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Falcucci A, Arrighi S, Spagnolo V, Rossini M, Higgins OA, Muttillo B, Martini I, Crezzini J, Boschin F, Ronchitelli A, Moroni A. A pre-Campanian Ignimbrite techno-cultural shift in the Aurignacian sequence of Grotta di Castelcivita, southern Italy. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12783. [PMID: 38834616 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59896-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The Aurignacian is the first European technocomplex assigned to Homo sapiens recognized across a wide geographic extent. Although archaeologists have identified marked chrono-cultural shifts within the Aurignacian mostly by examining the techno-typological variations of stone and osseous tools, unraveling the underlying processes driving these changes remains a significant scientific challenge. Scholars have, for instance, hypothesized that the Campanian Ignimbrite (CI) super-eruption and the climatic deterioration associated with the onset of Heinrich Event 4 had a substantial impact on European foraging groups. The technological shift from the Protoaurignacian to the Early Aurignacian is regarded as an archaeological manifestation of adaptation to changing environments. However, some of the most crucial regions and stratigraphic sequences for testing these scenarios have been overlooked. In this study, we delve into the high-resolution stratigraphic sequence of Grotta di Castelcivita in southern Italy. Here, the Uluzzian is followed by three Aurignacian layers, sealed by the eruptive units of the CI. Employing a comprehensive range of quantitative methods-encompassing attribute analysis, 3D model analysis, and geometric morphometrics-we demonstrate that the key technological feature commonly associated with the Early Aurignacian developed well before the deposition of the CI tephra. Our study provides thus the first direct evidence that the volcanic super-eruption played no role in this cultural process. Furthermore, we show that local paleo-environmental proxies do not correlate with the identified patterns of cultural continuity and discontinuity. Consequently, we propose alternative research paths to explore the role of demography and regional trajectories in the development of the Upper Paleolithic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Falcucci
- Department of Geosciences, Prehistory and Archaeological Sciences Research Unit, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Simona Arrighi
- Dipartimento di Beni Culturali, Università di Bologna, Via degli Ariani 1, 48121, Ravenna, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell'Ambiente, UR Preistoria e Antropologia, Università di Siena, Via Laterina 8, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Spagnolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell'Ambiente, UR Preistoria e Antropologia, Università di Siena, Via Laterina 8, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Matteo Rossini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell'Ambiente, UR Preistoria e Antropologia, Università di Siena, Via Laterina 8, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Owen Alexander Higgins
- Dipartimento di Beni Culturali, Università di Bologna, Via degli Ariani 1, 48121, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Brunella Muttillo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell'Ambiente, UR Preistoria e Antropologia, Università di Siena, Via Laterina 8, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Ivan Martini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell'Ambiente, Università di Siena, Via Laterina 8, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Jacopo Crezzini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell'Ambiente, UR Preistoria e Antropologia, Università di Siena, Via Laterina 8, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Francesco Boschin
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell'Ambiente, UR Preistoria e Antropologia, Università di Siena, Via Laterina 8, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Annamaria Ronchitelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell'Ambiente, UR Preistoria e Antropologia, Università di Siena, Via Laterina 8, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Adriana Moroni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell'Ambiente, UR Preistoria e Antropologia, Università di Siena, Via Laterina 8, 53100, Siena, Italy
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2
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Kearney RJ, Schwab MJ, Redant D, Neugebauer I, Appelt O, Blanchet C, Fietzke J, Günter C, Müller DJM, Tjallingii R, Brauer A. Identification of the Campanian Ignimbrite in the Dead Sea and consequent time-transgressive hydroclimatic shifts in the Eastern Mediterranean. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12114. [PMID: 38802380 PMCID: PMC11130199 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59639-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Robust chronologies and time equivalent tephra markers are essential to better understand spatial palaeoenvironmental response to past abrupt climatic changes. Identification of well-dated and widely dispersed volcanic ash by tephra and cryptotephra (microscopic volcanic ash) provides time synchronous tie-points and strongly reduces chronological uncertainties. Here, we present the major, minor and trace element analyses of cryptotephra shards in the Dead Sea Deep Drilling sedimentary record (DSDDP 5017-1A) matching the Campanian Ignimbrite (CI). This geochemical identification expands the known dispersal range of the CI to the southeastern Mediterranean, over 2300 km from the volcanic source. Due to the CI eruption occurring near-synchronous with North Atlantic ice surge of Heinrich Event 4 (HE4), this tephra provides insights into regional responses to large-scale climatic change in the Mediterranean. In the Dead Sea, the CI layer is associated with wetter climatic conditions. This contrasts with the contemporaneous occurrence of the CI deposition and dry conditions in the central and eastern Mediterranean suggesting a possible climate time-transgressive expansion of HE4. Our finding underscores the temporal and spatial complexity of regional climate responses and emphasises the importance of tephra as a time marker for studying large-scale climatic changes verses regional variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Kearney
- Section 'Climate Dynamics and Landscape Evolution', GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Markus J Schwab
- Section 'Climate Dynamics and Landscape Evolution', GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Daniel Redant
- Section 'Climate Dynamics and Landscape Evolution', GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Ina Neugebauer
- Section 'Climate Dynamics and Landscape Evolution', GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Oona Appelt
- Section 'Chemistry and Physics of Earth Materials', GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Cecile Blanchet
- Section 'Geomorphology', GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jan Fietzke
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christina Günter
- Institute of Geosciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Daniela J M Müller
- Section 'Climate Dynamics and Landscape Evolution', GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Earth Sciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rik Tjallingii
- Section 'Climate Dynamics and Landscape Evolution', GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Achim Brauer
- Section 'Climate Dynamics and Landscape Evolution', GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Geosciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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3
