matrix within 8 h post-inoculation. After 24 h post-inoculation, germ tubes and penetrating hyphae reached the cuticular epidermis and began to enter the haemocoel. Within 36 h post-inoculation, the hyphal bodies colonized the body cavity. Hyphae penetrated from inside to outside of the body after 48 h and sporulated the cadavers. After 72 h post-inoculation, numerous conidia emerged and the mycelial covered the entire cuticular surface. The two strains showed similarities in terms of conidial size and germination rate. However, IFCF-D58 exhibited significantly fewer appressoria and longer penetrating hyphae compared to the more infective IFCF01 on all surface topographies. The current pathogen invasion sequence of events suggested that the aggressive growth and propagation along with rapid and massive in vivo production of blastospores facilitate the conidia of IFCF01 to quickly overcome the diamondback moth's defense mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyuan Lei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (Y.L.); (W.J.); (L.L.)
| | - Abid Hussain
- Institute of Research and Consultancy, King Faisal University, Hofuf 31982, Saudi Arabia;
- Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zhaoying Guan
- School of Applied Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518116, China;
| | - Desen Wang
- Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Waqar Jaleel
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (Y.L.); (W.J.); (L.L.)
| | - Lihua Lyu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (Y.L.); (W.J.); (L.L.)
| | - Yurong He
- Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-20-85283985
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Wu S, Toews MD, Oliveira-Hofman C, Behle RW, Simmons AM, Shapiro-Ilan DI. Environmental Tolerance of Entomopathogenic Fungi: A New Strain of Cordyceps javanica Isolated from a Whitefly Epizootic Versus Commercial Fungal Strains. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11100711. [PMID: 33080830 PMCID: PMC7602971 DOI: 10.3390/insects11100711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Whiteflies are significant pests of cotton and vegetables in southeastern USA. In previous studies, we isolated and identified a new strain of entomopathogenic fungus that caused epizootics among whiteflies in cotton fields of Southern Georgia, USA. The objective of this study was to test the level of tolerance of this new strain to environmental conditions as compared to commercial fungal strains. We exposed the new strain and three commercially available strains of biopesticides (BotaniGard, Met52, and PFR-97) to different temperatures and strong ultraviolet (UV) radiation before examining post-treatment viability and virulence against a common model organism for insect pathology, the greater wax moth larvae. We found that the new strain had similar levels of activity to commercial strains at moderate temperatures, but higher tolerance than PFR-97 to extremely low and high temperatures and strong UV intensity. These findings suggest that the new fungal strain has potential for commercial development as an alternative to PFR-97 for managing certain types of insect pests. Abstract A new strain of Cordyceps javanica (wf GA17) was observed causing widespread epizootics among whiteflies in Southern Georgia in 2017. The tolerance of conidia to environmental factors including variable temperature and ultraviolet (UV) light was compared between this strain and three commercial strains of entomopathogenic fungi (Metarhizium brunneum F52, Cordyceps fumosorosea Apopka97, and Beauveria bassiana GHA). Under 10–30 °C, C. javanica wf GA17 responded similarly to other fungi, with the highest virulence against Galleria mellonella at 25 °C, followed by 20, 30, and 15 °C; lowest virulence was observed at 10 °C. At 35 °C and 40 °C, C. javanica wf GA17 had lower tolerance than M. brunneum F52 and B. bassiana GHA, but was superior to C. fumosorosea Apopka97 in conidia viability and post-treatment virulence. After exposure to −20 °C for 56 d, C. javanica wf GA17 exhibited lower germination than M. brunneum F52 and lower virulence than M. brunneum F52 and B. bassiana GHA, but higher germination and virulence than C. fumosorosea Apopka97. Following exposure to strong UV light, viability and virulence of all fungi were reduced with increasing exposure periods. Increased environmental tolerance of C. javanica wf GA17 over C. fumosorosea Apopka97 suggests that the new strain could have applicability for commercial pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohui Wu
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, 2360 Rainwater Road, Tifton, GA 31793, USA;
| | - Michael D. Toews
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, 2360 Rainwater Road, Tifton, GA 31793, USA;
- Correspondence: (M.D.T.); (D.I.S.-I.)
