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Liu X, Tu J, Fang YW, Xi G, Li H, Wu R, Liu X, Lu D, He J, Zhang J, Tian J, Zhang L. Colossal Ferroelectric Photovoltaic Effect in Inequivalent Double-Perovskite Bi 2FeMnO 6 Thin Films. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:13934-13948. [PMID: 38741463 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Double perovskite films have been extensively studied for ferroelectric order, ferromagnetic order, and photovoltaic effects. The customized ion combinations and ordered ionic arrangements provide unique opportunities for bandgap engineering. Here, a synergistic strategy to induce chemical strain and charge compensation through inequivalent element substitution is proposed. A-site substitution of the barium ion is used to modify the chemical valence and defect density of the two B-site elements in Bi2FeMnO6 double perovskite epitaxial thin films. We dramatically increased the ferroelectric photovoltaic effect to ∼135.67 μA/cm2 from 30.62 μA/cm2, which is the highest in ferroelectric thin films with a thickness of less than 100 nm under white-light LED irradiation. More importantly, the ferroelectric polarization can effectively improve the photovoltaic efficiency of more than 5 times. High-resolution HAADF-STEM, synchrotron-based X-ray diffraction and absorption spectroscopy, and DFT calculations collectively demonstrate that inequivalent ion plays a dual role of chemical strain (+1.92 and -1.04 GPa) and charge balance, thereby introducing lattice distortion effects. The reduction of the oxygen vacancy density and the competing Jahn-Teller distortion of the oxygen octahedron are the main phenomena of the change in electron-orbital hybridization, which also leads to enhanced ferroelectric polarization values and optical absorption. The inequivalent strategy can be extended to other double perovskite systems and applied to other functional materials, such as photocatalysis for efficient defect control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Liu
- Institute for Advanced Materials Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jie Tu
- Institute for Advanced Materials Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yue-Wen Fang
- Fisika Aplikatua Saila, Gipuzkoako Ingeniaritza Eskola, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Europa Plaza 1 Donostia/San Sebastián 20018, Spain
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Manuel de Lardizabal Pasealekua 5 Donostia/San Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | - Guoqiang Xi
- Institute for Advanced Materials Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hangren Li
- Institute for Advanced Materials Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Rong Wu
- Institute for Advanced Materials Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiuqiao Liu
- Institute for Advanced Materials Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Dongfei Lu
- Institute for Advanced Materials Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jiushe He
- School of Materials and Energy, or Electron Microscopy Centre of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Junwei Zhang
- School of Materials and Energy, or Electron Microscopy Centre of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jianjun Tian
- Institute for Advanced Materials Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Linxing Zhang
- Institute for Advanced Materials Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
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Choi EM, Kim T, Cho BW, Lee YH. Proximity-Induced Tunable Magnetic Order at the Interface of All-van der Waals-Layered Heterostructures. ACS NANO 2023; 17:15656-15665. [PMID: 37523780 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c02764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Spin-orbit coupling (SOC) plays a crucial role in controlling the spin-charge conversion efficiency, spin torque, and complex magnetic spin structures. In this study, we investigate the interplay between SOC and ferromagnetism in heterostructures of large-SOC and magnetic materials. We highlight the importance of the SOC-proximity effect on magnetic ordering in all-van der Waals-layered heterostructures, specifically Fe3GeTe2(FGT)/monolayer W1-xVxSe2 (x = 0 and 0.05). By increasing the SOC strength, we demonstrate various magnetic orderings induced at the interface of the heterostructure, including spin-flop, spin-flip, and inverted magnetization. Moreover, we show a sharp magnetic switching from antiferromagnetic state to ferromagnetic state in FGT/W0.95V0.05Se2, which is characteristic of the synthetic antiferromagnetic structure. This proof-of-concept result offers the possibility of interface-tailoring spintronics, including two-dimensional magnetoresistive random access memory toggle switching. Our findings provide insight into the design and development of next-generation spintronic devices by exploiting the interplay between SOC and magnetic ordering in all-van der Waals-layered heterostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Mi Choi
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Taesoo Kim
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong Wook Cho
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hee Lee
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Facility Center for Quantum Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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3
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Guo S, Wang B, Wolf D, Lubk A, Xia W, Wang M, Xiao Y, Cui J, Pravarthana D, Dou Z, Leistner K, Li RW, Hühne R, Nielsch K. Hierarchically Engineered Manganite Thin Films with a Wide-Temperature-Range Colossal Magnetoresistance Response. ACS NANO 2023; 17:2517-2528. [PMID: 36651833 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c10200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Colossal magnetoresistance is of great fundamental and technological significance in condensed-matter physics, magnetic memory, and sensing technologies. However, its relatively narrow working temperature window is still a severe obstacle for potential applications due to the nature of the material-inherent phase transition. Here, we realized hierarchical La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 thin films with well-defined (001) and (221) crystallographic orientations by combining substrate modification with conventional thin-film deposition. Microscopic investigations into its magnetic transition through electron holography reveal that the hierarchical microstructure significantly broadens the temperature range of the ferromagnetic-paramagnetic transition, which further widens the response temperature range of the macroscopic colossal magnetoresistance under the scheme of the double-exchange mechanism. Therefore, this work puts forward a method to alter the magnetic transition and thus to extend the magnetoresistance working window by nanoengineering, which might be a promising approach also for other phase-transition-related effects in functional oxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, People's Republic of China