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Maiolino M, Florio G, Fedi M. Extremely compact sources (ECS): a new potential field filtering method. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11950. [PMID: 38789581 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62751-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
We present a new filtering method for potential fields, based on modelling the fields in terms of very compact solutions, i.e., the sources are expected to occupy the smallest allowable volume in the source domain. The selected solutions, which we call "Extremely Compact Sources" (ECS) form a sort of atomized model, which still satisfies the non-unique inverse problem of gravity and magnetic fields. The ECS model is not only characterized by sparsity, but also by large values of the physical property (density or magnetic susceptibility). The sparse nature of the model allows for the definition of a highly localized filter, which can be obtained by simply specifying the atoms to be selected in a given area. This feature allows managing tasks normally impossible with traditional filters, such as the separation of interfering anomalies having a similar wavenumber content. In addition, the procedure can perform a very effective regional/residual separation. We demonstrate the method on synthetic cases and apply it in the real case of gravity data of Campi Flegrei volcanic area (Italy), where we use the ECS filtering to isolate the gravity effect of the Mount Olibano dome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Maiolino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Della Terra Dell'Ambiente e Delle Risorse, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Florio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Della Terra Dell'Ambiente e Delle Risorse, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Maurizio Fedi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Della Terra Dell'Ambiente e Delle Risorse, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
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4
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Bennett EA, Parasayan O, Prat S, Péan S, Crépin L, Yanevich A, Grange T, Geigl EM. Genome sequences of 36,000- to 37,000-year-old modern humans at Buran-Kaya III in Crimea. Nat Ecol Evol 2023; 7:2160-2172. [PMID: 37872416 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-023-02211-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Populations genetically related to present-day Europeans first appeared in Europe at some point after 38,000-40,000 years ago, following a cold period of severe climatic disruption. These new migrants would eventually replace the pre-existing modern human ancestries in Europe, but initial interactions between these groups are unclear due to the lack of genomic evidence from the earliest periods of the migration. Here we describe the genomes of two 36,000-37,000-year-old individuals from Buran-Kaya III in Crimea as belonging to this newer migration. Both genomes share the highest similarity to Gravettian-associated individuals found several thousand years later in southwestern Europe. These genomes also revealed that the population turnover in Europe after 40,000 years ago was accompanied by admixture with pre-existing modern human populations. European ancestry before 40,000 years ago persisted not only at Buran-Kaya III but is also found in later Gravettian-associated populations of western Europe and Mesolithic Caucasus populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Andrew Bennett
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Oğuzhan Parasayan
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR2000, Human Evolutionary Genetics Unit, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Prat
- UMR 7194 (HNHP), MNHN/CNRS/UPVD, Alliance Sorbonne Université, Musée de l'Homme, Palais de Chaillot, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Péan
- UMR 7194 (HNHP), MNHN/CNRS/UPVD, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Alliance Sorbonne Université, Institut de Paléontologie Humaine, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Crépin
- UMR 7194 (HNHP), MNHN/CNRS/UPVD, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Alliance Sorbonne Université, Institut de Paléontologie Humaine, Paris, France
| | - Alexandr Yanevich
- Institute of Archaeology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Thierry Grange
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.
| | - Eva-Maria Geigl
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.
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Bordbar M, Busico G, Sirna M, Tedesco D, Mastrocicco M. A multi-step approach to evaluate the sustainable use of groundwater resources for human consumption and agriculture. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 347:119041. [PMID: 37783086 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
The rapid decline in both quality and availability of freshwater resources on our planet necessitates their thorough assessment to ensure sustainable usage. The growing demand for water in industrial, agricultural, and domestic sectors poses significant challenges to managing both surface and groundwater resources. This study tests and proposes a hybrid evaluation approach to determine Groundwater Quality Indices (GQIs) for irrigation (IRRI), seawater intrusion (SWI), and potability (POT), finalized to the spatial distribution of groundwater suitability involving water quality indicator along with hydrogeological and socio-economic factors. Mean Decrease Accuracy (MDA) and Information Gain Ratio (IGR) were used to state the importance of chosen factors such as level of groundwater above the sea, thickness of the aquifer, land cover, distance from coastline, silt soil content, recharge, distance from river and lagoons, depth to water table from ground, distance from agricultural wells, hydraulic conductivity, and lithology for each quality index, separately. The results of both methods showed that recharge is the most important parameter for GQIIRRI and GQIPOT, while the distance from the coastline and the rivers, are the most important for GQISWI. The spatial modelling of GQIIRRI and GQIPOT in the study area has been achieved applying three machine learning (ML) algorithms: the Boosted Regression Tree (BRT), the Random Forest (RF), and the Support Vector Machine (SVM). Validation results showed that RF has the highest prediction for GQIIRRI, while the SVM model has the highest prediction for the GQIPOT index. It is worth to mention that the future utilization and testing of new algorithms could produce even better results. Finally, GQIIRRI and GQIPOT were combined and compared using two combine and overlay methods to prepare a hybrid map of multi-GQIs. The results showed that 69% of the study area is suitable for irrigation and potable use, due to both geogenic and anthropogenic activities which contribute to make some water resources unsuitable for either use. Specifically, the northern, western, and eastern portions of the study area are in the "very high and high quality" classes while the southern portion shows "very low and low quality" classes. In conclusion, the developed map and approach can serve as a practical guide for enhancing groundwater management, identifying suitable areas for various uses and pinpointing regions requiring improved management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojgan Bordbar
- University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Caserta, Italy; Department of GIS/RS, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gianluigi Busico
- University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Caserta, Italy; Department of Geology, Laboratory of Engineering Geology & Hydrogeology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece.
