1
|
Rahmat JN, Liu J, Chen T, Li Z, Zhang Y. Engineered biological nanoparticles as nanotherapeutics for tumor immunomodulation. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:5862-5903. [PMID: 38716589 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00602f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Biological nanoparticles, or bionanoparticles, are small molecules manufactured in living systems with complex production and assembly machinery. The products of the assembly systems can be further engineered to generate functionalities for specific purposes. These bionanoparticles have demonstrated advantages such as immune system evasion, minimal toxicity, biocompatibility, and biological clearance. Hence, bionanoparticles are considered the new paradigm in nanoscience research for fabricating safe and effective nanoformulations for therapeutic purposes. Harnessing the power of the immune system to recognize and eradicate malignancies is a viable strategy to achieve better therapeutic outcomes with long-term protection from disease recurrence. However, cancerous tissues have evolved to become invisible to immune recognition and to transform the tumor microenvironment into an immunosuppressive dwelling, thwarting the immune defense systems and creating a hospitable atmosphere for cancer growth and progression. Thus, it is pertinent that efforts in fabricating nanoformulations for immunomodulation are mindful of the tumor-induced immune aberrations that could render cancer nanotherapy inoperable. This review systematically categorizes the immunosuppression mechanisms, the regulatory immunosuppressive cellular players, and critical suppressive molecules currently targeted as breakthrough therapies in the clinic. Finally, this review will summarize the engineering strategies for affording immune moderating functions to bionanoparticles that tip the tumor microenvironment (TME) balance toward cancer elimination, a field still in the nascent stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juwita N Rahmat
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117585, Singapore
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119074, Singapore
| | - Jiayi Liu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Taili Chen
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - ZhiHong Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhou Y, Tao L, Qiu J, Xu J, Yang X, Zhang Y, Tian X, Guan X, Cen X, Zhao Y. Tumor biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis and targeted therapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:132. [PMID: 38763973 PMCID: PMC11102923 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01823-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Tumor biomarkers, the substances which are produced by tumors or the body's responses to tumors during tumorigenesis and progression, have been demonstrated to possess critical and encouraging value in screening and early diagnosis, prognosis prediction, recurrence detection, and therapeutic efficacy monitoring of cancers. Over the past decades, continuous progress has been made in exploring and discovering novel, sensitive, specific, and accurate tumor biomarkers, which has significantly promoted personalized medicine and improved the outcomes of cancer patients, especially advances in molecular biology technologies developed for the detection of tumor biomarkers. Herein, we summarize the discovery and development of tumor biomarkers, including the history of tumor biomarkers, the conventional and innovative technologies used for biomarker discovery and detection, the classification of tumor biomarkers based on tissue origins, and the application of tumor biomarkers in clinical cancer management. In particular, we highlight the recent advancements in biomarker-based anticancer-targeted therapies which are emerging as breakthroughs and promising cancer therapeutic strategies. We also discuss limitations and challenges that need to be addressed and provide insights and perspectives to turn challenges into opportunities in this field. Collectively, the discovery and application of multiple tumor biomarkers emphasized in this review may provide guidance on improved precision medicine, broaden horizons in future research directions, and expedite the clinical classification of cancer patients according to their molecular biomarkers rather than organs of origin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhou
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Lei Tao
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jiahao Qiu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xinyu Yang
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- School of Medicine, Tibet University, Lhasa, 850000, China
| | - Xinyu Tian
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xinqi Guan
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiaobo Cen
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yinglan Zhao
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mohamed Allam D, Kasem H, Hegazy A, Mahmoud SF. Role of CTLA4 and pSTAT3 Immunostaining in Prognosis and Treatment of the Colorectal Carcinoma. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2024; 19:89-102. [PMID: 38864078 PMCID: PMC11164302 DOI: 10.30699/ijp.2024.2009619.3158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Background & Objective Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is the third leading cause of cancer-caused death worldwide and constitutes about 6.48% of all malignancies in Egypt. Studying the molecular profile of CRC is essential for developing targeted therapies. STAT3 and CTLA4 expression are considered as molecular abnormalities involved in the CRC progression and chemo-resistance. Therefore, they could be used as potential therapeutic targets. This study aimed to evaluate pSTAT3 and CTLA4 expression levels and their possible roles as prognostic and predictive biomarkers in CRC using immunohistochemistry (IHC). Methods This retrospective study included 113 CRC patients. Tissue microarrays were constructed, followed by pSTAT3 and CTLA4 antibodies immunostaining. Their expression was assessed and compared with the clinicopathological parameters and survival data. Results Both pSTAT3 and CTLA4 overexpression were significantly associated with poor prognostic parameters, such as the presence of distant metastasis (P=0.02 & 0.03), high grade (P<0.001 & 0.03), high mitotic count (P<0.001 & 0.03), high tumor budding group (P=0.008 & 0.04), infiltrating tumor border (P<0.001 & 0.007) respectively, and advanced pathological stage with pSTAT3 (P=0.02). A significant association was found between overexpression of both markers and short overall survival. Correlations between the H-score of pSTAT3 and CTLA4 in CRC showed a significant positive correlation (P<0.001). Conclusion STAT3 and CTLA4 positivity may be linked to the development and progression of the CRC, and they may provide potential prognostic indicators and therapeutic targets for CRC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dina Mohamed Allam
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El Kom, Egypt
| | - Hend Kasem
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El Kom, Egypt
| | - Amira Hegazy
- Department of Clinical Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Egypt
| | - Shereen F Mahmoud
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El Kom, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Landwehr LS, Altieri B, Sbiera I, Remde H, Kircher S, Olabe J, Sbiera S, Kroiss M, Fassnacht M. "Expression and prognostic relevance of PD-1, PD-L1 and CTLA-4 immune checkpoints in adrenocortical carcinoma". J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2024:dgae109. [PMID: 38415841 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgae109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare endocrine malignancy with poor prognosis in advanced stages. While therapies targeting the checkpoint molecules programmed cell death 1 (PD-1), its ligand PD-L1 and the cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) have revolutionized treatment in many cancers, the results in ACC were heterogeneous. Their expression in ACC has not been systematically studied and might explain the variable response to checkpoint inhibitors. The expression of PD-1, PD-L1 and CTLA-4 was examined in 162 tumor samples from 122 ACC patients by immunohistochemistry (threshold of >1%) and correlated with tumoral T lymphocyte infiltration and clinical endpoints. Finally, uni- and multivariate analyses of progression-free and overall survival were performed. PD-1 and PD-L1 were expressed in 26.5% and 24.7% of samples, respectively, with low expression in most tumor samples (median positive cells: 2.1% and 21.7%. In contrast, CTLA-4 expression was observed in 52.5% of ACC with a median of 38.4% positive cells. Positive PD-1 expression was associated with longer progression-free survival (HR: 0.50, 95% CI 0.25-0.98, p=0.04) even after considering prognostic factors. In contrast, PD-L1 and CTLA-4 did not correlate with clinical outcome. Additionally, PD-1 and PD-L1 expression correlated significantly with the amount of CD3+, CD4+, FoxP3+ and CD8+ T cells. The heterogeneous expression of PD1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4 in this large series of well-annotated ACC samples might explain the heterogeneous results of the immunotherapies in advanced ACC. In addition, PD-1 expression is a strong prognostic biomarker that can easily be applied in routine clinical care and histopathological assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura-Sophie Landwehr
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Altieri
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Iuliu Sbiera
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Hanna Remde
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Kircher
- Institute of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Julie Olabe
- Institute GReD (Genetics, Reproduction and Development), University Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Silviu Sbiera
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Kroiss
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Medicine IV, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Fassnacht
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Harb OA, Elfeky MA, Alabiad MA, Hemeda R, Allam AS, El Hawary AT, Elbaz M, Sharaf AL, Gertallah LM, Abdelaziz AM, Shalaby AM, Alorini M, Yahia AIO, Negm M. PYCR1, BANF1, and STARD8 Expression in Gastric Carcinoma: A Clinicopathologic, Prognostic, and Immunohistochemical Study. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2024; 32:102-110. [PMID: 37982568 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000001173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It will be important to understand the molecular pathways of gastric cancer (GC) occurrence and progression, thus detecting predictive and prognostic biomarkers of GC. Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase 1 (PYCR1) was upregulated in many cancers, suggesting its possible roles in carcinogenesis and tumor metastases. Barrier-of-autointegration factor 1 (BANF1) is a protein family that plays essential roles in maintaining the integrity of an intact cellular genome. Rho-GTPs are molecular switches that control many signal transduction pathways in normal cells, including 3 subgroups from 1 to 3 (DLC1-3). DLC-3, known as StAR-related lipid transfer domain protein 8 (STARD8), and its role in cancers were not sufficiently studied. The study aimed to investigate the significance of PYCR1, BANF1, and STARD8 protein expression in GC tissues and normal gastric mucosa retrieved from patients with GC to detect prognostic roles of expression. PATIENTS AND METHODS Specimens were collected from 100 patients with gastric carcinoma. After the application of the inclusion criteria of the study, we prepared 100 paraffin blocks from samples of the 100 included patients; each block included samples from gastric carcinoma and adjacent non-neoplastic gastric mucosa. We assessed the expression of PYCR1, BANF1, and STARD8 using immunohistochemistry in all studied samples. We followed patients for the detection of disease progression and survival rates. We correlate PYCR1, BANF1, and STARD8 expression with clinical, pathologic, and prognostic parameters. RESULTS Overexpression of PYCR1 and BANF1 and decreased expression of STARD8 was found in gastric carcinoma tissues than adjacent non-neoplastic gastric mucosa ( P <0.001), and was positively associated with high grade ( P =0.006), depth of tumor invasion, presence of lymph nodes metastases and advanced stage ( P =0.001), high incidence of GC progression, recurrence, unfavorable disease-free survival ( P =0.003) and unfavorable overall survival rates ( P <0.001). Thus, it was revealed that; in univariate and multivariate analyses, levels of PYCR1, BANF1, and STARD8 are associated with the overall survival rate of GC patients. CONCLUSIONS We showed that overexpression of PYCR1 and BANF1 and decreased expression of STARD8 in GC tissues was associated with poor prognosis and GC progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Mohammed Elbaz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo
