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Zangara MT, Darwish L, Coombes BK. Characterizing the Pathogenic Potential of Crohn's Disease-Associated Adherent-Invasive Escherichia coli. EcoSal Plus 2023; 11:eesp00182022. [PMID: 37220071 PMCID: PMC10729932 DOI: 10.1128/ecosalplus.esp-0018-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
The microbiome of Crohn's disease (CD) patients is composed of a microbial community that is considered dysbiotic and proinflammatory in nature. The overrepresentation of Enterobacteriaceae species is a common feature of the CD microbiome, and much attention has been given to understanding the pathogenic role this feature plays in disease activity. Over 2 decades ago, a new Escherichia coli subtype called adherent-invasive E. coli (AIEC) was isolated and linked to ileal Crohn's disease. Since the isolation of the first AIEC strain, additional AIEC strains have been isolated from both inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients and non-IBD individuals using the original in vitro phenotypic characterization methods. Identification of a definitive molecular marker of the AIEC pathotype has been elusive; however, significant advancements have been made in understanding the genetic, metabolic, and virulence determinants of AIEC infection biology. Here, we review the current knowledge of AIEC pathogenesis to provide additional, objective measures that could be considered in defining AIEC and their pathogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan T. Zangara
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lena Darwish
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian K. Coombes
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Sultan-Alolama MI, Amin A, Vijayan R, El-Tarabily KA. Isolation, Characterization, and Comparative Genomic Analysis of Bacteriophage Ec_MI-02 from Pigeon Feces Infecting Escherichia coli O157:H7. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119506. [PMID: 37298457 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The most significant serotype of Shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli that causes foodborne illnesses is Escherichia coli O157:H7. Elimination of E. coli O157:H7 during food processing and storage is a possible solution. Bacteriophages have a significant impact on bacterial populations in nature due to their ability to lyse their bacterial host. In the current study, a virulent bacteriophage, Ec_MI-02, was isolated from the feces of a wild pigeon in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) for potential future use as a bio-preservative or in phage therapy. Using a spot test and an efficiency of plating analysis, Ec_MI-02 was found to infect in addition to the propagation host, E. coli O157:H7 NCTC 12900, five different serotypes of E. coli O157:H7 (three clinical samples from infected patients, one from contaminated green salad, and one from contaminated ground beef). Based on morphology and genome analysis, Ec_MI-02 belongs to the genus Tequatrovirus under the order Caudovirales. The adsorption rate constant (K) of Ec_MI-02 was found to be 1.55 × 10-8 mL/min. The latent period was 50 min with a burst size of almost 10 plaque forming units (pfu)/host cell in the one-step growth curve when the phage Ec_MI-02 was cultivated using the propagation host E. coli O157:H7 NCTC 12900. Ec_MI-02 was found to be stable at a wide range of pH, temperature, and commonly used laboratory disinfectants. Its genome is 165,454 bp long with a GC content of 35.5% and encodes 266 protein coding genes. Ec_MI-02 has genes encoding for rI, rII, and rIII lysis inhibition proteins, which supports the observation of delayed lysis in the one-step growth curve. The current study provides additional evidence that wild birds could also be a good natural reservoir for bacteriophages that do not carry antibiotic resistance genes and could be good candidates for phage therapy. In addition, studying the genetic makeup of bacteriophages that infect human pathogens is crucial for ensuring their safe usage in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Ismail Sultan-Alolama
- Zayed Complex for Herbal Research and Traditional Medicine, Research and Innovation Center, Department of Health, Abu Dhabi 5674, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Amr Amin
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ranjit Vijayan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- The Big Data Analytics Center, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 17666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Khaled A El-Tarabily
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Khalifa Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
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3
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Escherichia coli 0157:H7 virulence factors and the ruminant reservoir. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2022; 35:205-214. [PMID: 35665714 PMCID: PMC9302714 DOI: 10.1097/qco.0000000000000834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review updates recent findings about Escherichia coli O157:H7 virulence factors and its bovine reservoir. This Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing E. coli belongs to the Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) pathotype causing hemorrhagic colitis. Its low infectious dose makes it an efficient, severe, foodborne pathogen. Although EHEC remains in the intestine, Stx can translocate systemically and is cytotoxic to microvascular endothelial cells, especially in the kidney and brain. Disease can progress to life-threatening hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) with hemolytic anemia, acute kidney failure, and thrombocytopenia. Young children, the immunocompromised, and the elderly are at the highest risk for HUS. Healthy ruminants are the major reservoir of EHEC and cattle are the primary source of human exposure. RECENT FINDINGS Advances in understanding E. coli O157:H7 pathogenesis include molecular mechanisms of virulence, bacterial adherence, type three secretion effectors, intestinal microbiome, inflammation, and reservoir maintenance. SUMMARY Many aspects of E. coli O157:H7 disease remain unclear and include the role of the human and bovine intestinal microbiomes in infection. Therapeutic strategies involve controlling inflammatory responses and/or intestinal barrier function. Finally, elimination/reduction of E. coli O157:H7 in cattle using CRISPR-engineered conjugative bacterial plasmids and/or on-farm management likely hold solutions to reduce infections and increase food safety/security.