| | - Maurizio Sirna
- University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Caserta, Italy
| | - Dario Tedesco
- University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Caserta, Italy; Osservatorio Vesuviano, National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology, Via Diocleziano 328, Napoli, 80124, Italy
| | - Micol Mastrocicco
- University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Caserta, Italy
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Demidenko YE, Škrdla P. Lincombian-Ranisian-Jerzmanowician Industry and South Moravian Sites: a Homo sapiens Late Initial Upper Paleolithic with Bohunician Industrial Generic Roots in Europe. JOURNAL OF PALEOLITHIC ARCHAEOLOGY 2023; 6:17. [PMID: 37250589 PMCID: PMC10202755 DOI: 10.1007/s41982-023-00142-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This article re-examines the Lincombian-Ranisian-Jerzmanowician (LRJ) industry, a well-known Early Upper Paleolithic complex in northern Europe. It is widely thought that the LRJ was produced by late Neanderthals and that its industrial roots are in late Middle Paleolithic industries with bifacial leaf points in north-western Europe. On the basis of evidence from four recently excavated open-air sites in southern Moravia (Czech Republic) (Líšeň/Podolí I, Želešice III/Želešice-Hoynerhügel, Líšeň I/Líšeň-Čtvrtě, and Tvarožná X/Tvarožná, "Za školou"), combined with findings from two cave sites in Bohemia (Nad Kačákem Cave) and southern Moravia (Pekárna Cave) and critical re-examination of the LRJ sites and materials from other areas, we propose that the LRJ should actually be considered a late Initial Upper Paleolithic industry. Its initial dates are just before Heinrich Event 4 (HE-4) and the Campanian Ignimbrite (CI) super-eruption, c. 42-40 ka cal BP. We further propose that LRJ assemblages were produced by Homo sapiens, and that its roots are in the Bohunician industry. The LRJ originated as a result of a gradual technological transition, centering on the development of Levallois points into Jerzmanowice-type blade-points. It is also suggested that the LRJ industry first appeared in Moravia, in central Europe, and spread along with its makers (Homo sapiens) across the northern latitudes of central and western Europe. Accordingly, the IUP "Bohunician package" did not disappear in Europe but gave rise to another IUP industry successfully adapted for the then steppe-tundra belts in northern Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri E. Demidenko
- Ferenc Rakoczi II Transcarpathian Hungarian College of Higher Education, Kossuth Square 6, Berehove, 902 00 Ukraine
| | - Petr Škrdla
- Archeologický Ústav AV ČR, Brno V.V.I., Čechyňská 363/19, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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7
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Troiano A, Di Giuseppe MG, Isaia R. 3D structure of the Campi Flegrei caldera central sector reconstructed through short-period magnetotelluric imaging. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20802. [PMID: 36460790 PMCID: PMC9716173 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24998-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The Campi Flegrei caldera experienced an unrest phase dating to 2005, which primary expression is the impressive ground uplift, accompanied by increasing degassing and seismic activities. Such last two phenomena developed mainly in the caldera central sector, including the Solfatara-Pisciarelli complex. However, the inner structure of such an area is still not defined, and this originates a poor understanding of the ongoing unrest. This paper describes the results of a new magnetotelluric survey performed in the Campi Flegrei caldera central sector. Through the inversion of data collected in 47 independent soundings, a 3D model of the electrical resistivity has been retrieved, which evidenced a partition of the investigated structure. The Agnano-Astroni area seems to be associated with a liquid-dominated geothermal reservoir, whereas the Solfatara-Pisciarelli area seems to be characterized by a single mixed liquid and gasses-dominated geothermal reservoir, which supplies the main caldera fumaroles. The proposed reconstruction of the geometrical characteristics of the hydrothermal system and the primary fluid rising pathways gives substantial clues about the significance of the detected structures in the evolution of the caldera unrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Troiano
- grid.410348.a0000 0001 2300 5064Sezione di Napoli ‘Osservatorio Vesuviano’, Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Naples, Italy
| | - M. G. Di Giuseppe
- grid.410348.a0000 0001 2300 5064Sezione di Napoli ‘Osservatorio Vesuviano’, Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Naples, Italy
| | - R. Isaia
- grid.410348.a0000 0001 2300 5064Sezione di Napoli ‘Osservatorio Vesuviano’, Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Naples, Italy ,grid.5326.20000 0001 1940 4177Istituto di Geologia Ambientale e Geoingegneria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Roma, Italy
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Rufino F, Busico G, Cuoco E, Muscariello L, Calabrese S, Tedesco D. Geochemical characterization and health risk assessment in two diversified environmental settings (Southern Italy). ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2022; 44:2083-2099. [PMID: 33871745 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-00930-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
An integrated approach using chemical and microbial indicators has been tested in two different sites of the Campania Plain (Southern Italy) with different land use covering and different hydrogeological features in order: (1) to define the water-rock interaction processes, (2) to differentiate sources of pollution in a detailed way (3) to evaluate the degree of water quality in the studied alluvial aquifer and (4) to identify the most worrying elements for human's health. Groundwater have showed a HCO3-Ca signature for both investigated sites, and a progressive enrichment in alkali ions has been highlighted moving from the boundary of the plain toward the coastal areas, due to groundwater interaction with volcanic rocks along the flow path. The application of the Factor Analysis allowed to identify different sources of pollution, which were attributed to (a) leaks in the sewer system for the Agro-Aversano Area and also the spreading of manure as fertilizers in agricultural activities for the Caiazzo Plain. Furthermore, it has been highlighted that the use of major elements, trace elements and microbiological indicators, allows to accurately differentiate contamination processes in progress. In fact, from the results of the Factor Analysis applied in the Agro-Aversano area, no significant statistically relationships between major elements and microbiological indicators of fecal contamination were highlighted, unlike the Caiazzo plain where statistically significant correlations have been found between major and trace elements and microbiological indicators. The use of a Groundwater Quality Index has shown general poor water quality for the majority of analyzed samples due to the high amount of Nitrate and Fecal indicators. The use of a Health Risk Assessment highlighted that Nitrate coupled with Fluoride represent the most important concern for human health compared to the all investigated parameters in both sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Rufino
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Vivaldi 43, 81100, Caserta, Italy.
| | - Gianluigi Busico
- Laboratory of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology, Department of Geology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Emilio Cuoco
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Vivaldi 43, 81100, Caserta, Italy
- Osservatorio Vesuviano, National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology, Via Diocleziano 328, 80124, Napoli, Italy
| | - Lidia Muscariello
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Vivaldi 43, 81100, Caserta, Italy
| | - Sergio Calabrese
- Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, Università Degli Studi Di Palermo, via Archirafi, 36, 90123, Palermo, Italy
- Sezione di Palermo, National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology, Via U. La Malfa 153, 90146, Palermo, Italy
| | - Dario Tedesco
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Vivaldi 43, 81100, Caserta, Italy
- Osservatorio Vesuviano, National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology, Via Diocleziano 328, 80124, Napoli, Italy
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9
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Frouin M, Douka K, Dave AK, Schwenninger JL, Mercier N, Murray AS, Santaniello F, Boschian G, Grimaldi S, Higham T. A refined chronology for the Middle and early Upper Paleolithic sequence of Riparo Mochi (Liguria, Italy). J Hum Evol 2022; 169:103211. [PMID: 35753141 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2022.103211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The Riparo Mochi rock shelter, located on the Ligurian coast of Italy, is one of the most important early Upper Paleolithic sites on the Mediterranean rim. Its ∼10-m-deep stratigraphy comprises a Mousterian sequence, followed by various development stages of the Upper Paleolithic. A series of radiometric dates on marine shells bearing traces of human modification has provided a chronological framework for the final Mousterian and the Proto-Aurignacian of the site. Based on modeling results, the end of the Mousterian was dated between 44.0 and 41.8 ka cal BP (68% probability) and the beginning of the Proto-Aurignacian between 42.7 and 41.6 ka cal BP (68% probability). However, these estimates were based on a limited number of radiocarbon ages in the Mousterian levels. Here, we report new dating of the Mochi sequence using luminescence techniques, along with new radiocarbon measurements. The combination of these results using a Bayesian modeling approach allows for the first time the establishment of a more precise timing for the Mousterian occupation at the site. We show that Mousterian groups were already present at Riparo Mochi by at least 65 ka and continued to occupy the site for another 20 ka. The transition to the earliest Upper Paleolithic at the site is centered around 44.3-41.1 ka (95.4% probability), providing our best age estimate for the beginning of the Early Upper Paleolithic and the establishment of modern human groups in the Balzi Rossi. The sequence continues upward with a more evolved Aurignacian phase and a Gravettian phase starting at ∼26 ka or earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Frouin
- Department of Geosciences, Stony Brook University, 255 Earth and Space Sciences Building (ESS), Stony Brook, NY 11794-2100, USA; Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, University of Oxford, 1-2 South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3TG, United Kingdom.