| | - Ahmed L Sharaf
- Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig
| | | | | | - Amany Mohamed Shalaby
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta
| | - Mohammed Alorini
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Unaizah College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Unaizah
| | - Amar Ibrahim Omer Yahia
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Bisha, Bisha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Kordofan, Elobeid, Sudan
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abdelrahman DI, Elhasadi I, Anbaig A, Bakry A, Mandour D, Wasefy T, Yehia AM, Alorini M, Shalaby AM, Yahia AIO, Alabiad MA. Immunohistochemical Expression of Immune Checkpoints; CTLA-4, LAG3, and TIM-3 in Cancer Cells and Tumor-infiltrating Lymphocytes (TILs) in Colorectal Carcinoma. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2024; 32:71-83. [PMID: 38108390 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000001181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer is considered the third most prevalent cancer in both sexes. Immune checkpoint receptors that regulate T-cell response, stimulation, and development include lymphocyte activating gene 3 (LAG-3), cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4), and T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (Tim-3). In addition, they are crucial for the advancement of cancer and tumor immune escape. OBJECTIVE This work's aim was to assess the immunohistochemistry expression of Tim-3, CTLA-4, and LAG-3 in cancer cells and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in colorectal cancer (CRC) and the correlation between these markers and clinicopathological variables and survival data. METHODS This study involved 206 CRC specimens processed for CTLA-4, LAG3, and TIM-3 immunohistochemistry and correlated with the clinicopathological and survival parameters of the patients. RESULTS High CTLA-4 epithelial expression was highly related to the old age group, large tumor size, low tumor-stroma ratio (TSR), high grade, advanced stage, the presence of distant metastasis (DM), perineural invasion (PNI), necrosis, lymphovascular invasion (LVI), relapse, mortality, overall survival (OS), and disease-free survival (DFS), while negative CTLA-4 TILs expression was highly linked with the presence of gross perforation, low TSR, high tumor budding (TB) score, high grade, advanced stage, the existence of lymph node (LN) metastasis, DM, necrosis, LVI, PNI, DFS, mortality, and OS. Positive LAG-3 TILs expression was highly correlated with large tumor size, gross perforation, low TSR, high TB score, high grade, advanced phase, the presence of LN, necrosis, LVI, PNI, relapse DFS, mortality, and OS. High Tim-3 epithelial expression was extremely linked with low TSR, advanced phase, the presence of LN, LVI, PNI, relapse, DFS, mortality, and OS, while positive Tim-3 TILs expression was related to gross perforation, low TSR, high TB score, advanced stage, the presence of LN, DM, necrosis, relapse, DFS, mortality, and OS. CONCLUSIONS The patients' poor prognosis may be related to the immunohistochemistry expression of LAG-3, Tim-3, and CTLA-4 in CRC cancer tissue and TILs. Poor patient consequences can result from the CTLA-4, Tim-3, and LAG-3 co-expression, but CTLA-4 TILs' expression of these proteins may inhibit the growth of tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ibtesam Elhasadi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Benghazi, Benghazi, Libya
| | - Amal Anbaig
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Benghazi, Benghazi, Libya
| | | | | | - Tamer Wasefy
- General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig
| | - Ahmed M Yehia
- General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig
| | - Mohammed Alorini
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Unaizah College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Unaizah
| | - Amany M Shalaby
- Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Amar Ibrahim Omer Yahia
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Bisha, Bisha, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Kordofan, Elobeid, Sudan
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tian C, Wang X, Zhang S. CTLA-4 and its inhibitors in esophageal cancer: efficacy of therapy and potential mechanisms of adverse events. Am J Cancer Res 2023; 13:3140-3156. [PMID: 37559996 PMCID: PMC10408473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Esophageal cancer is one of the most prevalent diseases in the world, and its prognosis remains poor. Surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy are the most common treatment strategies for esophageal cancer. Although these conventional treatment methods are sometimes beneficial, patients with esophageal cancer still have a high risk of local relapse and metastasis. Thus, novel and effective therapies are needed. Immune checkpoint inhibitors are a type of immunotherapy being studied as a treatment for patients with advanced cancers, and strategies using such inhibitors have rapidly progressed to be recognized as transformative treatments for various cancers in recent years. Immune checkpoint inhibitors combined with chemotherapy or radiotherapy have become the first-line and second-line treatment strategies for advanced esophageal cancer. In addition, immune checkpoint inhibitors have also been recognized as another option for patients with terminal esophageal cancer who cannot benefit from chemotherapy, and they even have potential benefits as a novel neoadjuvant treatment option for locally advanced esophageal cancer. Currently, there are two types of immune checkpoint inhibitors commonly applied in clinical practice: immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting programmed death 1/programmed cell death ligand 1 and immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4. However, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 immune checkpoint inhibitors are rarely used compared with programmed death 1/programmed cell death ligand 1 inhibitors in esophageal cancer and other cancers, and the clinical benefit is unclear. We analyzed and summarized the efficacy and safety of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 immune checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of esophageal cancer. Due to the lack of clinical applications, it is expected that cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 immune checkpoint inhibitors in combination with other treatments may provide superior benefits and improve the prognosis of patients with esophageal cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenrui Tian
- Henan Provincial Peoples Hospital, Xinxiang Medical UniversityNo. 601, Jinsui Avenue, Hongqi District, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430022, Hubei, China
- Institute of Radiation Oncology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430022, Hubei, China
- Institute of Radiation Oncology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430022, Hubei, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Czajka-Francuz P, Prendes MJ, Mankan A, Quintana Á, Pabla S, Ramkissoon S, Jensen TJ, Peiró S, Severson EA, Achyut BR, Vidal L, Poelman M, Saini KS. Mechanisms of immune modulation in the tumor microenvironment and implications for targeted therapy. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1200646. [PMID: 37427115 PMCID: PMC10325690 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1200646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of cancer therapies is limited to a great extent by immunosuppressive mechanisms within the tumor microenvironment (TME). Numerous immune escape mechanisms have been identified. These include not only processes associated with tumor, immune or stromal cells, but also humoral, metabolic, genetic and epigenetic factors within the TME. The identification of immune escape mechanisms has enabled the development of small molecules, nanomedicines, immune checkpoint inhibitors, adoptive cell and epigenetic therapies that can reprogram the TME and shift the host immune response towards promoting an antitumor effect. These approaches have translated into series of breakthroughs in cancer therapies, some of which have already been implemented in clinical practice. In the present article the authors provide an overview of some of the most important mechanisms of immunosuppression within the TME and the implications for targeted therapies against different cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ángela Quintana
- Breast Cancer Unit, Vall d'Hebrón Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Sandra Peiró
- Breast Cancer Unit, Vall d'Hebrón Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Kamal S. Saini
- Fortrea, Inc., Durham, NC, United States
- Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Machine learning methods have been growing in prominence across all areas of medicine. In pathology, recent advances in deep learning (DL) have enabled computational analysis of histological samples, aiding in diagnosis and characterization in multiple disease areas. In cancer, and particularly endocrine cancer, DL approaches have been shown to be useful in tasks ranging from tumor grading to gene expression prediction. This review summarizes the current state of DL research in endocrine cancer histopathology with an emphasis on experimental design, significant findings, and key limitations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siddhi Ramesh
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Chicago Medical Center, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC 2115, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; The University of Chicago Medicine & Biological Sciences, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - James M Dolezal
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Chicago Medical Center, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC 2115, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; The University of Chicago Medicine & Biological Sciences, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alexander T Pearson