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Kvesić M, Šamanić I, Novak A, Fredotović Ž, Dželalija M, Kamenjarin J, Goić Barišić I, Tonkić M, Maravić A. Submarine Outfalls of Treated Wastewater Effluents are Sources of Extensively- and Multidrug-Resistant KPC- and OXA-48-Producing Enterobacteriaceae in Coastal Marine Environment. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:858821. [PMID: 35602062 PMCID: PMC9121779 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.858821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid and ongoing spread of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae has led to a global health threat. However, a limited number of studies have addressed this problem in the marine environment. We investigated their emergence in the coastal waters of the central Adriatic Sea (Croatia), which are recipients of submarine effluents from two wastewater treatment plants. Fifteen KPC-producing Enterobacteriaceae (nine Escherichia coli, four Klebsiella pneumoniae and two Citrobacter freundii) were recovered, and susceptibility testing to 14 antimicrobials from 10 classes showed that four isolates were extensively drug resistant (XDR) and two were resistant to colistin. After ERIC and BOX-PCR typing, eight isolates were selected for whole genome sequencing. The E. coli isolates belonged to serotype O21:H27 and sequence type (ST) 2795, while K. pneumoniae isolates were assigned to STs 37 and 534. Large-scale genome analysis revealed an arsenal of 137 genes conferring resistance to 19 antimicrobial drug classes, 35 genes associated with virulence, and 20 plasmid replicons. The isolates simultaneously carried 43–90 genes encoding for antibiotic resistance, while four isolates co-harbored carbapenemase genes blaKPC-2 and blaOXA-48. The blaOXA-48 was associated with IncL-type plasmids in E. coli and K. pneumoniae. Importantly, the blaKPC-2 in four E. coli isolates was located on ~40 kb IncP6 broad-host-range plasmids which recently emerged as blaKPC-2 vesicles, providing first report of these blaKPC-2-bearing resistance plasmids circulating in E. coli in Europe. This study also represents the first evidence of XDR and potentially virulent strains of KPC-producing E. coli in coastal waters and the co-occurrence of blaKPC-2 and blaOXA-48 carbapenemase genes in this species. The leakage of these strains through submarine effluents into coastal waters is of concern, indicating a reservoir of this infectious threat in the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Kvesić
- Center of Excellence for Science and Technology, Integration of Mediterranean Region, University of Split, Split, Croatia
- Doctoral Study of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Ivica Šamanić
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Anita Novak
- School of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
- University Hospital Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Željana Fredotović
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Mia Dželalija
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Juraj Kamenjarin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Ivana Goić Barišić
- School of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
- University Hospital Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Marija Tonkić
- School of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
- University Hospital Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Ana Maravić
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Split, Split, Croatia
- *Correspondence: Ana Maravić,
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Detection of virulence gene of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains from animals with diarrhoea and water samples in the North-West Province, South Africa. GENE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2022.101617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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6