- Leibniz IFW Dresden, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - Baomin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, People's Republic of China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315201, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Axel Lubk
- Leibniz IFW Dresden, Dresden 01069, Germany
- Institute of Solid State and Materials Physics, TU Dresden, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - Weixing Xia
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingkun Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Xiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, People's Republic of China
| | - Junfeng Cui
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, People's Republic of China
| | - Dhanapal Pravarthana
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, People's Republic of China
| | - Zehua Dou
- Leibniz IFW Dresden, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - Karin Leistner
- Leibniz IFW Dresden, Dresden 01069, Germany
- Electrochemical Sensors and Energy Storage, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, TU Chemnitz, Chemnitz 09111, Germany
| | - Run-Wei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, People's Republic of China
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Selvasundarasekar SS, Bijoy TK, Kumaravel S, Karmakar A, Madhu R, Bera K, Nagappan S, Dhandapani HN, Mersal GAM, Ibrahim MM, Sarkar D, Yusuf SM, Lee SC, Kundu S. Effective Formation of a Mn-ZIF-67 Nanofibrous Network via Electrospinning: An Active Electrocatalyst for OER in Alkaline Medium. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:46581-46594. [PMID: 36194123 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c12643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Finding the active center in a bimetallic zeolite imidazolate framework (ZIF) is highly crucial for the electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction (OER). In the present study, we constructed a bimetallic ZIF system with cobalt and manganese metal ions and subjected it to an electrospinning technique for feasible fiber formation. The obtained nanofibers delivered a lower overpotential value of 302 mV at a benchmarking current density of 10 mA cm-2 in an electrocatalytic OER study under alkaline conditions. The obtained Tafel slope and charge-transfer resistance values were 125 mV dec-1 and 4 Ω, respectively. The kinetics of the reaction is mainly attributed from the ratio of metals (Co and Mn) present in the catalyst. Jahn-Teller distortion reveals that the electrocatalytic active center on the Mn-incorporated ZIF-67 nanofibers (Mn-ZIF-67-NFs) was found to be Mn3+ along with the Mn2+ and Co2+ ions on the octahedral and tetrahedral sites, respectively, where Co2+ ions tend to suppress the distortion, which is well supported by density functional theory analysis, molecular orbital study, and magnetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Sankar Selvasundarasekar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad201002, India
- CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi630003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - T K Bijoy
- Indo-Korea Science and Technology Center (IKST), Jakkur, Bengaluru560065, India
| | - Sangeetha Kumaravel
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad201002, India
- CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi630003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arun Karmakar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad201002, India
- CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi630003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ragunath Madhu
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad201002, India
- CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi630003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Krishnendu Bera
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad201002, India
- CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi630003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sreenivasan Nagappan
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad201002, India
- CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi630003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Hariharan N Dhandapani
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad201002, India
- CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi630003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gaber A M Mersal
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed M Ibrahim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Debashish Sarkar
- Technical Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai400085, India
| | - Seikh Mohammad Yusuf
- Solid State Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai400085, India
| | - Seung-Cheol Lee
- Indo-Korea Science and Technology Center (IKST), Jakkur, Bengaluru560065, India
- Electronic Materials Research Center, KIST, Seoul136-791, South Korea
| | - Subrata Kundu
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad201002, India
- CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi630003, Tamil Nadu, India
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5
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Yun C, Li W, Gao X, Dou H, Maity T, Sun X, Wu R, Peng Y, Yang J, Wang H, MacManus-Driscoll JL. Creating Ferromagnetic Insulating La 0.9Ba 0.1MnO 3 Thin Films by Tuning Lateral Coherence Length. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:8863-8870. [PMID: 33586975 PMCID: PMC8023513 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c00607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this work, heteroepitaxial vertically aligned nanocomposite (VAN) La0.9Ba0.1MnO3 (LBMO)-CeO2 films are engineered to produce ferromagnetic insulating (FMI) films. From combined X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and electron microscopy, the elimination of the insulator-metal (I-M) transition is shown to result from the creation of very small lateral coherence lengths (with the corresponding lateral size ∼ 3 nm (∼7 u.c.)) in the LBMO matrix, achieved by engineering a high density of CeO2 nanocolumns in the matrix. The small lateral coherence length leads to a shift in the valence band maximum and reduction of the double exchange (DE) coupling. There is no "dead layer" effect at the smallest achieved lateral coherence length of ∼3 nm. The FMI behavior obtained by lateral dimensional tuning is independent of substrate interactions, thus intrinsic to the film itself and hence not related to film thickness. The unique properties of VAN films give the possibility for multilayer spintronic devices that can be made without interface degradation effects between the layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yun