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Chicago Medical Center, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC 2115, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; University of Chicago Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, IL, USA; The University of Chicago Medicine & Biological Sciences, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wan H, Zhou H, Feng Y, Chen Y, Zhu L, Mi Y. Comprehensive Analysis of 29,464 Cancer Cases and 35,858 Controls to Investigate the Effect of the Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen 4 Gene rs231775 A/G Polymorphism on Cancer Risk. Front Oncol 2022; 12:878507. [PMID: 35600409 PMCID: PMC9114750 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.878507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In our previous studies, we found that the rs231775 polymorphism of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) is associated with risks of different cancer types; however, the association remains controversial and ambiguous, so we conducted an in-depth meta-analysis to verify the association. A complete search of the PubMed, Google Scholar, Embase, Chinese databases, and Web of Science was conducted without regard to language limitations, covering all publications since November 20, 2021. The search criteria for cancer susceptibility associated with the polymorphism in the CTLA-4 gene rs231775 resulted in 87 case-control studies with 29,464 cases and 35,858 controls. The association strength was analyzed using odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Overall, we found that the CTLA-4 rs231775 polymorphism may reduce cancer risk. A stratified cancer type analysis showed that CTLA-4 rs231775 polymorphism was a risk factor for colorectal cancer and thyroid cancer; on the other hand, it was a protective factor for breast cancer, liver cancer, cervical cancer, bone cancer, head and neck, and pancreatic cancer. We also classified cancer into five systems and observed an increased association with digestive tract cancer, decreased associations with orthopedic tumors, tumors of the urinary system, and gynecological tumors. In the subgroup based on race, decreased relationships were observed in both Asians and Caucasians. The same decreased association was also shown in the analysis of the source of control analysis. Our present study indicates that the CTLA-4 rs231775 polymorphism contributes to cancer development and aggression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyuan Wan
- Wuxi Medical College, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Hangsheng Zhou
- Wuxi Medical College, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yanyan Feng
- Wuxi Medical College, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yongquan Chen
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Lijie Zhu
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yuanyuan Mi
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
El Dein Mohameda AS, El-Rebey HS, AboElnasr LSA, Abdou AG. The role and relationship between programmed death ligand 1 and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 immunohistochemical expression in colorectal carcinoma patients: an impact on outcome. Ecancermedicalscience 2022; 15:1323. [PMID: 35047074 PMCID: PMC8723745 DOI: 10.3332/ecancer.2021.1323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Globally, colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is the third most common cancer diagnosed in both men and women. Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) are immune checkpoints that induce tumour immune escape. Aim This study aimed to evaluate the immunohistochemical expression of PD-L1 and CTLA-4 in CRC and their relationship with clinicopathological parameters and survival data. Result This study included 103 CRC, 22 adenoma and 21 non-neoplastic specimens. High PD-L1 epithelial expression was in favour of CRC and high-grade dysplastic adenoma compared to normal specimens. High PD-L1 epithelial expression was associated with larger sized tumours, perforation, advanced T stage, infiltrative tumour border configuration (TBC), high tumour budding (TB) score, low tumour-stroma ratio (TSR) and absence of peritumoural lymphocytes. High PD-L1+ tumour infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) showed an association with absence of perforation, early T stage, pushing TBC, lower TB score, high TSR and presence of peritumoural lymphocytes. High epithelial CTLA-4 expression was in favour of adenocarcinoma, high-grade dysplastic adenoma and low-grade dysplastic adenoma compared to normal specimens. High CTLA-4 epithelial score showed an association with positive lymph nodes (LNs), presence of an infiltrative TBC and absence of peritumoural lymphocytes. Low CTLA-4+ TILs showed a significant association with advanced tumour stage and increased number of positive LNs. Prolonged survival was associated with low epithelial PD-L1 and CTLA-4, high PD-L1+ TILs and high CTLA-4+ TILs. By multivariate Cox regression analysis, PD-L1+ TILs immunoreactivity score (p = 0.020) and CTLA-4+ TILs H. score (p = 0.036) were independent prognostic factors affecting overall survival among the other prognostic factors. Conclusion PD-L1 and CTLA-4 expression by tumour cells could cooperate with each other in enhancing progression of CRC leading to poor patient outcome, while their expression by TILs could stand against tumour progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hala Said El-Rebey
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebein Elkom, 32511, Egypt.,https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0869-6332
| | - Lamia Sabry Abdelsamed AboElnasr
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebein Elkom, 32511, Egypt.,https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0869-6332
| | - Asmaa Gaber Abdou
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebein Elkom, 32511, Egypt.,https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0869-6332
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Dum D, Henke TLC, Mandelkow T, Yang C, Bady E, Raedler JB, Simon R, Sauter G, Lennartz M, Büscheck F, Luebke AM, Menz A, Hinsch A, Höflmayer D, Weidemann S, Fraune C, Möller K, Lebok P, Uhlig R, Bernreuther C, Jacobsen F, Clauditz TS, Wilczak W, Minner S, Burandt E, Steurer S, Blessin NC. Semi-automated validation and quantification of CTLA-4 in 90 different tumor entities using multiple antibodies and artificial intelligence. J Transl Med 2022; 102:650-657. [PMID: 35091676 PMCID: PMC9162915 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-022-00728-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
CTLA-4 is an inhibitory immune checkpoint receptor and a negative regulator of anti-tumor T-cell function. This study is aimed for a comparative analysis of CTLA-4+ cells between different tumor entities. To quantify CTLA-4+ cells, 4582 tumor samples from 90 different tumor entities as well as 608 samples of 76 different normal tissue types were analyzed by immunohistochemistry in a tissue microarray format. Two different antibody clones (MSVA-152R and CAL49) were validated and quantified using a deep learning framework for automated exclusion of unspecific immunostaining. Comparing both CTLA-4 antibodies revealed a clone dependent unspecific staining pattern in adrenal cortical adenoma (63%) for MSVA-152R and in pheochromocytoma (67%) as well as hepatocellular carcinoma (36%) for CAL49. After automated exclusion of non-specific staining reaction (3.6%), a strong correlation was observed for the densities of CTLA-4+ lymphocytes obtained by both antibodies (r = 0.87; p < 0.0001). A high CTLA-4+ cell density was linked to low pT category (p < 0.0001), absent lymph node metastases (p = 0.0354), and PD-L1 expression in tumor cells or inflammatory cells (p < 0.0001 each). A high CTLA-4/CD3-ratio was linked to absent lymph node metastases (p = 0.0295) and to PD-L1 positivity on immune cells (p = 0.0026). Marked differences exist in the number of CTLA-4+ lymphocytes between tumors. Analyzing two independent antibodies by a deep learning framework can facilitate automated quantification of immunohistochemically analyzed target proteins such as CTLA-4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Dum
- grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tjark L. C. Henke
- grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tim Mandelkow
- grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Cheng Yang
- grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Elena Bady
- grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jonas B. Raedler
- grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany ,grid.189504.10000 0004 1936 7558College of Arts and Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA USA
| | - Ronald Simon
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Guido Sauter
- grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Lennartz
- grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Franziska Büscheck
- grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas M. Luebke
- grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anne Menz
- grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Hinsch
- grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Doris Höflmayer
- grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sören Weidemann
- grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Fraune
- grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Möller
- grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Lebok
- grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ria Uhlig
- grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Bernreuther
- grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Frank Jacobsen
- grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Till S. Clauditz
- grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Waldemar Wilczak
- grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Minner
- grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eike Burandt
- grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Steurer
- grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Niclas C. Blessin
- grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Capitani N, Patrussi L, Baldari CT. Nature vs. Nurture: The Two Opposing Behaviors of Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes in the Tumor Microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011221. [PMID: 34681881 PMCID: PMC8540886 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Similar to Janus, the two-faced god of Roman mythology, the tumor microenvironment operates two opposing and often conflicting activities, on the one hand fighting against tumor cells, while on the other hand, favoring their proliferation, survival and migration to other sites to establish metastases. In the tumor microenvironment, cytotoxic T cells-the specialized tumor-cell killers-also show this dual nature, operating their tumor-cell directed killing activities until they become exhausted and dysfunctional, a process promoted by cancer cells themselves. Here, we discuss the opposing activities of immune cells populating the tumor microenvironment in both cancer progression and anti-cancer responses, with a focus on cytotoxic T cells and on the molecular mechanisms responsible for the efficient suppression of their killing activities as a paradigm of the power of cancer cells to shape the microenvironment for their own survival and expansion.
Collapse
|
14
|
ABL1 Is a Prognostic Marker and Associated with Immune Infiltration in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2021; 2021:1379706. [PMID: 34484330 PMCID: PMC8413061 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1379706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background The role of ABL1 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is still unclear. Therefore, this study aims to explore the potential role of ABL1 in the progression of HCC using bioinformatics methods. Methods We analyzed the expression, prognostic potential, and immune cell effect of ABL1 in HCC by using a variety of datasets. Results ABL1 is highly expressed in HCC and associated with unfavorable overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). Functional network analysis revealed that ABL1 plays an important role in mitochondrial activity, ATP metabolism, protein translation and metabolism, various neurological diseases, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and notch signaling pathway. In addition, we found that ABL1 expression was closely correlated with B cells, CD8 + T cells, CD4 + T cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells. Furthermore, ABL1 expression was positively associated with the expression levels of immune checkpoint genes, such as PD-1L, TIM3, TIGIT, and CTLA4. Conclusion ABL1 is associated with immune infiltration and prognosis of HCC.