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Genetic Characteristics of the Transmissible Locus of Stress Tolerance (tLST) and tLST Harboring Escherichia coli as Revealed by Large-Scale Genomic Analysis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0218521. [PMID: 35285715 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02185-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The transmissible locus of stress tolerance (tLST) confers resistance to multiple stresses in E. coli. Utilizing 18,959 E. coli genomes available in the NCBI database, we investigated the prevalence, phylogenetic distribution, and configuration patterns of tLST, and correlations between tLST, and virulence and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes in E. coli. Four tLST variants were found in 2.7% of E. coli, with the most prevalent (77.1%) variant being tLST1 followed by tLST2 (8.3%), tLST3b (8.3%) and tLST3a (6.3%). The majority (93%) of those tLST were in E. coli belonging to phylogroup A in which the prevalence was 10.4%. tLST was also found in phylogroup B1 (0.5%) and C (0.5%) but not found in B2 or D-G. An additional 1% of the 18,959 E. coli genomes harbored tLST fragments to various extent. Phylogenetic analysis revealed both intra- and interspecies transmission of both chromosomal and plasmid-borne tLST, with E. coli showing a preference of chromosomal over plasmid-borne tLST. The presence of tLST and virulence genes in E. coli was overall negatively correlated, but tLST was found in all genomes of a subgroup of enterotoxigenic E. coli (ST2332). Of note, no Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (n = 3,492) harbored tLST. The prevalence of tLST and AMR genes showed different temporal trends over the period 1985 to 2019. However, a substantial fraction of tLST positive E. coli harbor AMR genes, posing a threat to public health. In conclusion, this study improves our understanding of the genetic characteristics of tLST and E. coli harboring tLST. IMPORTANCE This study, through a large-scale genomic analysis, demonstrated that the genomic island tLST related to multiple stress resistance (such as extreme heat resistance and oxidative stress tolerance) in E. coli is differentially present in subgroups of E. coli and is strongly associated with certain phylogenetic background of the host strain. The study also shows the transmission mechanisms of tLST in E. coli and other bacterial species. The overall negative association of tLST, and virulence genes and antimicrobial (AMR) genes suggest the selective pressures for the acquisition and transmission of these traits likely differ. Even so, the high prevalence of tLST in the enterotoxigenic E. coli clone ST2332 and co-occurrence of tLST and AMR genes in E. coli are concerning. Thus, the findings better our understanding of tLST evolution and provide information for risk assessment of tLST harboring bacteria.
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Mutlaq S, Albiss B, Al-Nabulsi AA, Jaradat ZW, Olaimat AN, Khalifeh MS, Osaili T, Ayyash MM, Holley RA. Conductometric Immunosensor for Escherichia coli O157:H7 Detection Based on Polyaniline/Zinc Oxide (PANI/ZnO) Nanocomposite. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13193288. [PMID: 34641104 PMCID: PMC8512834 DOI: 10.3390/polym13193288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A conductometric immunosensor was developed for the detection of one of the most common foodborne pathogens, Escherichia coli O157:H7 (E. coli O157:H7), by conductometric sensing. The sensor was built based on a polyaniline/zinc oxide (PANI/ZnO) nanocomposite film spin-coated on a gold electrode. Then, it was modified with a monoclonal anti-E. coli O157:H7 antibody as a biorecognition element. The fabricated nanostructured sensor was able to quantify the pathogens under optimal detection conditions, within 30 min, and showed a good detection range from 101 to 104 CFU/mL for E. coli O157:H7 and a minimum detection limit of 4.8 CFU/mL in 0.1% peptone water. The sensor efficiency for detecting bacteria in food matrices was tested in ultra-heat-treated (UHT) skim milk. E. coli O157:H7 was detected at concentrations of 101 to 104 CFU/mL with a minimum detection limit of 13.9 CFU/mL. The novel sensor was simple, fast, highly sensitive with excellent specificity, and it had the potential for rapid sample processing. Moreover, this unique technique for bacterial detection could be applicable for food safety and quality control in the food sector as it offers highly reliable results and is able to quantify the target bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sawsan Mutlaq
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan; (S.M.); (A.A.A.-N.); (T.O.)
| | - Borhan Albiss
- Nanomaterials Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan
- Correspondence:
| | - Anas A. Al-Nabulsi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan; (S.M.); (A.A.A.-N.); (T.O.)
| | - Ziad W. Jaradat
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan;
| | - Amin N. Olaimat
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan;
| | - Mohammad S. Khalifeh
- Department of Basic Medical Veterinary Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan;
| | - Tareq Osaili
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan; (S.M.); (A.A.A.-N.); (T.O.)