| | - Katerina Douka
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, Vienna, Austria; Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences (HEAS), University of Vienna, A-1030, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Aditi Krishna Dave
- Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstrasse 94-96, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Schwenninger
- Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, University of Oxford, 1-2 South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3TG, United Kingdom
| | - Norbert Mercier
- Archéosciences Bordeaux, UMR 6034 CNRS - Université Bordeaux Montaigne, Maison de l'archéologie, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Andrew S Murray
- The Nordic Laboratory for Luminescence Dating, Department of Geoscience, Aarhus University and DTU Physics, DTU Risø Campus, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Fabio Santaniello
- Dipartimento di Lettere e Filosofia, Università di Trento, Trento, Italy; Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Boschian
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy; Palaeo-Research Institute, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa
| | - Stefano Grimaldi
- Dipartimento di Lettere e Filosofia, Università di Trento, Trento, Italy; Istituto Italiano di Paleontologia Umana, Anagni, Italy
| | - Thomas Higham
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, Vienna, Austria; Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences (HEAS), University of Vienna, A-1030, Vienna, Austria; Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, University of Oxford, 1 South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3TG, United Kingdom
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10
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Evidence of Seismic-Related Liquefaction Processes within the Volcanic Record of the Campi Flegrei Caldera (Italy). GEOSCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/geosciences12060241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We report the occurrence of several sand liquefaction structures, such as sand dikes, in the stratigraphic record of the Campi Flegrei volcano, located both inside and outside the caldera. Five sites were analyzed within the caldera and two outside. The grain size analysis of the sand fillings indicates that these deposits are very fine-to-coarse sands generally poorly sorted. All of the granulometry curves fall within the field of the liquefiable, loose sediments. Frequently, dikes are characterized by two fillings: a rim showing poorly sorted finer sands and a core with extremely poorly sorted coarser sediments. We suggest that seismic-related liquefaction processes triggered the injection of these sand dikes during unrest episodes in the last 15 kyr. In particular, the sand dikes located outside the caldera, characterized by larger thicknesses and lengths, mark an important extensional episode, probably associated with the caldera formation during the Neapolitan Yellow Tuff eruption at 15 ka. Furthermore, liquefaction structures within the caldera are related to the seismic activity, probably occurring during the Agnano–Monte Spina caldera formation and the volcano-tectonic ground deformation, predating Epoch 3b (4.3 ka) and the Monte Nuovo (1538 CE) eruptions. This study highlights that these seismic-related liquefaction structures are common within the volcanic record of the Campi Flegrei, suggesting that the sand source can be both the widespread marine succession underlying the Epoch 3 deposits in the caldera central sector and the primary ash layers extensively present in the volcanic record.
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11
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Mineral-Melt Equilibria and Geothermobarometry of Campi Flegrei Magmas: Inferences for Magma Storage Conditions. MINERALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/min12030308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The eruptions of Campi Flegrei (Southern Italy), one of the most studied and dangerous active volcanic areas of the world, are fed by mildly potassic alkaline magmas, from shoshonite to trachyte and phonotrachyte. Petrological investigations carried out in past decades on Campi Flegrei rocks provide crucial information for understanding differentiation processes in its magmatic system. However, the compositional features of rocks are a palimpsest of many processes acting over timescales of 100–104 years, including crystal entrapment from multiple reservoirs with different magmatic histories. In this work, olivine, clinopyroxene and feldspar crystals from volcanic rocks related to the entire period of Campi Flegrei’s volcanic activity are checked for equilibrium with combined and possibly more rigorous tests than those commonly used in previous works (e.g., Fe–Mg exchange between either olivine or clinopyroxene and melt), with the aim of obtaining more robust geothermobarometric estimations for the magmas these products represent. We applied several combinations of equilibrium tests and geothermometric and geobarometric methods to a suite of rocks and related minerals spanning the period from ~59 ka to 1538 A.D. and compared the obtained results with the inferred magma storage conditions estimated in previous works through different methods. This mineral-chemistry investigation suggests that two prevalent sets of T–P (temperature–pressure) conditions, here referred to as “magmatic environments”, characterized the magma storage over the entire period of Campi Flegrei activity investigated here. These magmatic environments are ascribable to either mafic or differentiated magmas, stationing in deep and shallow reservoirs, respectively, which interacted frequently, mostly during the last 12 ka of activity. In fact, open-system magmatic processes (mixing/mingling, crustal contamination, CO2 flushing) hypothesized to have occurred before several Campi Flegrei eruptions could have removed earlier-grown crystals from their equilibrium melts. Moreover, our new results indicate that, in the case of complex systems such as Campi Flegrei’s, in which different pre-eruptive processes can modify the equilibrium composition of the crystals, one single geothermobarometric method offers little chance to constrain the magma storage conditions. Conversely, combined methods yield more robust results in agreement with estimates obtained in previous independent studies based on both petrological and geophysical methods.