Collapse
|
15
|
Sotoudeh N, Noormohammadi Z, Habibi-Anbouhi M, Kazemi-Lomedasht F, Behdani M. Developing and characterizing a single-domain antibody (nanobody) against human cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (hCTLA-4). IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2021; 24:1264-1271. [PMID: 35083014 PMCID: PMC8751747 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2021.57774.12851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein-4 (CTLA-4) is the most important human immune checkpoint that modulates T cells activity and brings about immune-homeostasis. Accordingly, checkpoint inhibitor cancer therapy has been approved as a growing method to block over-expressed immune checkpoints, such as CTLA-4 receptors. Considering the competitive characteristics of single-domain antibodies with monoclonal antibodies, we tried to develop a camelid Nanobody against human CTLA-4. MATERIALS AND METHODS We have constructed the VHH gene library by using immunized-camel peripheral blood mononuclear cells and carrying out the Nested-PCR technique. VHH-library was screened by phage display technique and specific nanobodies against CTLA-4 protein were selected and amplified with bio-panning steps. Stronger binders were screened by Periplasmic Extract-ELISA, followed by estimating the complexity of the library. Specific anti-CTLA-4 Nanobody and 3hCTL55, with longer CDR3 and a higher binding rate, were selected for more assays. RESULTS Results revealed the existence of two different clones in the library with 108 binders. In comparison with seven different antigens, using the ELISA technique confirmed the specificity of Nanobody 3hCTL55 against human CTLA-4 antigen. We calculated Nanobody 3hCTL55 affinity for human CTLA-4 antigen at 50×10-9 M, approximately. Performing western blot and Flow-cytometry techniques showed that Nanobody 3hCTL55 was able to specifically detect and attach both commercial human CTLA-4 protein and human CTLA-4 antigen on the cell surface and in the cell lysate. CONCLUSION Taken together, this developed camelid-specific anti-CTLA-4 Nanobody 3hCTL55, selected from a high-quality immune library by phage display technique, may be effective for further study about cancer diagnosis and cancer-therapy purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nazli Sotoudeh
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Noormohammadi
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Fatemeh Kazemi-Lomedasht
- Biotechnology Research Center, Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Behdani
- Biotechnology Research Center, Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran, Zoonoses Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Amol, Iran,10.22038/IJBMS.2021.57774.12851
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Derakhshani A, Hashemzadeh S, Asadzadeh Z, Shadbad MA, Rasibonab F, Safarpour H, Jafarlou V, Solimando AG, Racanelli V, Singh PK, Najafi S, Javadrashid D, Brunetti O, Silvestris N, Baradaran B. Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen-4 in Colorectal Cancer: Another Therapeutic Side of Capecitabine. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:2414. [PMID: 34067631 PMCID: PMC8155910 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13102414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) is an inhibitory immune checkpoint that can be expressed in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. This immune checkpoint can attenuate anti-tumoral immune responses and facilitate tumor growth and metastasis. Although capecitabine is an effective chemotherapeutic agent for treating CRC, its effect on the tumoral CTLA-4 expression remains unclear. In the current research, we applied the GSE110224 and GSE25070 datasets to characterize CTLA-4 expression in CRC patients. Then, we analyzed CTLA-4 expression in CRC samples, HT-29, HCT-166, and SW480 cell lines using real-time PCR. Our bioinformatic results have highlighted the overexpression of CTLA-4 in the CRC tissues compared to the adjacent non-tumoral tissues. Our in vitro studies have indicated that SW480 cells can substantially overexpress CTLA-4 compared to HT-29 and HCT 116 cells. In addition, capecitabine can remarkably downregulate the expression of CTLA-4 in SW480 cells. Collectively, capecitabine can inhibit the expression of CTLA-4 in CRC cells and might bridge the immunotherapy approaches with chemotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Afshin Derakhshani
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 5166/15731 Tabriz, Iran; (A.D.); (Z.A.); (M.A.S.); (F.R.); (S.N.); (D.J.)
- IRCCS Istituto Tumori “Giovanni Paolo II” of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Shahryar Hashemzadeh
- Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 5166/15731 Tabriz, Iran;
- Department of General & Vascular Surgery, Imam Reza Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 5166/15731 Tabriz, Iran;
| | - Zahra Asadzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 5166/15731 Tabriz, Iran; (A.D.); (Z.A.); (M.A.S.); (F.R.); (S.N.); (D.J.)
| | - Mahdi Abdoli Shadbad
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 5166/15731 Tabriz, Iran; (A.D.); (Z.A.); (M.A.S.); (F.R.); (S.N.); (D.J.)
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 5166/15731 Tabriz, Iran
| | - Farnaz Rasibonab
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 5166/15731 Tabriz, Iran; (A.D.); (Z.A.); (M.A.S.); (F.R.); (S.N.); (D.J.)
| | - Hossein Safarpour
- Cellular & Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, 9717853577 Birjand, Iran;
| | - Vahid Jafarlou
- Department of General & Vascular Surgery, Imam Reza Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 5166/15731 Tabriz, Iran;
| | - Antonio Giovanni Solimando
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, School of Medicine, Aldo Moro University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.G.S.); (V.R.)
| | - Vito Racanelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, School of Medicine, Aldo Moro University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.G.S.); (V.R.)
| | - Pankaj Kumar Singh
- Department of Radiation Oncology Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Rd S, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA;
| | - Souzan Najafi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 5166/15731 Tabriz, Iran; (A.D.); (Z.A.); (M.A.S.); (F.R.); (S.N.); (D.J.)
| | - Darya Javadrashid
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 5166/15731 Tabriz, Iran; (A.D.); (Z.A.); (M.A.S.); (F.R.); (S.N.); (D.J.)
| | - Oronzo Brunetti
- IRCCS Istituto Tumori “Giovanni Paolo II” of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Nicola Silvestris
- IRCCS Istituto Tumori “Giovanni Paolo II” of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy;
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, School of Medicine, Aldo Moro University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.G.S.); (V.R.)
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 5166/15731 Tabriz, Iran; (A.D.); (Z.A.); (M.A.S.); (F.R.); (S.N.); (D.J.)
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 5166/15731 Tabriz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Gámez-Díaz L, Seidel MG. Different Apples, Same Tree: Visualizing Current Biological and Clinical Insights into CTLA-4 Insufficiency and LRBA and DEF6 Deficiencies. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:662645. [PMID: 33996698 PMCID: PMC8113415 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.662645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) is a crucial immune checkpoint that is constitutively expressed in regulatory T (Treg) cells. Following T-cell activation, CTLA-4 is rapidly mobilized from its intracellular vesicle pool to the cell surface to control the availability of co-stimulatory B7 molecules, thereby maintaining immune homeostasis. Heterozygous mutations in CTLA-4 lead to defects in (i) CTLA-4 ligand binding, (ii) homo-dimerization, (iii) B7-transendocytosis, and (iv) CTLA-4 vesicle trafficking, resulting in an inborn error of immunity with predominant autoimmunity. CTLA-4 vesicle trafficking impairment is also observed in patients with lipopolysaccharide-responsive beige-like anchor protein (LRBA) deficiency or the differentially expressed in FDCP6 homolog (DEF6) deficiency, caused by biallelic mutations in LRBA and DEF6, respectively. Therefore, patients with CTLA-4 insufficiency, LRBA deficiency, and-most recently reported-DEF6 deficiency present an overlapping clinical phenotype mainly attributed to a defective suppressive activity of Tregs, as all three diseases reduce overall surface expression of CTLA-4. In this paper, we describe the clinical phenotypes of these immune checkpoint defects, their patho-mechanisms, and visually compare them to other immune regulatory disorders (IPEX syndrome, CD27, and CD70 deficiencies) by using the immune deficiency and dysregulation (IDDA version 2.1) "kaleidoscope" score. This illustrates the variability of the degrees and manifestations of immune deficiency and dysregulation. Patients characteristically present with an increased risk of infections, autoimmune cytopenias, multi-organ autoimmunity, and inflammation, which are often severe and life-threatening. Furthermore, these patients suffer an increased risk of developing malignancies, especially Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Successful treatment options include regular administration of soluble CTLA-4-Ig fusion protein, Treg cell-sparing immune suppressants like sirolimus or mycophenolate mofetil, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. This mini-review highlights the most relevant biological and clinical features as well as treatment options for CTLA-4 insufficiency and LRBA and DEF6 deficiencies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gámez-Díaz
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Institute for Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Markus G. Seidel
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Research Unit for Pediatric Hematology and Immunology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Holah NS. The Clinical Value of VDR and CTLA 4 in Evaluating the Prognosis of Invasive Duct Carcinoma of Egyptian Patients and their Benefit as a Target Therapy. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2021; 22:1183-1194. [PMID: 33906311 PMCID: PMC8325144 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2021.22.4.1183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Breast cancer represents the second most common female malignancies worldwide and the most common in Egypt. The nuclear vitamin D receptor plays a role in the biology of cancer by affecting inflammatory microenvironment. The aim of this study is to evaluate the role of VDR and CTLA 4 in invasive duct carcinoma of Egyptian patients. METHODS This is a retrospective study that included 70 invasive duct carcinoma specimens retrieved from the archival material of Pathology Department, Faculty of medicine, Menoufia University, Egypt, spanning the period between January 2010 and December 2017. All cases were stained for VDR and CTLA 4 antibodies. RESULTS There is significant association between high VDR expression in tumor cells and parameters of good prognosis as low tumor stage (T1) and (N0) stage. On the other hand, there is significant association between low CTLA4 tumor expression and good prognostic parameters as low tumor stage (T1) and absent vascular invasion. Regarding lymphocyte expression, there is significant association between positive CTLA4 expression in lymphocytes and parameters of good prognosis as absent metastasis. High VDR tumor expression is the most independent prognostic factor on overall survival of breast carcinoma patients. CONCLUSION high VDR expression in tumor cells is associated with good prognostic parameters and is the most independent prognostic factor on overall survival so it might be of benefit as a target therapy for Egyptian invasive duct carcinoma patients and VDR might augment the expression of CTLA-4, So tailored immunotherapy might have an impact on invasive duct carcinoma patients.<br />.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nanis Shawky Holah
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Nguyen HM, Guz-Montgomery K, Lowe DB, Saha D. Pathogenetic Features and Current Management of Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040856. [PMID: 33670551 PMCID: PMC7922739 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common form of primary malignant brain tumor with a devastatingly poor prognosis. The disease does not discriminate, affecting adults and children of both sexes, and has an average overall survival of 12-15 months, despite advances in diagnosis and rigorous treatment with chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgical resection. In addition, most survivors will eventually experience tumor recurrence that only imparts survival of a few months. GBM is highly heterogenous, invasive, vascularized, and almost always inaccessible for treatment. Based on all these outstanding obstacles, there have been tremendous efforts to develop alternative treatment options that allow for more efficient targeting of the tumor including small molecule drugs and immunotherapies. A number of other strategies in development include therapies based on nanoparticles, light, extracellular vesicles, and micro-RNA, and vessel co-option. Advances in these potential approaches shed a promising outlook on the future of GBM treatment. In this review, we briefly discuss the current understanding of adult GBM's pathogenetic features that promote treatment resistance. We also outline novel and promising targeted agents currently under development for GBM patients during the last few years with their current clinical status.