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mutamed M. Ayyash
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Richard A. Holley
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada;
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Zhou M, Yang Y, Wu M, Ma F, Xu Y, Deng B, Zhang J, Zhu G, Lu Y. Role of long polar fimbriae type 1 and 2 in pathogenesis of mammary pathogenic Escherichia coli. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:8243-8255. [PMID: 33814154 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Escherichia coli is a leading cause of bovine mastitis worldwide. The bacteria can rapidly grow in milk and elicit a strong lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4)-dependent inflammatory response. Recently, the long polar fimbriae (LPF) were identified as a promising virulence factor candidate widely distributed in mammary pathogenic E. coli (MPEC) strains. Mammary pathogenic E. coli possess 2 lpf loci encoding LPF1 and LPF2, respectively. By deleting the major fimbrial subunit gene, lpfA, we found that both LPF1 and LPF2 contribute to MPEC adhesion, invasion, and biofilm formation in vitro. The lpf1A and lpf2A mutants showed reduced cytotoxicity in our in vitro cell infection model. Furthermore, we observed that LPF2 induced a mild TLR4-independent proinflammatory response. The median lethal dose (LD50) of both ∆lpf2A and ∆lpf1A∆lpf2A mutants to BALB/c mice increased by 0.38 and 0.15 logs, respectively, whereas that of wild-type strain MPJS13 was 8.69 logs. In contrast, LPF1 deficiency significantly enhanced the LPS/TLR4-mediated inflammatory response in mammary epithelial cells, and the LD50 of the mutant decreased to 8.18 logs. In conclusion, our data suggested that LPF are important in MPEC colonization of mammary cells and may provide a benefit to bacterial intracellular survival that induces persistent bovine mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxu Zhou
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Miaomiao Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Fang Ma
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yue Xu
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Bihua Deng
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Jinqiu Zhang
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Yu Lu
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
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9
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Aditya A, Peng M, Young A, Biswas D. Antagonistic Mechanism of Metabolites Produced by Lactobacillus casei on Lysis of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:574422. [PMID: 33329433 PMCID: PMC7719638 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.574422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhancing extracellular metabolic byproducts of probiotics is one of the promising strategies to improve overall host health as well as to control enteric infections caused by various foodborne pathogens. However, the underlying mechanism of action of those metabolites and their effective concentrations are yet to be established. In this study, we determined the antibacterial potential of the metabolites in the cell-free culture supernatant (CFCS) collected from wild-type Lactobacillus casei (LCwt) and genetically modified LC to overexpress linoleate isomerase (LCCLA). We also evaluated the mechanism of action of CFCSs collected from the culture of LCwt in the presence or absence of 0.5% peanut flour (CFCSwt and CFCSwt+PF, respectively) and LCCLA alone (CFCSCLA) against enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC). The metabolites present in CFCSwt+PF and CFCSCLA eliminated EHEC within 24 and 48 h, respectively. Whereas CFCSwt failed to eliminate EHEC but reduced their growth by 6.7 logs (p < 0.05) as compared to the control. Significant downregulation of the expression of cell division gene, ftsZ, supported the observed degree of bactericidal and bacteriostatic properties of the collected CFCSs. Upregulation of EHEC genes related to maintaining cell membrane integrity, DNA damage repair, and molecular chaperons indicated an intensive stress condition imposed by the total metabolites present in CFCSs on EHEC growth and cellular structures. A range of deviated morphological features provoked by the metabolites indicated a membrane-targeted action, in general, to compromise the membrane permeability of EHEC. The information obtained from this study may contribute to a more efficient prevention of EHEC related infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Aditya
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Mengfei Peng
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Alana Young
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Debabrata Biswas
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States.,Biological Sciences Program, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States.,Centre for Food Safety and Security Systems, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States
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10