- Department
of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University
of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
- State
Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Weiwei Li
- Department
of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University
of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
| | - Xingyao Gao
- Materials
Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Hongyi Dou
- Materials
Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Tuhin Maity
- Department
of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University
of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
- School
of Physics, Indian Institute of Science
Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695551, India
| | - Xing Sun
- Materials
Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Rui Wu
- Department
of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University
of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
| | - Yuxuan Peng
- State
Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jinbo Yang
- State
Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Materials
Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Judith L. MacManus-Driscoll
- Department
of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University
of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
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6
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Mohanty P, Chowdhury S, Choudhary RJ, Gome A, Reddy VR, Umapathy GR, Ojha S, Carleschi E, Doyle BP, Prinsloo ARE, Sheppard CJ. Role of Ni substitution on structural, magnetic and electronic properties of epitaxial CoCr 2O 4 spinel thin films. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:285708. [PMID: 32213684 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab83b4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cubic spinel CoCr2O4 has recently attained attention due to its multiferroic properties. However, the Co site substitution effect on the structural and magnetic properties has rarely been studied in thin film form. In this work, the structural and magnetic properties of Co1-x Ni x Cr2O4 (x= 0, 0.5) epitaxial thin films deposited on MgAl2O4 (100) and MgO (100) substrates to manipulate the nature of strain in the films using pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique are presented. The epitaxial nature of the films was manifested through x-ray diffraction (XRD), reciprocal space mapping (RSM) and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) measurements. Raman measurements revealed a disappearance of characteristic A 1 g and F 2 g modes of the CoCr2O4 with increase in the Ni content. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) studies show a modification of the surface morphology upon Ni substitution. Magnetic measurements disclose that the ferrimagnetic Curie temperature (T C) of the CoCr2O4 in thin film grown on MgAl2O4 (100) and MgO (100) substrates were found to be 100.6 ± 0.5 K and 93.8 ± 0.2 K, respectively. With Ni substitution the T C values were found to be enhanced to 104.5 ± 0.4 K for MgAl2O4 (100) and 108.5 ± 0.6 K for MgO (100) substrates. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) suggests Cr3+ oxidation states in the films, while Co ions are present in a mixed Co2+/Co3+ oxidation state. The substitution of Ni at Co site significantly modifies the line shape of the core level as well as the valence band. Ni ions are also found to be in a mixed 2+/3+ oxidation state. O 1s core level display asymmetry related to possible defects like oxygen vacancies in the films.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mohanty
- Cr Research Group, Department of Physics, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Auckland Park, South Africa
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7
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Zhang F, Wu B, Zhou G, Quan ZY, Xu XH. Increased Curie Temperature Induced by Orbital Ordering in La 0.67Sr 0.33MnO 3/BaTiO 3 Superlattices. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2018; 13:24. [PMID: 29344742 PMCID: PMC5772345 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-018-2441-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent theoretical studies indicated that the Curie temperature of perovskite manganite thin films can be increased by more than an order of magnitude by applying appropriate interfacial strain to control orbital ordering. In this work, we demonstrate that the regular intercalation of BaTiO3 layers between La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 layers effectively enhances ferromagnetic order and increases the Curie temperature of La0.67Sr0.33MnO3/BaTiO3 superlattices. The preferential orbital occupancy of eg(x 2 -y 2 ) in La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 layers induced by the tensile strain of BaTiO3 layers is identified by X-ray linear dichroism measurements. Our results reveal that controlling orbital ordering can effectively improve the Curie temperature of La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 films and that in-plane orbital occupancy is beneficial to the double exchange ferromagnetic coupling of thin-film samples. These findings create new opportunities for the design and control of magnetism in artificial structures and pave the way to a variety of novel magnetoelectronic applications that operate far above room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules and Magnetic Information Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, 041004 China
- Research Institute of Materials Science, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, 041004 China
| | - Biao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules and Magnetic Information Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, 041004 China
- Research Institute of Materials Science, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, 041004 China
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, China Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123 China
| | - Guowei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules and Magnetic Information Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, 041004 China
- Research Institute of Materials Science, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, 041004 China
| | - Zhi-Yong Quan
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules and Magnetic Information Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, 041004 China
- Research Institute of Materials Science, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, 041004 China
| | - Xiao-Hong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules and Magnetic Information Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, 041004 China
- Research Institute of Materials Science, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, 041004 China
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