Collapse
|
20
|
Armitage JD, Newnes HV, McDonnell A, Bosco A, Waithman J. Fine-Tuning the Tumour Microenvironment: Current Perspectives on the Mechanisms of Tumour Immunosuppression. Cells 2021; 10:cells10010056. [PMID: 33401460 PMCID: PMC7823446 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has revolutionised the treatment of cancers by harnessing the power of the immune system to eradicate malignant tissue. However, it is well recognised that some cancers are highly resistant to these therapies, which is in part attributed to the immunosuppressive landscape of the tumour microenvironment (TME). The contexture of the TME is highly heterogeneous and contains a complex architecture of immune, stromal, vascular and tumour cells in addition to acellular components such as the extracellular matrix. While understanding the dynamics of the TME has been instrumental in predicting durable responses to immunotherapy and developing new treatment strategies, recent evidence challenges the fundamental paradigms of how tumours can effectively subvert immunosurveillance. Here, we discuss the various immunosuppressive features of the TME and how fine-tuning these mechanisms, rather than ablating them completely, may result in a more comprehensive and balanced anti-tumour response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesse D. Armitage
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; (J.D.A.); (H.V.N.); (A.M.)
| | - Hannah V. Newnes
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; (J.D.A.); (H.V.N.); (A.M.)
| | - Alison McDonnell
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; (J.D.A.); (H.V.N.); (A.M.)
- National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases, QEII Medical Centre, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Anthony Bosco
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; (J.D.A.); (H.V.N.); (A.M.)
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (J.W.)
| | - Jason Waithman
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; (J.D.A.); (H.V.N.); (A.M.)
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (J.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Wahjudi LW, Bernhardt S, Abnaof K, Horak P, Kreutzfeldt S, Heining C, Borgoni S, Becki C, Berg D, Richter D, Hutter B, Uhrig S, Pfütze K, Leichsenring J, Glimm H, Brors B, von Kalle C, Stenzinger A, Korf U, Fröhling S, Wiemann S. Integrating proteomics into precision oncology. Int J Cancer 2020; 148:1438-1451. [PMID: 32949162 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
DNA sequencing and RNA sequencing are increasingly applied in precision oncology, where molecular tumor boards evaluate the actionability of genetic events in individual tumors to guide targeted treatment. To work toward an additional level of patient characterization, we assessed the abundance and activity of 27 proteins in 134 patients whose tumors had previously undergone whole-exome and RNA sequencing within the Molecularly Aided Stratification for Tumor Eradication Research (MASTER) program of National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg. Proteomic and phosphoproteomic targets were selected to reflect the most relevant therapeutic baskets in MASTER. Among six different therapeutic baskets, the proteomic data supported treatment recommendations that were based on DNA and RNA analyses in 10% to 57% and frequently suggested alternative treatment options. In several cases, protein activities explained the patients' clinical course and provided potential explanations for treatment failure. Our study indicates that the integrative analysis of DNA, RNA and protein data may refine therapeutic stratification of individual patients and, thus, holds potential to increase the success rate of precision cancer therapy. Prospective validation studies are needed to advance the integration of proteomic analysis into precision oncology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonie W Wahjudi
- Division of Molecular Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephan Bernhardt
- Division of Molecular Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Khalid Abnaof
- Division of Molecular Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Horak
- Division of Translational Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Heidelberg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Simon Kreutzfeldt
- Division of Translational Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Heidelberg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Heining
- Department of Translational Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Dresden, Germany.,Center for Personalized Oncology, National Center for Tumour Diseases (NCT) Dresden and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden at TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Simone Borgoni
- Division of Molecular Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Faculty of Biosciences, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Corinna Becki
- Division of Molecular Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniela Berg
- Division of Molecular Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniela Richter
- Department of Translational Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Dresden, Germany
| | - Barbara Hutter
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Applied Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Uhrig
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,Faculty of Biosciences, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Applied Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katrin Pfütze
- Division of Translational Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Heidelberg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Hanno Glimm
- Department of Translational Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Translational Functional Cancer Genomics, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Dresden, Germany.,Center for Personalized Oncology, National Center for Tumour Diseases (NCT) Dresden and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden at TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Benedikt Brors
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Applied Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christof von Kalle
- Division of Translational Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Heidelberg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Translational Functional Cancer Genomics, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Albrecht Stenzinger
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Korf
- Division of Molecular Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Fröhling
- Division of Translational Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Heidelberg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Wiemann
- Division of Molecular Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Saleh R, Toor SM, Sasidharan Nair V, Elkord E. Role of Epigenetic Modifications in Inhibitory Immune Checkpoints in Cancer Development and Progression. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1469. [PMID: 32760400 PMCID: PMC7371937 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A balance between co-inhibitory and co-stimulatory signals in the tumor microenvironment (TME) is critical to suppress tumor development and progression, primarily via maintaining effective immunosurveillance. Aberrant expression of immune checkpoints (ICs), including programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), T cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 (TIM-3), lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG-3) and T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains (TIGIT), can create an immune-subversive environment, which helps tumor cells to evade immune destruction. Recent studies showed that epigenetic modifications play critical roles in regulating the expression of ICs and their ligands in the TME. Reports showed that the promoter regions of genes encoding ICs/IC ligands can undergo inherent epigenetic alterations, such as DNA methylation and histone modifications (acetylation and methylation). These epigenetic aberrations can significantly contribute to the transcriptomic upregulation of ICs and their ligands. Epigenetic therapeutics, including DNA methyltransferase and histone deacetylase inhibitors, can be used to revert these epigenetic anomalies acquired during the progression of disease. These discoveries have established a promising therapeutic modality utilizing the combination of epigenetic and immunotherapeutic agents to restore the physiological epigenetic profile and to re-establish potent host immunosurveillance mechanisms. In this review, we highlight the roles of epigenetic modifications on the upregulation of ICs, focusing on tumor development, and progression. We discuss therapeutic approaches of epigenetic modifiers, including clinical trials in various cancer settings and their impact on current and future anti-cancer therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reem Saleh
- Cancer Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha, Qatar
| | - Salman M Toor
- Cancer Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha, Qatar
| | - Varun Sasidharan Nair
- Cancer Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha, Qatar
| | - Eyad Elkord
- Cancer Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha, Qatar.,Biomedical Research Center, School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Manchester, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Woodall MJ, Neumann S, Campbell K, Pattison ST, Young SL. The Effects of Obesity on Anti-Cancer Immunity and Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1230. [PMID: 32422865 PMCID: PMC7281442 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Traditional treatments include surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy, and more recently targeted therapies including immunotherapy are becoming routine care for some cancers. Immunotherapy aims to upregulate the patient's own immune system, enabling it to destroy cancerous cells. Obesity is a metabolic disorder characterized by significant weight that is an important contributor to many different diseases, including cancers. Obesity impacts the immune system and causes, among other things, a state of chronic low-grade inflammation. This is hypothesized to impact the efficacy of the immunotherapies. This review discusses the effects of obesity on the immune system and cancer immunotherapy, including the current evidence on the effect of obesity on immune checkpoint blockade, something which currently published reviews on this topic have not delved into. Data from several studies show that even though obesity causes a state of chronic low-grade inflammation with reductions in effector immune populations, it has a beneficial effect on patient survival following anti-PD-1/PD-L1 and anti-CTLA-4 treatment. However, research in this field is just emerging and further work is needed to expand our understanding of which cancer patients are likely to benefit from immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Woodall
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; (M.J.W.); (S.N.); (K.C.)
| | - Silke Neumann
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; (M.J.W.); (S.N.); (K.C.)
| | - Katrin Campbell
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; (M.J.W.); (S.N.); (K.C.)
| | - Sharon T. Pattison
- Department of Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand;
| | - Sarah L. Young
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; (M.J.W.); (S.N.); (K.C.)
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Pistillo MP, Carosio R, Grillo F, Fontana V, Mastracci L, Morabito A, Banelli B, Tanda E, Cecchi F, Dozin B, Gualco M, Salvi S, Spagnolo F, Poggi A, Queirolo P. Phenotypic characterization of tumor CTLA-4 expression in melanoma tissues and its possible role in clinical response to Ipilimumab. Clin Immunol 2020; 215:108428. [PMID: 32344017 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2020.108428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The expression of the immune checkpoint molecule CTLA-4 has been almost exclusively studied in the T cell lineage, but increasing evidence has shown its expression on tumors with implications for immunotherapy. To date, the degree of expression of CTLA-4 on tumor cells as a predictive biomarker of response to immune checkpoint inhibitors has not been studied. In this report, we analyzed this issue in melanoma patients treated with CTLA-4 inhibitor Ipilimumab (IPI). We show that the level of CTLA-4 expression on melanoma cells is higher than that on tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) and it is associated with clinical response to IPI therapy supporting the idea of its possible role as a predictive biomarker.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pia Pistillo
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Tumor Epigenetics Unit, Genova, Italy.