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12
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Borić D, Cristiani E, Hopkins R, Schwenninger J, Gerometta K, French CAI, Mutri G, Ćalić J, Dimitrijević V, Marín‐Arroyo AB, Jones JR, Stevens R, Masciana A, Uno K, Richter KK, Antonović D, Wehr K, Lane C, White D. Neanderthals on the Lower Danube: Middle Palaeolithic evidence in the Danube Gorges of the Balkans. JOURNAL OF QUATERNARY SCIENCE 2022; 37:142-180. [PMID: 35874300 PMCID: PMC9291232 DOI: 10.1002/jqs.3354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The article presents evidence about the Middle Palaeolithic and Middle to Upper Palaeolithic transition interval in the karst area of the Danube Gorges in the Lower Danube Basin. We review the extant data and present new evidence from two recently investigated sites found on the Serbian side of the Danube River - Tabula Traiana and Dubočka-Kozja caves. The two sites have yielded layers dating to both the Middle and Upper Palaeolithic and have been investigated by the application of modern standards of excavation and recovery along with a suite of state-of-the-art analytical procedures. The presentation focuses on micromorphological analyses of the caves' sediments, characterisation of cryptotephra, a suite of new radiometric dates (accelerator mass spectrometry and optically stimulated luminescence) as well as proteomics (zooarchaeology by mass spectrometry) and stable isotope data in discerning patterns of human occupation of these locales over the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dušan Borić
- The Italian Academy for Advanced Studies in AmericaColumbia UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
- Department of Environmental BiologySapienza University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Emanuela Cristiani
- DANTE ‐ Diet and Ancient Technology Laboratory, Department of Oral and Maxillo‐facial SciencesSapienza University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Rachel Hopkins
- Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, School of ArchaeologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Jean‐Luc Schwenninger
- Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, School of ArchaeologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Katarina Gerometta
- Department of Archaeology, Faculty of PhilosophyJuraj Dobrila University of PulaPulaCroatia
| | | | | | - Jelena Ćalić
- Geographical Institute “Jovan Cvijić”Serbian Academy of Sciences and ArtsBelgradeSerbia
| | | | - Ana B. Marín‐Arroyo
- Department of ArchaeologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- EvoAdapta GroupUniversidad de CantabriaSantanderSpain
| | - Jennifer R. Jones
- School of Natural SciencesUniversity of Central LancashirePrestonLancashireUK
| | | | - Alana Masciana
- Lamont‐Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, PalisadesNYUSA
| | - Kevin Uno
- Lamont‐Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, PalisadesNYUSA
| | | | | | | | - Christine Lane
- Department of GeographyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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13
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Geomorphological Approach to Cliff Instability in Volcanic Slopes: A Case Study from the Gulf of Naples (Southern Italy). GEOSCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/geosciences11070289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper deals with the problem of cliff stability and proposes a geomorphological zonation of a cliff using a sector of the Posillipo promontory (named the Coroglio-Trentaremi sea cliff, Italy), in the Campi Flegrei coastal area, as a case study. A detailed geological and geomorphological analysis was carried out, by combining field work with analysis of detailed scale topographic maps, orthophoto, and stratigraphical data from deep boreholes. Field and borehole data, together with structural data collected in seven different stations along the cliff, allowed us to derive six geological cross-sections and to reconstruct the complex stratigraphical and structural setting of the cliff. Geomorphological analysis focused on the detection of the main geomorphological factors predisposing to cliff instability. We selected the most significant factors and divided them into two groups: factors influencing landslide intensity and factors influencing cliff instability. Then, by means of a heuristic approach, we constructed a matrix that was used to derive a map showing the geomorphological zonation of the sea cliff. This map may enable to development of a reliable scenario of cliff instability and consequent retreat, which may be useful either to plan intervention works in the most critical areas or to organize prevention plans aimed at risk mitigation.
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14
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Prüfer K, Posth C, Yu H, Stoessel A, Spyrou MA, Deviese T, Mattonai M, Ribechini E, Higham T, Velemínský P, Brůžek J, Krause J. A genome sequence from a modern human skull over 45,000 years old from Zlatý kůň in Czechia. Nat Ecol Evol 2021; 5:820-825. [PMID: 33828249 PMCID: PMC8175239 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-021-01443-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Modern humans expanded into Eurasia more than 40,000 years ago following their dispersal out of Africa. These Eurasians carried ~2–3% Neanderthal ancestry in their genomes, originating from admixture with Neanderthals that took place sometime between 50,000 and 60,000 years ago, probably in the Middle East. In Europe, the modern human expansion preceded the disappearance of Neanderthals from the fossil record by 3,000–5,000 years. The genetic makeup of the first Europeans who colonized the continent more than 40,000 years ago remains poorly understood since few specimens have been studied. Here, we analyse a genome generated from the skull of a female individual from Zlatý kůň, Czechia. We found that she belonged to a population that appears to have contributed genetically neither to later Europeans nor to Asians. Her genome carries ~3% Neanderthal ancestry, similar to those of other Upper Palaeolithic hunter-gatherers. However, the lengths of the Neanderthal segments are longer than those observed in the currently oldest modern human genome of the ~45,000-year-old Ust’-Ishim individual from Siberia, suggesting that this individual from Zlatý kůň is one of the earliest Eurasian inhabitants following the expansion out of Africa. The authors present the genome sequence of a >45,000-year-old female Homo sapiens individual from the site of Zlatý kůň, Czechia. Although radiometric dating of the human remains was inconclusive, the authors were able to use molecular methods to demonstrate that she was probably among the earliest Eurasian inhabitants following expansion out of Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay Prüfer
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany. .,Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Cosimo Posth
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany. .,Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Archaeo- and Palaeogenetics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - He Yu
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
| | - Alexander Stoessel
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Zoology and Evolutionary Research, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Maria A Spyrou
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany.,Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Archaeo- and Palaeogenetics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thibaut Deviese
- Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, School of Archaeology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Centre Européen de Recherche et d'Enseignement des Géosciences de l'Environnement (CEREGE), Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, IRD, INRAE, Collège de France, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Marco Mattonai
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Erika Ribechini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Thomas Higham
- Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, School of Archaeology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Petr Velemínský
- Department of Anthropology, National Museum, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Brůžek
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Johannes Krause
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany. .,Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.
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15
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Dynamics of large pyroclastic currents inferred by the internal architecture of the Campanian Ignimbrite. Sci Rep 2020; 10:22230. [PMID: 33335216 PMCID: PMC7747645 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79164-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Large ignimbrites are the product of devastating explosive eruptions that have repeatedly impacted climate and life on global scale. The assemblage of vertical and lateral lithofacies variations within an ignimbrite sheet, its internal architecture, may help to determine how the parental pyroclastic current evolves in time and space. The 39 ka Campanian Ignimbrite eruption, vented from Campi Flegrei caldera, laid down a thick ignimbrite over an area of thousands of km2. A detailed reconstruction of the vertical and lateral variation of the seven lithofacies recognised in the ignimbrite medial sequence constrains the behaviour of this event. The pyroclastic current flowed over a wide area around Campi Flegrei without depositing (bypass zone), and inundated a huge area during most of the paroxysmal, waxing phase, emplacing a mainly incipiently- to strongly- welded ignimbrite. Following this waxing phase, the leading edge of the current retreated back towards the source as the current waned, impacting a progressively smaller area and leaving an unconsolidated ash and lapilli deposit, later lithified. Our study illustrates how large pyroclastic currents can evolve in time and space and the importance of both internal (eruptive and transport mechanisms) and external (topography, surficial water and rain) factors in governing their behaviour.