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Teng L, Lee S, Park D, Jeong KC. Genetic and Functional Analyses of Virulence Potential of an Escherichia coli O157:H7 Strain Isolated From Super-Shedder Cattle. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:271. [PMID: 32582570 PMCID: PMC7289925 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157:H7 is an enteric pathogen that causes life-threatening disease in humans, with cattle being major natural reservoirs. A group of STEC O157:H7 with a dramatic combination of high virulence potentials and super-shedder bovine origin have been isolated. Here, an STEC O157:H7 isolate, JEONG-1266, was analyzed by comparative genomics, stx genotyping, and phenotypic analyses. The phylogenetic typing and whole-genome comparison consistently showed that JEONG-1266 is genetically close to EC4115 (one of 2006 Spinach outbreak isolates) and SS17 (an isolate from super-shedder cattle) strains, all of which belong to lineage I/II and Clade 8. Both lineage I/II and Clade 8 are known to be mostly associated with clinical strains with high virulence and severe clinical symptoms. Further, JEONG-1266, like EC4115 and SS17, harbors stx2a/stx2c genes, and carries Stx-encoding prophages, specifically the φstx2a-γ subtype. Possession of the φstx2a-γ subtype of Stx-encoding prophages and production of Stx2a have been shown to be a key signature associated with hypervirulent STEC O157:H7 strains. In silico virulence typing elucidated JEONG-1266, EC4115, and SS17 shared a highly conserved profile of key virulence genes at the nucleotide sequence level. Consistently, phenotypic data showed that JEONG-1266 expressed a high level of Stx2 toxins and had the full capacity of adhesion in vitro. Taken together, our study suggests that JEONG-1266 may represent an emerging STEC O157:H7 group, which are hypervirulent strains that originate from super-shedders, that can be a threat to food safety and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Teng
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Shinyoung Lee
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Dongjin Park
- Food Science and Technology Department, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Kwangcheol Casey Jeong
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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11
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A Rapid Enzyme-Linked Immunomagnetic Electrochemical (ELIME) Assay for the Detection of Escherichia coli O26 in Raw Milk. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-020-01758-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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12
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Elafify M, Khalifa HO, Al-Ashmawy M, Elsherbini M, El Latif AA, Okanda T, Matsumoto T, Koseki S, Abdelkhalek A. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in milk and dairy products in Egypt. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2019; 55:265-272. [PMID: 31762384 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2019.1686312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Food contaminated with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) represents a hazardous public health problem worldwide. Therefore, the present study was performed to elucidate the virulent and antimicrobial resistance characteristics of STEC isolated from milk and dairy products marketed in Egypt. A total of 125 samples (raw market milk, bulk tank milk, Kareish cheese, white soft cheese, and small scale-produced ice cream, 25 each) were collected for determination the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profiling of STEC. Thirty-six STEC isolates were recovered from milk and dairy products. Serological analysis illustrated that three isolates were E. coli O157:H7 and 33 isolates belonged to different serotypes. Molecular examination indicated that all isolates harboured stx1 and/or stx2 genes, 14 isolates expressed eaeA gene and 3 isolates possessed rfbE gene. Antimicrobial resistance profiling of the isolates was both phenotypically and genetically examined. Interestingly, 31 out of 36 (86.11%) isolates were multidrug-resistant and harboured the extended-spectrum β-lactamase encoding genes, namely, blaCTX-M-15, blaSHV-12 and blaCTX-M-14. Moreover, 12 isolates (33.33%) harboured plasmid-mediated quinolone resistant gene, qnrS. The overall conclusion of the current investigation indicated insufficient hygienic measures adopted during milking, handling, and processing leading to development of pathogenic and multidrug-resistant STEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Elafify
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hazim O Khalifa
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Narita, Japan
| | - Maha Al-Ashmawy
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Elsherbini
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Amera Abd El Latif
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Takashi Okanda
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Matsumoto
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Narita, Japan
| | - Shige Koseki
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Adel Abdelkhalek
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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13
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Abstract