| | - Roberta Carosio
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Tumor Epigenetics Unit, Genova, Italy
| | - Federica Grillo
- University of Genova, Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), Genova, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Anatomic Pathology Unit, Genova, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Fontana
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Genova, Italy
| | - Luca Mastracci
- University of Genova, Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), Genova, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Anatomic Pathology Unit, Genova, Italy
| | - Anna Morabito
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Tumor Epigenetics Unit, Genova, Italy
| | - Barbara Banelli
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Tumor Epigenetics Unit, Genova, Italy
| | - Enrica Tanda
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Skin Cancer Unit, Genova, Italy
| | - Federica Cecchi
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Skin Cancer Unit, Genova, Italy
| | - Beatrice Dozin
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Genova, Italy
| | - Marina Gualco
- Ospedale Villa Scassi, ASL3, Anatomic Pathology Unit, Genova, Italy
| | - Sandra Salvi
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Anatomic Pathology Unit, Genova, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Poggi
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis Unit, Genova, Italy
| | - Paola Queirolo
- IEO, Division of Medical Oncology for Melanoma, Sarcoma, and Rare Tumors, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Singh S, Shukla R. Key Signaling Pathways Engaged in Cancer Management: Current Update. CURRENT CANCER THERAPY REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573394714666180904122412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
<P>Background: Till today cancer is still challenging to treat and needs more active therapeutic approaches. Participation of complex multi-pathway cell propagation instrument is a noteworthy issue in creating active anticancer therapeutic methodologies. Immune evasions, metabolic modifications, imperfect apoptotic component, modification in upstream or downstream RAS signaling, altered nuclear factor kappa B actions, imbalanced autophagy design and distortedly controlled angiogenesis are distinguishing features of cancer. </P><P> Methods: On the basis of systemic research and analysis of the current online available database, we analyzed and reported about the key signaling pathway engaged with cancer development outlining the effectiveness of different therapeutic measures and targets that have been created or are being researched to obstruct the cancer development. </P><P> Results: A number of signaling pathways, for example, resistant, metabolism, apoptosis, RAS protein, nuclear factor kappa B, autophagy, and angiogenesis have been perceived as targets for drug treatment to control the advancement, development and administration of cancer. </P><P> Conclusion: A noteworthy challenge for future medication advancement is to detail a synthesis treatment influencing distinctive targets to enhance the treatment of cancer.</P>
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjiv Singh
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Education, Shree Bhawani Paper Mill Road, ITI Compound, Raebareli-229010 (U.P.), India
| | - Rahul Shukla
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Education, Shree Bhawani Paper Mill Road, ITI Compound, Raebareli-229010 (U.P.), India
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Montastruc F, Renoux C, Dell'Aniello S, Simon TA, Azoulay L, Hudson M, Suissa S. Abatacept initiation in rheumatoid arthritis and the risk of cancer: a population-based comparative cohort study. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2020; 58:683-691. [PMID: 30535094 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/key352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess whether abatacept as initial biological DMARD (bDMARD) in the treatment of RA, when compared with other bDMARDs, is associated with an increased risk of cancer overall and by specific cancer sites (breast, lung, lymphoma, melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer). METHODS We performed a population-based cohort study among patients newly treated with bDMARDs within the US-based Truven MarketScan population and Supplemental US Medicare from 2007 to 2014. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios and 95% CIs of any cancer (and specific cancers) associated with initiation of abatacept, compared with initiation of other bDMARDs, adjusted for age and deciles of the propensity score. RESULTS The cohort included 4328 patients on abatacept and 59 860 on other bDMARDs, of whom 409 and 4197 were diagnosed with any cancer during follow-up (incidence rates 4.76 per 100 per year and 3.41 per 100 per year, respectively). Compared with other bDMARDs, the use of abatacept was associated with an increased incidence of cancer overall (hazard ratioadjusted 1.17; 95% CI 1.06, 1.30). Analyses by specific cancer sites showed a significantly increased incidence of non-melanoma skin cancer (hazard ratioadjusted 1.20; 95% CI 1.03, 1.39), but no significant difference for other specific cancer sites. CONCLUSION The use of abatacept as first bDMARD in the treatment of RA was associated with a slight increased risk of cancer overall and particularly non-melanoma skin cancer, compared with other bDMARDs. This potential signal needs to be replicated in other settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- François Montastruc
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Service de Pharmacologie Médicale et Clinique, Centre de PharmacoVigilance, de Pharmacoépidémiologie et d'Informations sur le Médicament de Toulouse, Faculté de Médecine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Toulouse, France
| | - Christel Renoux
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sophie Dell'Aniello
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Teresa A Simon
- Global Pharmacovigilance and Epidemiology Bristol Myers Squibb, Hopewell, NJ, USA
| | - Laurent Azoulay
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, McGill University, Québec, Canada
| | - Marie Hudson
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Division of Rheumatology, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Samy Suissa
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Regzedmaa O, Li Y, Li Y, Zhang H, Wang J, Gong H, Yuan Y, Li W, Liu H, Chen J. Prevalence of DLL3, CTLA-4 and MSTN Expression in Patients with Small Cell Lung Cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:10043-10055. [PMID: 31819500 PMCID: PMC6877464 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s216362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Immune-based and antibody-drug conjugate therapies have shown promise in the treatment of patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC). However, better predictive biomarkers are needed for selection of the appropriate SCLC patients for these advanced therapies and also for evaluation of the efficacy of these treatments. Objective The aim of this study was to examine the expression of delta-like protein 3 (DLL3), cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), and mesothelin (MSTN) in patients with SCLC and compare them with those patients’ clinical characteristics. Methods Immunohistochemical analyses of DLL3, CTLA-4 and MSTN expression were performed in 38 samples from patients with SCLC. Results We found that positive expression in patients of the biomarkers was as follows: for DLL3, 100% (38/38), for CTLA-4, 89.5% (36/38) and for MSTN 81.5% (31/38). The median survival time was 17.9 months in the DLL3 high expression group and 23 months in the DLL3 low expression group. Patients with a high expression of DLL3 showed a poorer prognosis than those with a low expression of DLL3 (HR=3.4; 95% CI, 1.34–8.6; p=0.01). Conclusion The expression of DLL3, CTLA-4 and MSTN was not correlated with patients’ age, sex, smoking status, stage, and tumor metastasis. The fact that there was a higher expression of DLL3, CTLA-4, and MSTN in SCLC suggested that these molecules could be used as predictive biomarkers for SCLC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Orgilmaa Regzedmaa
- Department of Lung Cancer Surgery, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongwen Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbing Zhang
- Department of Lung Cancer Surgery, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Gong
- Department of Lung Cancer Surgery, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, People's Republic of China
| | - Yin Yuan
- Department of Lung Cancer Surgery, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiting Li
- Department of Lung Cancer Surgery, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyu Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Lung Cancer Surgery, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, People's Republic of China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Sotoudeh N, Noormohammadi Z, Habibi-Anbouhi M, Kazemi-Lomedasht F, Behdani M. Evaluation of Laboratory Application of Camelid Sera Containing Heavy-Chain Polyclonal Antibody Against Recombinant Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte-Associated Protein-4. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2019; 38:235-241. [PMID: 31718460 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2019.0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein-4 (CTLA-4) is a critical negative immunomodulatory receptor that is normally expressed in activated T cells and noticeably, in many cancerous cells. Indeed, molecular detection of CTLA-4 protein is crucial in basic research. In this work, the extracellular domain of the human CTLA-4 (hCTLA-4) protein was cloned, expressed, and purified. Subsequently, this protein was used as an antigen for camel (Camelus dromedarius) immunization to obtain polyclonal camelid sera against this protein. Furthermore, we evaluated the benefits of applying camelid hyperimmune sera containing heavy-chain antibodies in different antibody-based techniques. Our results indicated that hCTLA-4 protein was successfully expressed in the prokaryotic system. The polyclonal antibody (pAb) that raised against recombinant hCTLA-4 protein was able to detect the CTLA-4 protein in antibody-based techniques, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, western blotting, flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining. This study shows that, due to the advantages such as multi-epitope-binding ability, camelid pAbs are potent to efficiently apply for molecular detection of CTLA-4 receptors in fundamental antibody-based researches such as IHC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nazli Sotoudeh
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Noormohammadi
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Fatemeh Kazemi-Lomedasht
- Biotechnology Research Center, Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Behdani
- Biotechnology Research Center, Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Zoonoses Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Amol, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Toor SM, Sasidharan Nair V, Decock J, Elkord E. Immune checkpoints in the tumor microenvironment. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 65:1-12. [PMID: 31265893 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between immune checkpoints (ICs) and their ligands negatively regulate T cell activation pathways involved in physiological immune responses against specific antigens. ICs and their ligands are frequently upregulated in the tumor microenvironment (TME) of various malignancies, and they represent significant barriers for induction of effective anti-tumor immune responses. Several IC inhibitors (ICIs) have been developed, with some currently in clinical trials and others have been approved for the treatment of different cancers. However, tumor cells are able to counteract the activity of ICIs and can commission additional inhibitory pathways via expression of other ICs/ligands within the TME. This review discusses the expression of various ICs/ligands in the TME and their impact on tumor immune evasion. Additionally, we discuss various regulatory mechanisms, including genetic and epigenetic, and other modulatory factors including hypoxia and the presence of immunosuppressive populations in the TME, which result in upregulation of ICs in various cancers. Moreover, we discuss the prognostic significance of ICs and their ligands, and the potential strategies to enhance treatment responses to ICIs. This review aims to advance our current knowledge on the role of ICs in the TME and the clinical benefits of targeting them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salman M Toor
- Cancer Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), PO Box 34110, Doha, Qatar
| | - Varun Sasidharan Nair
- Cancer Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), PO Box 34110, Doha, Qatar
| | - Julie Decock
- Cancer Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), PO Box 34110, Doha, Qatar
| | - Eyad Elkord
- Cancer Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), PO Box 34110, Doha, Qatar; Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Saleh R, Elkord E. Treg-mediated acquired resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors. Cancer Lett 2019; 457:168-179. [PMID: 31078738 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