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16
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The Subsurface Geology and Landscape Evolution of the Volturno Coastal Plain, Italy: Interplay between Tectonics and Sea-Level Changes during the Quaternary. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12123386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Volturno alluvial-coastal plain is a relevant feature of the Tyrrhenian side of southern Italy. Its plan-view squared shape is due to Pliocene-Quaternary block-faulting of the western flank of the south-Apennines chain. On the basis of the stratigraphic analysis of almost 700 borehole logs and new geomorphological survey, an accurate paleoenvironmental reconstruction before and after the Campania Ignimbrite (CI; about 40 ky) eruption is here presented. Tectonics and eustatic forcing have been both taken into account to completely picture the evolution of the coastal plain during Late Quaternary times. The upper Pleistocene-Holocene infill of the Volturno plain has been here re-organized in a new stratigraphic framework, which includes seven depositional units. Structural analysis showed that two sets of faults displaced the CI, so accounting for recent tectonic activity. Yet Late Quaternary tectonics is rather mild, as evidenced by the decametric vertical separations operated by those faults. The average slip rate, which would represent the tectonic subsidence rate of the plain, is about 0.5 mm/year. A grid of cross sections shows the stratigraphic architecture which resulted from interactions among eustatic changes, tectonics and sedimentary input variations. On the basis of boreholes analysis, the trend of the CI roof was reconstructed. An asymmetrical shape of its ancient morphology—with a steeper slope toward the north-west border—and the lack of coincidence between the present course of the Volturno River and the main buried bedrock incision, are significant achievements of this study. Finally, the morpho-evolutionary path of the Volturno plain has been discussed.
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17
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Lagged atmospheric circulation response in the Black Sea region to Greenland Interstadial 10. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:28649-28654. [PMID: 33139546 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2005520117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Northern Hemispheric high-latitude climate variations during the last glacial are expected to propagate globally in a complex way. Investigating the evolution of these variations requires a precise synchronization of the considered environmental archives. Aligning the globally common production rate variations of the cosmogenic radionuclide 10Be in different archives provides a tool for such synchronizations. Here, we present a 10Be record at <40-y resolution along with subdecadal proxy records from one Black Sea sediment core around Greenland Interstadial 10 (GI-10) ∼41 ka BP and the Laschamp geomagnetic excursion. We synchronized our 10Be record to that from Greenland ice cores based on its globally common production rate variations. The synchronized environmental proxy records reveal a bipartite climate response in the Black Sea region at the onset of GI-10. First, in phase with Greenland warming, reduced sedimentary coastal ice rafted detritus contents indicate less severe winters. Second, and with a lag of 190 (± 44) y, an increase in the detrital K/Ti ratio and authigenic Ca precipitation point to enhanced regional precipitation and warmer lake surface temperatures. We explain the lagged climatic response by a shift in the dominant mode of atmospheric circulation, likely connected with a time-transgressive adjustment of the regional thermal ocean interior to interstadial conditions.
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18
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Integrated Morpho-Bathymetric, Seismic-Stratigraphic, and Sedimentological Data on the Dohrn Canyon (Naples Bay, Southern Tyrrhenian Sea): Relationships with Volcanism and Tectonics. GEOSCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/geosciences10080319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Submarine canyons are geomorphologic lineaments engraving the slope/outer shelf of continental margins. These features are often associated with significant geologic hazard when they develop close to densely populated coastal zones. The seafloor of Naples Bay is deeply cut by two incisions characterized by a dense network of gullies, namely the Dohrn and Magnaghi canyons, which develop from the shelf break of the Campania margin, down to the peripheral rise of the Eastern Tyrrhenian bathyal plain. Seismic-stratigraphic interpretation of multichannel seismic reflection profiles has shown that quaternary tectonics and recent to active volcanism have exerted a significant control on the morphological evolution and source-to sink depositional processes of the Dohrn and Magnaghi submarine canyons. The Dohrn canyon is characterized by relatively steep walls hundreds of meters high, which incise a Middle-Late Pleistocene prograding wedge, formed by clastic and volcaniclastic deposits associated with the paleo-Sarno river system during the Mid-Late Pleistocene. The formation of the Dohrn canyon predates the onset of the volcanic eruption of the Neapolitan Yellow Tuff (NYT), an ignimbrite deposit of ca. 15 ka that represents the bedrock on which the town of Napoli is built. Integrated stratigraphic analysis of high-resolution seismic profiles and marine gravity core data (C74_12) collected along the flanks of the eastern bifurcation of the head of Dohrn Canyon suggests that depositional processes along the canyon flanks are dominated by gravity flows (e.g., fine-grained turbidites, debris flows) and sediment mass transport associated with slope instability and failure.
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19
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Marra F, Castellano C, Cucci L, Florindo F, Gaeta M, Jicha BR, Palladino DM, Sottili G, Tertulliani A, Tolomei C. Monti Sabatini and Colli Albani: the dormant twin volcanoes at the gates of Rome. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8666. [PMID: 32457380 PMCID: PMC7251092 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65394-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This multi-disciplinary work provides an updated assessment of possible future eruptive scenarios for the city of Rome. Seven new 40Ar/39Ar ages from selected products of the Monti Sabatini and Vulsini volcanic districts, along with a compilation of all the literature ages on the Colli Albani and Vico products, are used to reconstruct and compare the eruptive histories of the Monti Sabatini and Colli Albani over the last 900 ka, in order to define their present state of activity. Petrographic analyses of the dated units characterize the crystal cargo, and Advanced-InSAR analysis highlights active deformation in the MS. We also review the historical and instrumental seismicity affecting this region. Based on the chronology of the most recent phases and the time elapsed between the last eruptions, we conclude that the waning/extinguishment of eruptive activity shifted progressively from NW to SE, from northern Latium toward the Neapolitan area, crossing the city of Rome. Although Monti Sabatini is unaffected by the unrest indicators presently occurring at the Colli Albani, it should be regarded as a dormant volcanic district, as the time of 70 kyr elapsed since the last eruption is of the same order of the longest dormancies occurred in the past.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Marra
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Via di Vigna Murata 605, 00143, Rome, Italy.