Bacterial pathogens have evolved to regulate virulence gene expression at critical points in the colonization and infection processes to successfully cause disease. The Shigella species infect the epithelial cells lining the colon to result in millions of cases of diarrhea and a significant global health burden. As antibiotic resistance rates increase, understanding the mechanisms of infection is vital to ensure successful vaccine development. Despite significant gains in our understanding of Shigella infection, it remains unknown how the bacteria initiate contact with the colonic epithelium. Most pathogens harbor multiple adherence factors to facilitate this process, but Shigella was thought to have lost the ability to produce these factors. Interestingly, we have identified conditions that mimic some features of gastrointestinal transit and that enable Shigella to express adherence structural genes. This work highlights aspects of genetic regulation for Shigella adherence factors and may have a significant impact on future vaccine development. The Shigella species are Gram-negative, facultative intracellular pathogens that invade the colonic epithelium and cause significant diarrheal disease. Despite extensive research on the pathogen, a comprehensive understanding of how Shigella initiates contact with epithelial cells remains unknown. Shigella maintains many of the same Escherichia coli adherence gene operons; however, at least one critical gene component in each operon is currently annotated as a pseudogene in reference genomes. These annotations, coupled with a lack of structures upon microscopic analysis following growth in laboratory media, have led the field to hypothesize that Shigella is unable to produce fimbriae or other traditional adherence factors. Nevertheless, our previous analyses have demonstrated that a combination of bile salts and glucose induces both biofilm formation and adherence to colonic epithelial cells. The goal of this study was to perform transcriptomic and genetic analyses to demonstrate that adherence gene operons in Shigella flexneri strain 2457T are functional, despite the gene annotations. Our results demonstrate that at least three structural genes facilitate S. flexneri 2457T adherence for epithelial cell contact and biofilm formation. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that host factors, namely, glucose and bile salts at their physiological concentrations in the small intestine, offer key environmental stimuli required for adherence factor expression in S. flexneri. This research may have a significant impact on Shigella vaccine development and further highlights the importance of utilizing in vivo-like conditions to study bacterial pathogenesis. IMPORTANCE Bacterial pathogens have evolved to regulate virulence gene expression at critical points in the colonization and infection processes to successfully cause disease. The Shigella species infect the epithelial cells lining the colon to result in millions of cases of diarrhea and a significant global health burden. As antibiotic resistance rates increase, understanding the mechanisms of infection is vital to ensure successful vaccine development. Despite significant gains in our understanding of Shigella infection, it remains unknown how the bacteria initiate contact with the colonic epithelium. Most pathogens harbor multiple adherence factors to facilitate this process, but Shigella was thought to have lost the ability to produce these factors. Interestingly, we have identified conditions that mimic some features of gastrointestinal transit and that enable Shigella to express adherence structural genes. This work highlights aspects of genetic regulation for Shigella adherence factors and may have a significant impact on future vaccine development.
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14
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Zhou M, Ding X, Ma F, Xu Y, Zhang J, Zhu G, Lu Y. Long polar fimbriae contribute to pathogenic Escherichia coli infection to host cells. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:7317-7324. [PMID: 31359104 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10014-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Long polar fimbria (LPF) is one of the few fimbrial adhesins of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7 associated with colonization on host intestine, and both two types of LPF (including LPF1 and LPF2) play essential roles during the bacterial infection process. Though the fimbriae had been well studied in intestinal pathogenic E. coli strains, new evidences from our research revealed that it might be the key virulence for bovine mastitis pathogenic E. coli (MPEC) as well. This article summarizes the current knowledge on the LPF in E. coli, focusing on its genetic characteristics, prevalence, expression regulation, and adherence mechanism in different pathotypes of E. coli strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxu Zhou
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology &Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xueyan Ding
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Fang Ma
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology &Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Yue Xu
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology &Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Jinqiu Zhang
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology &Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009, China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, China.
| | - Yu Lu
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology &Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, China.