T Regulatory cells (Tregs) act as a double-edged sword by regulating immune homeostasis (protective role) and inhibiting immune responses in different disease settings (pathological role). They contribute to cancer development and progression by suppressing T effector cell (Teff) functions. Decreased ratios of intratumoral CD8+ T cells to Tregs have been associated with poor prognosis in most cancer types. Targeting immune checkpoints (ICs), such as cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death-1 (PD-1), by immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in cancer patients has been beneficial in inducing anti-tumor immune responses and improving clinical outcomes. However, response rates remain relatively low, ranging from 15 to 40% depending on cancer type. Additionally, a significant proportion of patients who initially demonstrates a clinical response can acquire resistance overtime. This acquired resistance could occur due to the emergence of compensatory mechanisms within the tumor microenvironment (TME) to evade the anti-tumor effects of ICIs. In this review, we describe the immunosuppressive role of Tregs in the TME, the effects of currently approved ICIs on Treg phenotype and function, and the mechanisms of acquired resistance to ICIs mediated by Tregs within the TME, such as the over-expression of ICs, the up-regulation of immunosuppressive molecules, and apoptotic Treg-induced immunosuppression. We also describe potential therapeutic strategies to target Tregs in combination with ICIs aiming to overcome such resistance and improve clinical outcomes. Elucidating the Treg-mediated acquired resistance mechanisms should benefit the designing of well-targeted therapeutic strategies to overcome resistance and maximize the therapeutic efficacy in cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reem Saleh
- Cancer Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha, Qatar
| | - Eyad Elkord
- Cancer Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha, Qatar.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Pennington Z, Goodwin ML, Westbroek EM, Cottrill E, Ahmed AK, Sciubba DM. Lactate and cancer: spinal metastases and potential therapeutic targets (part 2). ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2019; 7:221. [PMID: 31297386 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2019.01.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic spine disease is a heterogeneous clinical condition commonly requiring surgical intervention. Despite this heterogeneity, all cases share the common theme of altered tumor metabolism, characterized by aerobic glycolysis and high lactate production. Here we review the existing literature on lactate metabolism as it pertains to tumor progression, metastasis, and the formation of painful bone lesions. We included articles from the English literature addressing the role of lactate metabolism in the following: (I) primary tumor aggressiveness, (II) local tissue invasion, (III) metastasis formation, and (IV) generation of oncologic pain. We also report current investigations into restoring normal lactate metabolism as a means of impeding tumor growth and the formation of bony metastases. Both in vivo and in vitro experiments suggest that high lactate levels may be necessary for tumor cell growth, as small molecules inhibitors of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH5/LDHA) decrease both the rate of tumor growth and formation of metastases. Additionally, in vitro evidence strongly implicates lactate in tumor cell migration by driving the amoeboid movements of these cells. Acidification of the local bony tissue by excess lactate production activates CGRP+ neurons in the bone marrow and periosteum to generate oncologic bone pain. High lactate may also increase expression of acid sensing receptors in these neurons to generate the neuropathic pain seen in some patients with metastatic disease. Lastly, investigation into lactate-directed therapeutics is still early in development. Initial preclinical trials looking at LDH5/LDHA inhibitors as well as inhibitors of lactate transporters (MCT1) have demonstrated promise, but clinical work has been restricted to a single phase I trial. Lactate appears to play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of metastatic spine disease. Efforts are ongoing to identify small molecules inhibitors of targets in the lactogenic pathway capable of preventing the formation of osseous metastatic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zach Pennington
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Matthew L Goodwin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Erick M Westbroek
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ethan Cottrill
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - A Karim Ahmed
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Daniel M Sciubba
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Paolillo C, Londin E, Fortina P. Single-Cell Genomics. Clin Chem 2019; 65:972-985. [PMID: 30872376 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2017.283895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Single-cell genomics is an approach to investigate cell heterogeneity and to identify new molecular features correlated with clinical outcomes. This approach allows identification of the complexity of cell diversity in a sample without the loss of information that occurs when multicellular or bulk tissue samples are analyzed. CONTENT The first single-cell RNA-sequencing study was published in 2009, and since then many more studies and single-cell sequencing methods have been published. These studies have had a major impact on several fields, including microbiology, neurobiology, cancer, and developmental biology. Recently, improvements in reliability and the development of commercial single-cell isolation platforms are opening the potential of this technology to the clinical laboratory. SUMMARY In this review we provide an overview of the current state of single-cell genomics. We describe opportunities in clinical research and medical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Paolillo
- Division of Precision and Computational Diagnostics, Department of Clinical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Eric Londin
- Computational Medicine Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Paolo Fortina
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA; .,Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Pistillo MP, Fontana V, Morabito A, Dozin B, Laurent S, Carosio R, Banelli B, Ferrero F, Spano L, Tanda E, Ferrucci PF, Martinoli C, Cocorocchio E, Guida M, Tommasi S, De Galitiis F, Pagani E, Antonini Cappellini GC, Marchetti P, Quaglino P, Fava P, Osella-Abate S, Ascierto PA, Capone M, Simeone E, Romani M, Spagnolo F, Queirolo P. Soluble CTLA-4 as a favorable predictive biomarker in metastatic melanoma patients treated with ipilimumab: an Italian melanoma intergroup study. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2019; 68:97-107. [PMID: 30311027 PMCID: PMC11028053 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-018-2258-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CTLA-4 blockade by means of ipilimumab (IPI) potentiates the immune response and improves overall survival (OS) in a minority of metastatic melanoma (MM) patients. We investigated the role of soluble CTLA-4 (sCTLA-4) as a possible biomarker for identifying this subset of patients. sCTLA-4 levels were analyzed at baseline in sera from 113 IPI-treated MM patients by ELISA, and the median value (200 pg/ml) was used to create two equally sized subgroups. Associations of sCTLA-4 with best overall response (BOR) to IPI and immune-related adverse events (irAEs) were evaluated through logistic regression. Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression methods were used to analyze OS. A remarkable association between sCTLA-4 levels and BOR was found. Specifically, the proportion of patients with sCTLA-4 > 200 pg/ml in irSD or irPD (immune-related stable or progressive disease) was, respectively, 80% (OR = 0.23; 95%CL = 0.03-1.88) and 89% (OR = 0.11; 95%CL = 0.02-0.71) and was lower than that observed among patients in irCR/irPR (immune-related complete/partial response). sCTLA-4 levels increased during IPI treatment, since the proportion of patients showing sCTLA > 200 pg/ml after 3 cycles was 4 times higher (OR = 4.41, 95%CL = 1.02-19.1) than that after 1 cycle. Moreover, a significantly lower death rate was estimated for patients with sCTLA-4 > 200 pg/ml (HR = 0.61, 95%CL = 0.39-0.98). Higher baseline sCTLA-4 levels were also associated with the onset of any irAE (p value = 0.029), in particular irAEs of the digestive tract (p value = 0.041). In conclusion, our results suggest that high sCTLA-4 serum levels might predict favorable clinical outcome and higher risk of irAEs in IPI-treated MM patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pia Pistillo
- Unit of Tumor Epigenetics, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Fontana
- Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Anna Morabito
- Unit of Tumor Epigenetics, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Beatrice Dozin
- Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Stefania Laurent
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Roberta Carosio
- Unit of Tumor Epigenetics, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Barbara Banelli
- Unit of Tumor Epigenetics, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesca Ferrero
- Department of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Laura Spano
- Department of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Enrica Tanda
- Department of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Martinoli
- Oncology of Melanoma Unit, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
- iTeos Therapeutics, Gosselies, Belgium
| | | | - Michele Guida
- Department of Medical Oncology and Molecular Genetics Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy
| | - Stefania Tommasi
- Department of Medical Oncology and Molecular Genetics Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy
| | | | - Elena Pagani
- Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Marchetti
- Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Pietro Quaglino
- Department of Medical Sciences, Dermatologic Clinic, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Paolo Fava
- Department of Medical Sciences, Dermatologic Clinic, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Simona Osella-Abate
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Surgical Pathology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Paolo Antonio Ascierto
- Melanoma, Cancer Immunotherapy and Innovative Therapy Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione'G. Pascale', Naples, Italy
| | - Mariaelena Capone
- Melanoma, Cancer Immunotherapy and Innovative Therapy Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione'G. Pascale', Naples, Italy
| | - Ester Simeone
- Melanoma, Cancer Immunotherapy and Innovative Therapy Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione'G. Pascale', Naples, Italy
| | - Massimo Romani
- Unit of Tumor Epigenetics, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesco Spagnolo
- Department of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Paola Queirolo
- Department of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abedalthagafi M, Barakeh D, Foshay KM. Immunogenetics of glioblastoma: the future of personalized patient management. NPJ Precis Oncol 2018; 2:27. [PMID: 30534602 PMCID: PMC6279755 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-018-0070-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The prognosis of glioblastoma has changed little over the past two decades, with only minor improvements in length of overall survival through the addition of temozolomide (temodal) to standard of care and the recommended use of alternating electric field therapy (optune) to newly diagnosed patients. In an effort to define novel therapeutic targets across molecularly heterogeneous disease subgroups, researchers have begun to uncover the complex interplay between epigenetics, cell signaling, metabolism, and the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Indeed, IDH mutations are now recognized as a defining differential factor not only influencing global hypermethylation and patient prognosis but also degree of immune infiltration within individual tumors. Likewise, next-generation sequencing has defined subgroup-specific transcriptional profiles that correlate with different mechanisms of immune evasion, including increased PD-L1 and CTLA-4 among mesenchymal tumors. Interestingly, sequencing of the T cell repertoire from numerous patient samples suggests that the correlation between mutational burden and enrichment of tumor-specific peptides may be less convincing than originally suspected. While this raises questions over the efficacy of dendritic cell or tumor-lysate vaccines and CAR-T therapies, these avenues continue to be explored. In addition to these active immunotherapies, inhibitors of molecular hubs with wide reaching effects, including STAT3, IDO, and TGF-β, are now in early-phase clinical trials. With the potential to block intrinsic biological properties of tumor growth and invasion while bolstering the immunogenic profile of the tumor microenvironment, these new targets represent a new direction for GBM therapies. In this review, we show the advances in molecular profiling and immunophenotyping of GBM, which may lead to the development of new personalized therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malak Abedalthagafi