| | - C Castellano
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Via di Vigna Murata 605, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - L Cucci
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Via di Vigna Murata 605, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - F Florindo
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Via di Vigna Murata 605, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - M Gaeta
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Sapienza-Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - B R Jicha
- Department of Geoscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA
| | - D M Palladino
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Sapienza-Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - G Sottili
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Sapienza-Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - A Tertulliani
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Via di Vigna Murata 605, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - C Tolomei
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Via di Vigna Murata 605, 00143, Rome, Italy
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20
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A 14C chronology for the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic transition at Bacho Kiro Cave, Bulgaria. Nat Ecol Evol 2020; 4:794-801. [DOI: 10.1038/s41559-020-1136-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Zeeden C, Obreht I, Veres D, Kaboth-Bahr S, Hošek J, Marković SB, Bösken J, Lehmkuhl F, Rolf C, Hambach U. Smoothed millennial-scale palaeoclimatic reference data as unconventional comparison targets: Application to European loess records. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5455. [PMID: 32214119 PMCID: PMC7096450 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61528-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Millennial-scale palaeoclimate variability has been documented in various terrestrial and marine palaeoclimate proxy records throughout the Northern Hemisphere for the last glacial cycle. Its clear expression and rapid shifts between different states of climate (Greenland Interstadials and Stadials) represents a correlation tool beyond the resolution of e.g. luminescence dating, especially relevant for terrestrial deposits. Usually, comparison of terrestrial proxy datasets and the Greenland ice cores indicates a complex expression of millennial-scale climate variability as recorded in terrestrial geoarchives including loess. Loess is the most widespread terrestrial geoarchive of the Quaternary and especially widespread over Eurasia. However, loess often records a smoothed representation of millennial-scale variability without all fidelity when compared to the Greenland data, this being a relevant limiting feature in integrating loess with other palaeoclimate records. To better understand the loess proxy-response to millennial-scale climate variability, we simulate a proxy signal smoothing by natural processes through application of low-pass filters of δ18O data from Greenland, a high-resolution palaeoclimate reference record, alongside speleothem isotope records from the Black Sea-Mediterranean region. We show that low-pass filters represent rather simple models for better constraining the expression of millennial-scale climate variability in low sedimentation environments, and in sediments where proxy-response signals are most likely affected by natural smoothing (by e.g. bioturbation). Interestingly, smoothed datasets from Greenland and the Black Sea-Mediterranean region are most similar in the last ~15 ka and between ~50-30 ka. Between ~30-15 ka, roughly corresponding to the Last Glacial Maximum and the deglaciation, the records show dissimilarities, challenging the construction of robust correlative time-scales in this age range. From our analysis it becomes apparent that patterns of palaeoclimate signals in loess-palaeosol sequences often might be better explained by smoothed Greenland reference data than the original high-resolution Greenland dataset, or other reference data. This opens the possibility to better assess the temporal resolution and palaeoclimate potential of loess-palaeosol sequences in recording supra-regional climate patterns, as well as to securely integrate loess with other chronologically better-resolved palaeoclimate records.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Zeeden
- LIAG, Leibniz Institute for Applied Geophysics, Hannover, Germany.
- IMCCE, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, Univ. Lille, Paris, France.
| | - Igor Obreht
- Organic Geochemistry Group, MARUM-Center for Marine Environmental Sciences and Department of Geosciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Daniel Veres
- Romanian Academy, Institute of Speleology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Stefanie Kaboth-Bahr
- Institute of Earth Sciences, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institut für Geowissenschaften, Universität Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jan Hošek
- Czech Geological Survey, Prague, Czech Republic
- Center for Theoretical Study, Charles University and the Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Slobodan B Marković
- Chair of Physical Geography, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Janina Bösken
- Department of Geography, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Frank Lehmkuhl
- Department of Geography, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian Rolf
- LIAG, Leibniz Institute for Applied Geophysics, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrich Hambach
- BayCEER & Chair of Geomorphology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
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22
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d'Errico F, Pitarch Martí A, Shipton C, Le Vraux E, Ndiema E, Goldstein S, Petraglia MD, Boivin N. Trajectories of cultural innovation from the Middle to Later Stone Age in Eastern Africa: Personal ornaments, bone artifacts, and ocher from Panga ya Saidi, Kenya. J Hum Evol 2020; 141:102737. [PMID: 32163764 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2019.102737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
African Middle Stone Age (MSA) populations used pigments, manufactured and wore personal ornaments, made abstract engravings, and produced fully shaped bone tools. However, ongoing research across Africa reveals variability in the emergence of cultural innovations in the MSA and their subsequent development through the Later Stone Age (LSA). When present, it appears that cultural innovations manifest regional variability, suggestive of distinct cultural traditions. In eastern Africa, several Late Pleistocene sites have produced evidence for novel activities, but the chronologies of key behavioral innovations remain unclear. The 3 m deep, well-dated, Panga ya Saidi sequence in eastern Kenya, encompassing 19 layers covering a time span of 78 kyr beginning in late Marine Isotope Stage 5, is the only known African site recording the interplay between cultural and ecological diversity in a coastal forested environment. Excavations have yielded worked and incised bones, ostrich eggshell beads (OES), beads made from seashells, worked and engraved ocher pieces, fragments of coral, and a belemnite fossil. Here, we provide, for the first time, a detailed analysis of this material. This includes a taphonomic, archeozoological, technological, and functional study of bone artifacts; a technological and morphometric analysis of personal ornaments; and a technological and geochemical analysis of ocher pieces. The interpretation of the results stemming from the analysis of OES beads is guided by an ethnoarcheological perspective and field observations. We demonstrate that key cultural innovations on the eastern African coast are evident by 67 ka and exhibit remarkable diversity through the LSA and Iron Age. We suggest the cultural trajectories evident at Panga ya Saidi were shaped by both regional traditions and cultural/demic diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco d'Errico
- UMR 5199 CNRS De La Préhistoire à L'Actuel: Culture, Environnement, et Anthropologie (PACEA), Université Bordeaux, Allée Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, CS 50023 F - 33615 Pessac CEDEX, Talence, France; Centre for Early Sapiens Behaviour, Øysteinsgate 3, Postboks 7805, 5020 University of Bergen, Norway.