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15
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The Escherichia coli O157:H7 carbon starvation-inducible lipoprotein Slp contributes to initial adherence in vitro via the human polymeric immunoglobulin receptor. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216791. [PMID: 31188867 PMCID: PMC6561548 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli O157:H7 is the most well-studied serotype of the enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) class of E. coli intestinal pathogens and is responsible for many outbreaks of serious food-borne illness worldwide each year. Adherence mechanisms are a critical component of its pathogenesis, persistence in natural reservoirs, and environmental contamination. E. coli O157:H7 has a highly effective virulence operon, the Locus of Enterocyte Effacement (LEE), and its encoded intimate adherence mechanism is well characterized. However, factors involved in the preceding initial attachment are not well understood. In this study, we propose a mechanism of initial adherence used by E. coli O157:H7 in vitro. We describe a bacterial protein not previously reported to be involved in adherence, Slp, and its interactions with the human host protein polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR). The human pIgR has previously been shown to act as an adherence receptor for some mucosal pathogens and is highly expressed in the intestine. Following observation of significant colocalization between E. coli O157:H7 bacteria and pIgR location on Caco-2 cells, a co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assay using a human recombinant Fc-tagged pIgR protein led to the identification of this protein. Disruption of Slp expression in E. coli O157:H7, through deletion of its encoding gene slp, produced a significant adherence deficiency to Caco-2 cells at early time points associated with initial adherence. Plasmid complementation of the slp gene fully restored the wild-type phenotype. Furthermore, immunofluorescence microscopy revealed evidence that this interaction is specific to the pathogenic strains of E. coli tested and not the nonpathogenic control strain E. coli K12. Additionally, deletion of slp gene resulted in the absence of the corresponding protein band in further Co-IP assays, while the plasmid-encoded slp gene complementation of the deletion mutant strain restored the wild-type pattern. These data support the proposal that Slp directly contributes to initial adherence, with the pIgR protein as its proposed receptor.
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16
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Tovaglieri A, Sontheimer-Phelps A, Geirnaert A, Prantil-Baun R, Camacho DM, Chou DB, Jalili-Firoozinezhad S, de Wouters T, Kasendra M, Super M, Cartwright MJ, Richmond CA, Breault DT, Lacroix C, Ingber DE. Species-specific enhancement of enterohemorrhagic E. coli pathogenesis mediated by microbiome metabolites. MICROBIOME 2019; 7:43. [PMID: 30890187 PMCID: PMC6425591 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-019-0650-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Species-specific differences in tolerance to infection are exemplified by the high susceptibility of humans to enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) infection, whereas mice are relatively resistant to this pathogen. This intrinsic species-specific difference in EHEC infection limits the translation of murine research to human. Furthermore, studying the mechanisms underlying this differential susceptibility is a difficult problem due to complex in vivo interactions between the host, pathogen, and disparate commensal microbial communities. RESULTS We utilize organ-on-a-chip (Organ Chip) microfluidic culture technology to model damage of the human colonic epithelium induced by EHEC infection, and show that epithelial injury is greater when exposed to metabolites derived from the human gut microbiome compared to mouse. Using a multi-omics approach, we discovered four human microbiome metabolites-4-methyl benzoic acid, 3,4-dimethylbenzoic acid, hexanoic acid, and heptanoic acid-that are sufficient to mediate this effect. The active human microbiome metabolites preferentially induce expression of flagellin, a bacterial protein associated with motility of EHEC and increased epithelial injury. Thus, the decreased tolerance to infection observed in humans versus other species may be due in part to the presence of compounds produced by the human intestinal microbiome that actively promote bacterial pathogenicity. CONCLUSION Organ-on-chip technology allowed the identification of specific human microbiome metabolites modulating EHEC pathogenesis. These identified metabolites are sufficient to increase susceptibility to EHEC in our human Colon Chip model and they contribute to species-specific tolerance. This work suggests that higher concentrations of these metabolites could be the reason for higher susceptibility to EHEC infection in certain human populations, such as children. Furthermore, this research lays the foundation for therapeutic-modulation of microbe products in order to prevent and treat human bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Tovaglieri
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Sontheimer-Phelps
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79085, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Annelies Geirnaert
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rachelle Prantil-Baun
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Diogo M Camacho
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - David B Chou
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Sasan Jalili-Firoozinezhad
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB, Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-004, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Tomás de Wouters
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Magdalena Kasendra
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Present Address: Emulate Inc., 27 Drydock Avenue, Boston, MA, 02210, USA