- 1Genomics Research Department, Saudi Human Genome Project, King Fahad Medical City and King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,2Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Duna Barakeh
- 1Genomics Research Department, Saudi Human Genome Project, King Fahad Medical City and King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kara M Foshay
- Inova Neuroscience and Spine Institute, Inova Health Systems, Falls Church, VA USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Tagawa M, Kurashima C, Takagi S, Maekawa N, Konnai S, Shimbo G, Matsumoto K, Inokuma H, Kawamoto K, Miyahara K. Evaluation of costimulatory molecules in dogs with B cell high grade lymphoma. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201222. [PMID: 30040869 PMCID: PMC6057677 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
B cell high grade lymphoma is the most common hematopoietic malignancy in dogs. Although the immune checkpoint molecules, programmed death-1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4), and immune checkpoint inhibitors have been evaluated for the treatment of various human lymphoid malignancies, the expression of those molecules and their relationship with prognosis remain unknown in canine lymphoma. The objective of this study was to evaluate the expression of costimulatory molecules on peripheral blood lymphocytes and tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, in addition to associated ligand expression in the lymph nodes of patients with B cell multicentric high grade lymphoma. Eighteen patients diagnosed with B cell high grade lymphoma and nine healthy control dogs were enrolled. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that the expression of PD-1 on CD4+ peripheral and tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and CTLA-4 on CD4+ peripheral lymphocytes was significantly higher in the lymphoma group than in the control group. The expression level of CD80 mRNA was significantly lower in the lymphoma group than in the control group. In contrast, there were no significant differences in PD-L1, PD-L2, and CD86 expression between the groups. Dogs with CTLA-4 levels below the cutoff values, which were determined based on receiver operating characteristic curves, on peripheral CD4+, CD8+, and tumor infiltrating CD4+ lymphocytes had significantly longer survival than dogs with values above the cutoff. Although it is uncertain whether the expression of immune checkpoint molecules affect the biological behavior of canine lymphoma, one possible explanation is that PD-1 and CTLA-4 might be associated with the suppression of antitumor immunity in dogs with B cell high grade lymphoma, particularly through CD4+ T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michihito Tagawa
- Veterinary Medical Center, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Chihiro Kurashima
- Veterinary Medical Center, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Satoshi Takagi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Naoya Maekawa
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Satoru Konnai
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Genya Shimbo
- Veterinary Medical Center, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kotaro Matsumoto
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hisashi Inokuma
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Keiko Kawamoto
- Research Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kazuro Miyahara
- Veterinary Medical Center, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Santoni G, Amantini C, Morelli MB, Tomassoni D, Santoni M, Marinelli O, Nabissi M, Cardinali C, Paolucci V, Torniai M, Rinaldi S, Morgese F, Bernardini G, Berardi R. High CTLA-4 expression correlates with poor prognosis in thymoma patients. Oncotarget 2018; 9:16665-16677. [PMID: 29682176 PMCID: PMC5908277 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Thymomas, tumors that arise from epithelial cells of the thymus gland, are the most common neoplasms of the anterior mediastinum, with an incidence rate of approximately 2.5 per million/year. Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Antigen 4 (CTLA-4 or CD152) exerts inhibitory activity on T cells, and since its oncogenic role in the progression of different types of tumors, it has emerged as a potential therapeutic target in cancer patients. In this study, we assessed the expression of CTLA-4 both at mRNA and protein levels in paraffin embedded-tissues from patients with thymomas. Furthermore, we evaluated the relationship between CTLA-4 expression and the clinical-pathologic characteristics and prognosis in patients with thymomas. Sixty-eight patients with median age corresponding to 62 years were included in this analysis. Thymomas were classified accordingly to the WHO and Masaoka-Koga for histochemical analysis and for prognostic significance. A statistical difference was found between CTLA-4 mRNA levels in human normal thymus compared with thymoma specimens. CTLA-4 expression was statistically found to progressively increase in A, B1, B2, AB and it was maximal in B3 thymomas. According to Masaoka-Koga pathological classification, CTLA-4 expression was lower in I, IIA and IIB, and higher in invasive III and IV stages. By confocal microscopy analysis we identified the expression of CTLA-4 both in tumor cells and in CD45+ tumor-infiltrating leukocytes, mainly in B3 and AB thymomas. Finally, CTLA-4 overexpression significantly correlates with reduced overall survival in thymoma patients and in atypical thymoma subgroup, suggesting that it represents a negative prognostic factor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Consuelo Amantini
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Maria Beatrice Morelli
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Tomassoni
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Matteo Santoni
- Medical Oncology Unit, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti Umberto I-Lancisi, Salesi di Ancona, Italy
| | - Oliviero Marinelli
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy.,School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | | | - Claudio Cardinali
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Vittorio Paolucci
- Medical Oncology Unit, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti Umberto I-Lancisi, Salesi di Ancona, Italy
| | - Mariangela Torniai
- Medical Oncology Unit, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti Umberto I-Lancisi, Salesi di Ancona, Italy
| | - Silvia Rinaldi
- Medical Oncology Unit, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti Umberto I-Lancisi, Salesi di Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesca Morgese
- Medical Oncology Unit, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti Umberto I-Lancisi, Salesi di Ancona, Italy
| | - Giovanni Bernardini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,I.N.M. Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia (IS), Italy
| | - Rossana Berardi
- Medical Oncology Unit, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti Umberto I-Lancisi, Salesi di Ancona, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Liu X, Swen JJ, Diekstra MHM, Boven E, Castellano D, Gelderblom H, Mathijssen RHJ, Vermeulen SH, Oosterwijk E, Junker K, Roessler M, Alexiusdottir K, Sverrisdottir A, Radu MT, Ambert V, Eisen T, Warren A, Rodríguez-Antona C, García-Donas J, Böhringer S, Koudijs KKM, Kiemeney LALM, Rini BI, Guchelaar HJ. A Genetic Polymorphism in CTLA-4 Is Associated with Overall Survival in Sunitinib-Treated Patients with Clear Cell Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:2350-2356. [PMID: 29490989 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-2815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: The survival of patients with clear cell metastatic renal cell carcinoma (cc-mRCC) has improved substantially since the introduction of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI). With the fact that TKIs interact with immune responses, we investigated whether polymorphisms of genes involved in immune checkpoints are related to the clinical outcome of cc-mRCC patients treated with sunitinib as first TKI.Experimental Design: Twenty-seven single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in CD274 (PD-L1), PDCD1 (PD-1), and CTLA-4 were tested for a possible association with progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in a discovery cohort of 550 sunitinib-treated cc-mRCC patients. SNPs with a significant association (P < 0.05) were tested in an independent validation cohort of 138 sunitinib-treated cc-mRCC patients. Finally, data of the discovery and validation cohort were pooled for meta-analysis.Results:CTLA-4 rs231775 and CD274 rs7866740 showed significant associations with OS in the discovery cohort after correction for age, gender, and Heng prognostic risk group [HR, 0.84; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.72-0.98; P = 0.028, and HR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.54-0.99; P = 0.047, respectively]. In the validation cohort, the associations of both SNPs with OS did not meet the significance threshold of P < 0.05. After meta-analysis, CTLA-4 rs231775 showed a significant association with OS (HR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.72-0.95; P = 0.008). Patients with the GG genotype had longer OS (35.1 months) compared with patients with an AG (30.3 months) or AA genotype (24.3 months). No significant associations with PFS were found.Conclusions: The G-allele of rs231775 in the CTLA-4 gene is associated with an improved OS in sunitinib-treated cc-mRCC patients and could potentially be used as a prognostic biomarker. Clin Cancer Res; 24(10); 2350-6. ©2018 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jesse J Swen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Meta H M Diekstra
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Epie Boven
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Daniel Castellano
- Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hans Gelderblom
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ron H J Mathijssen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sita H Vermeulen
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Egbert Oosterwijk
- Department of Urology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Kerstin Junker
- Clinic of Urology and Paediatric Urology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Max Roessler
- CESAR Central Office, CESAR Central European Society for Anticancer Drug Research-EWIV, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Marius T Radu
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, Bucuresti, Romania
| | - Valentin Ambert
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, Bucuresti, Romania
| | - Tim Eisen
- Department of Oncology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Warren
- Department of Pathology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Cristina Rodríguez-Antona
- Hereditary Endocrine Cancer Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO) and Biomedical Network on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesus García-Donas
- Medical Oncology, HM Hospitales, Centro Integral Oncológico HM Clara Campal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Stefan Böhringer
- Department of Medical Statistics and Bioinformatics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Karel K M Koudijs
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Lambertus A L M Kiemeney
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Brian I Rini
- Department of Solid Tumor Oncology, Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute (CCF), Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Henk-Jan Guchelaar
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Zhao H, Liao X, Kang Y. Tregs: Where We Are and What Comes Next? Front Immunol 2017; 8:1578. [PMID: 29225597 PMCID: PMC5705554 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells are usually recognized as a specialized subset of CD4+ T cells functioning in establishment and maintenance of immune tolerance. Meanwhile, there is emerging evidence that regulatory T cells (Tregs) are also present in various non-lymphoid tissues, and that they have unique phenotypes credited with activities distinct from regulatory function. Their development and function have been described in plenty of manuscripts in the past two decades. However, with the deepening of research in recent years, emerging evidence revealed some novel mechanisms about how Tregs exert their activities. First, we discuss the expanding family of regulatory lymphocytes briefly and then, try to interpret how fork-head box P3 (Foxp3), a master regulator of the regulatory pathway in the development and function of regulatory T cells, functions. Subsequently, another part of our focus is varieties of tissue Tregs. Next, we primarily discuss recent research on how Tregs work and their faceted functions in terms of soluble mediators, functional proteins, and inhibitory receptors. In particular, unless otherwise noted, the term “Treg” is used here to refer specially to the “CD4+CD25+Foxp3+” regulatory cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai Zhao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuelian Liao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Kang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|