| | - Camila Oliveira-Hofman
- USDA–ARS, Southeastern Fruit and Tree Nut Research Laboratory, 21 Dunbar Road, Byron, GA 31008, USA;
| | - Robert W. Behle
- USDA–ARS, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Crop BioProtection Research Unit, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL 61604, USA;
| | - Alvin M. Simmons
- USDA–ARS, U.S. Vegetable Laboratory, 2700 Savannah Highway, Charleston, SC 29414, USA;
| | - David I. Shapiro-Ilan
- USDA–ARS, Southeastern Fruit and Tree Nut Research Laboratory, 21 Dunbar Road, Byron, GA 31008, USA;
- Correspondence: (M.D.T.); (D.I.S.-I.)
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A Review of the Biology and Control of Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), with Special Reference to Biological Control Using Entomopathogenic Fungi. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11090619. [PMID: 32927701 PMCID: PMC7564875 DOI: 10.3390/insects11090619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, is considered one of the most destructive insect pests of vegetables and ornamental crops globally. Synthetic chemical pesticides are mainly used to control B. tabaci, however, their extensive usage has led to a series of detrimental concerns to human health and environmental contamination. It is therefore of significant interest to develop a safer and eco-friendly alternative for controlling B. tabaci. Here, we review the use of entomopathogenic fungi as a proven, biologically sustainable method to effectively control B. tabaci. The development of entomopathogenic fungi in an integrated pest management strategy against B. tabaci can reduce our reliance on chemical pesticides, and help us to secure food safety while preserving nature. Abstract Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), consists of genetically diverse species known to cause significant destruction in several crops around the world. Nymphs and adults of B. tabaci cause damage to plants during feeding, and they can act as a virus vector, thus causing significant yield loss to crops in the tropical and subtropical regions. Chemical pesticides are widely used to control B. tabaci due to their immediate action, but this approach has several drawbacks including food safety issues, insecticide resistance, environmental pollution, and the effect on non-target organisms. A biological control agent using entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) has therefore been developed as an alternative against the conventional use of chemical pesticides in an integrated pest management (IPM) system to effectively control B. tabaci. It is apparent from this review that species of hyphomycetes fungi are the most common EPF used to effectively control B. tabaci, with the second instar being the most susceptible stage of infection. Therefore, this review article focuses specifically on the control of B. tabaci with special emphasis on the use of EPF as biological control agents and their integration in IPM.
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Weng Q, Zhang X, Chen W, Hu Q. Secondary Metabolites and the Risks of Isaria fumosorosea and Isaria farinosa. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24040664. [PMID: 30781844 PMCID: PMC6412548 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24040664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Isaria fumosorosea and Isaria farinosa are important entomopathogenic fungi with a worldwide distribution and multiple host insects. However, the concerns about the safety risks of myco-pesticides have been attracting the attention of researchers and consumers. Secondary metabolites (SMs), especially the mycotoxins, closely affect the biosafety of Isaria myco-insecticides. In the last forty years, more than seventy SMs were identified and isolated from I. fumosorosea and I. farinose. The SMs of I. fumosorosea include the mycotoxins of non-ribosomal peptides (NRPs) (beauvericin and beauverolides), terpenes (trichocaranes and fumosorinone), lactone compounds (cepharosporolides), acids (dipicolinic acid and oxalic acid), etc. Meanwhile, the NRP mycotoxins (cycloaspeptides) and the terpene compounds (farinosones and militarinones) are the main SMs in I. farinosa. Although several researches reported the two Isaria have promised biosafety, the bioactivities and the safety risks of their SMs have not been studied in detail so far. However, based on existing knowledge, most SMs (i.e., mycotoxins) do not come from Isaria myco-insecticide itself, but are from the host insects infected by Isaria fungi, because only the hosts can provide the conditions for fungal proliferation. Furthermore, the SMs from Isaria fungi have a very limited possibility of entering into environments because many SMs are decomposed in insect cadavers. The biosafety of Isaria myco-insecticides and their SMs/mycotoxins are being monitored. Of course, SMs safety risks of Isaria myco-insecticides need further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunfang Weng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Wei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Qiongbo Hu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Kodrík D, Ibrahim E, Gautam UK, Frydrychová RČ, Bednářová A, Krištůfek V, Jedlička P. Changes in vitellogenin expression caused by nematodal and fungal infections in insects. J Exp Biol 2019; 222:jeb.202853. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.202853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the expression and role of vitellogenin (Vg) in the body of the firebug Pyrrhocoris apterus (Heteroptera, Insecta) during the infection elicited by two entomopathogenic organisms, the nematode Steinernema carpocapsae and the fungus Isaria fumosorosea. Infection by S. carpocapsae significantly up-regulated Vg mRNA expression in the male body. The corresponding increase in Vg protein expression was also confirmed by electrophoretic and immunoblotting analyses. Remarkably, in females, the tendency was opposite. Nematodal infection significantly reduced both Vg mRNA and Vg protein expression levels in fat body and hemolymph, respectively. We speculate that infection of reproductive females reduces Vg expression to the level, which is still sufficient for defense, but insufficient for reproduction. This circumstance reduces energy expenditure and helps the individual to cope with the infection. Importantly, purified Vg significantly inhibited growth of Xenorhabdus spp., an entomotoxic bacteria isolated from S. carpocapsae. However, the effect of Vg against I. fumosorosea was not so obvious. The fungus significantly stimulated Vg gene expression in males, however, a similar increase was not recapitulated on the protein level. Nevertheless, in females, both mRNA and protein Vg levels were significantly reduced after the fungal infection. The obtained data demonstrate that Vg is likely an important defense protein, possibly with a specific activity. This considerably expands the known spectrum of Vg functions, as its primary role was thought to be limited to regulating egg development in the female body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalibor Kodrík
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, CAS, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Emad Ibrahim
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, CAS, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Cairo, Giza, Egypt
| | - Umesh K. Gautam
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, CAS, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | | | - Andrea Bednářová
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Krištůfek
- Institute of Soil Biology, Biology Centre, CAS, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Jedlička
- Institute of Biophysics, CAS, Královopolská 135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic
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Lovett B, St Leger RJ. Genetically engineering better fungal biopesticides. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2018; 74:781-789. [PMID: 28905488 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Microbial insect pathogens offer an alternative means of pest control with the potential to wean us off our heavy reliance on chemical pesticides. Insect pathogenic fungi play an important natural role in controlling disease vectors and agricultural pests. Most commercial products employ Ascomycetes in the genera Metarhizium and Beauveria. However, their utilization has been limited by inconsistent field results as a consequence of sensitivity to abiotic stresses and naturally low virulence. Other naturally occurring biocontrol agents also face these hurdles to successful application, but the availability of complete genomes and recombinant DNA technologies have facilitated design of multiple fungal pathogens with enhanced virulence and stress resistance. Many natural and synthetic genes have been inserted into entomopathogen genomes. Some of the biggest gains in virulence have been obtained using genes encoding neurotoxic peptides, peptides that manipulate host physiology and proteases and chitinases that degrade the insect cuticle. Prokaryotes, particularly extremophiles, are useful sources of genes for improving entomopathogen resistance to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. These biological insecticides are environmentally friendly and cost-effective insect pest control options. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Lovett
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
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New cost-effective bioconversion process of palm kernel cake into bioinsecticides based on Beauveria bassiana and Isaria javanica. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:2595-2606. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8805-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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