| | - Michael Super
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Mark J Cartwright
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Camilla A Richmond
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02139, USA
| | - David T Breault
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02139, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Christophe Lacroix
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Donald E Ingber
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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17
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Firinci B, Caglar O, Karadeniz E, Ahiskalioglu A, Demirci T, Aydin MD. Mysterious effects of olfactory pathway lesions on intestinal immunodeficiency targeting Peyer's patches: The first experimental study. Med Hypotheses 2019; 125:31-36. [PMID: 30902148 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2019.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although olfaction has been considered as important neuroimmunomodulatory foundation, there is no satisfying analytical information between neurohistomorphological features olfactory networks and intestinal immune system hardwares. We studied if the olfactory bulb lesions (OBL) may rely on histopathological features of intestinal lymphatic Peyer's patches in an animal model. METHODS Thirty-two rats were grouped as control (Group I, n = 8), SHAM (Group II, n = 7) and OBL (Group III, n = 17) respectively; and followed eight weeks and animals were decapitated. The olfactory bulbs and intestines were extracted. Specimens stained with hematoxylin/eosin and GFAP methods and analyzed Stereologically to evaluate volume loss of olfactory bulbs and Peyer's patches volumes (PV) of intestines per cubic millimeter and compared with each other's statistically. RESULTS The mean olfactory bulbs volumes were estimated as 3.65 ± 0.32/mm3 in group I, 3.12 ± 0.20/mm3 in group II and 2.21 ± 0.15/mm3 in group III (p < 0.0005 Group III vs. I and II). The mean of PV were estimated as; (9 ± 2) × 106 µm3/cm3 in Group-I, (12 ± 3) × 106 µm3/cm3 in Group-II; and (23 ± 4) × 106 µm3/cm3 in group-III (p < 0.005 Group II vs. I, p < 0.0005 Group III vs. I-II). CONCLUSIONS OBL could rely on intestinal immunodeficiency causing by olfaction loss induced denervation injury of Peyer's patches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binali Firinci
- Ataturk University, Medical Faculty, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Ozgur Caglar
- Ataturk University, Medical Faculty, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Erdem Karadeniz
- Ataturk University, Medical Faculty, Department of General Surgery, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Ali Ahiskalioglu
- Ataturk University, Medical Faculty, Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Tuba Demirci
- Ataturk University, Medical Faculty, Department of Histology, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Dumlu Aydin
- Ataturk University, Medical Faculty, Department of Neurosurgery, Erzurum, Turkey.
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Modulation of Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli Survival and Virulence in the Human Gastrointestinal Tract. Microorganisms 2018; 6:microorganisms6040115. [PMID: 30463258 PMCID: PMC6313751 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms6040115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) is a major foodborne pathogen responsible for human diseases ranging from diarrhoea to life-threatening complications. Survival of the pathogen and modulation of virulence gene expression along the human gastrointestinal tract (GIT) are key features in bacterial pathogenesis, but remain poorly described, due to a paucity of relevant model systems. This review will provide an overview of the in vitro and in vivo studies investigating the effect of abiotic (e.g., gastric acid, bile, low oxygen concentration or fluid shear) and biotic (e.g., gut microbiota, short chain fatty acids or host hormones) parameters of the human gut on EHEC survival and/or virulence (especially in relation with motility, adhesion and toxin production). Despite their relevance, these studies display important limitations considering the complexity of the human digestive environment. These include the evaluation of only one single digestive parameter at a time, lack of dynamic flux and compartmentalization, and the absence of a complex human gut microbiota. In a last part of the review, we will discuss how dynamic multi-compartmental in vitro models of the human gut represent a novel platform for elucidating spatial and temporal modulation of EHEC survival and virulence along the GIT, and provide new insights into EHEC pathogenesis.
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Perturbation of formate pathway and NADH pathway acting on the biohydrogen production. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9587. [PMID: 28852065 PMCID: PMC5575262 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10191-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The formate pathway and NADH pathway as two common hydrogen-producing metabolic pathways have been well characterized to understand and improve biohydrogen production. These two pathways have been thought to be separate and have been independently investigated. However, in this study, perturbation of genes (hycA, fdhF, fhlA, ldhA, nuoB, hybO, fdh1, narP, and ppk) in Enterobacter aerogenes related to the formate pathway or NADH pathway revealed that these two pathways affected each other. Further metabolic analysis suggested that a linear relationship existed between the relative change of hydrogen yield in the formate pathway or NADH pathway and the relative change of NADH yield or ATP yield. Thus, this finding provides new insight into the role of cellular reducing power and energy level in the hydrogen metabolism. It also establishes a rationale for improving hydrogen production from a global perspective.
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