| | - Africa Pitarch Martí
- UMR 5199 CNRS De La Préhistoire à L'Actuel: Culture, Environnement, et Anthropologie (PACEA), Université Bordeaux, Allée Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, CS 50023 F - 33615 Pessac CEDEX, Talence, France; Seminari d'Estudis i Recerques Prehistòriques (SERP), Facultat de Geografia i Història, Departament d'Història i Arqueologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Montalegre 6, 08001, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ceri Shipton
- Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, College of Asia and the Pacific, The Australian National University, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Emma Le Vraux
- UMR 5199 CNRS De La Préhistoire à L'Actuel: Culture, Environnement, et Anthropologie (PACEA), Université Bordeaux, Allée Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, CS 50023 F - 33615 Pessac CEDEX, Talence, France
| | - Emmanuel Ndiema
- National Museums of Kenya, Department of Earth Sciences, Box 40658 - 00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Steven Goldstein
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Kahlaische Strasse 10, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Michael D Petraglia
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Kahlaische Strasse 10, D-07745 Jena, Germany; Human Origins Program, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., 20560, USA; School of Social Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Nicole Boivin
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Kahlaische Strasse 10, D-07745 Jena, Germany; School of Social Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. N.W., Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada; Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 10th St. & Constitution Ave. NW Washington, D.C. 20560, USA
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23
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Villa P, Soriano S, Pollarolo L, Smriglio C, Gaeta M, D'Orazio M, Conforti J, Tozzi C. Neandertals on the beach: Use of marine resources at Grotta dei Moscerini (Latium, Italy). PLoS One 2020; 15:e0226690. [PMID: 31940356 PMCID: PMC6961883 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Excavated in 1949, Grotta dei Moscerini, dated MIS 5 to early MIS 4, is one of two Italian Neandertal sites with a large assemblage of retouched shells (n = 171) from 21 layers. The other occurrence is from the broadly contemporaneous layer L of Grotta del Cavallo in southern Italy (n = 126). Eight other Mousterian sites in Italy and one in Greece also have shell tools but in a very small number. The shell tools are made on valves of the smooth clam Callista chione. The general idea that the valves of Callista chione were collected by Neandertals on the beach after the death of the mollusk is incomplete. At Moscerini 23.9% of the specimens were gathered directly from the sea floor as live animals by skin diving Neandertals. Archaeological data from sites in Italy, France and Spain confirm that shell fishing and fresh water fishing was a common activity of Neandertals, as indicated by anatomical studies recently published by E. Trinkaus. Lithic analysis provides data to show the relation between stone tools and shell tools. Several layers contain pumices derived from volcanic eruptions in the Ischia Island or the Campi Flegrei (prior to the Campanian Ignimbrite mega-eruption). Their rounded edges indicate that they were transported by sea currents to the beach at the base of the Moscerini sequence. Their presence in the occupation layers above the beach is discussed. The most plausible hypothesis is that they were collected by Neandertals. Incontrovertible evidence that Neandertals collected pumices is provided by a cave in Liguria. Use of pumices as abraders is well documented in the Upper Paleolithic. We prove that the exploitation of submerged aquatic resources and the collection of pumices common in the Upper Paleolithic were part of Neandertal behavior well before the arrival of modern humans in Western Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Villa
- Museum of Natural History, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America.,Istituto Italiano di Paleontologia Umana, Rome, Italy.,School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Sylvain Soriano
- ArScAn, AnTET, CNRS, Maison de l'Archéologie et de l'Ethnologie, Université Paris Nanterre, France
| | - Luca Pollarolo
- School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Laboratoire Archéologie et Peuplement de l'Afrique, University of Geneva, Genève, Switzerland
| | | | - Mario Gaeta
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo D'Orazio
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Jacopo Conforti
- Dipartimento Civiltá e Forme del Sapere, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Carlo Tozzi
- Dipartimento Civiltá e Forme del Sapere, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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24
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Rufino F, Busico G, Cuoco E, Darrah TH, Tedesco D. Evaluating the suitability of urban groundwater resources for drinking water and irrigation purposes: an integrated approach in the Agro-Aversano area of Southern Italy. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2019; 191:768. [PMID: 31761967 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7978-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Deterioration of groundwater quality due to the introduction of pollutants from natural and anthropic sources has become a major environmental issue. We tested three methodologies in assessing groundwater quality and intrinsic aquifer vulnerability in the Agro-Aversano area (Southern Italy). A geographic information system (GIS)-based groundwater quality index (GQI) was realized to assess groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation use and, in parallel, standard SINTACS was applied to evaluate the intrinsic vulnerability of the aquifer. Nitrate concentrations and sodium absorption ratio (SAR) in groundwater samples were used to verify the reliability of vulnerability data. GQI analysis pointed to a general poor quality of groundwater both for drinking and irrigation use, especially in sub-urban areas. The spatial pattern of water quality from GQI analysis was positively related to nitrate and fluoride concentrations for drinking use and to bicarbonate and sodium concentrations for irrigation use, whose levels exceeded the WHO and FAO recommended thresholds, respectively. Standard SINTACS was found to be inadequate for describing the aquifer state, its results showing no correlation with nitrate concentration or SAR. Because of this inconsistency, we tested a novel approach combining GQI with SINTACS analysis. Results showed positive correlation with nitrate (r = 0.63) and SAR (r = 0.64) contents, thus pointing to combined SINTACS-GQI as a more reliable approach than standard methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Rufino
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Vivaldi 43, 81100, Caserta, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Busico
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Vivaldi 43, 81100, Caserta, Italy.
| | - Emilio Cuoco
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Vivaldi 43, 81100, Caserta, Italy
| | - Thomas H Darrah
- School of Earth Sciences, The Ohio State University, 275 Mendenhall Laboratory, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Dario Tedesco
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Vivaldi 43, 81100, Caserta, Italy
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25
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Deep Electrical Resistivity Tomography for a 3D picture of the most active sector of Campi Flegrei caldera. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15124. [PMID: 31641176 PMCID: PMC6805934 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51568-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The central sector of the Campi Flegrei volcano, including the Solfatara maar and Pisciarelli fumarole field, is currently the most active area of the caldera as regards seismicity and gaseous emissions and it plays a significant role in the ongoing unrest. However, a general volcano-tectonic reconstruction of the entire sector is still missing. This work aims to depict, for the first time, the architecture of the area through the application of deep Electrical Resistivity Tomography. We reconstructed a three-dimensional resistivity model for the entire sector. Results provide useful elements to understand the present state of the system and the possible evolution of the volcanic activity and shed solid bases for any attempt to develop physical-mathematical models investigating the ongoing phenomena.
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26
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The earliest evidence for mechanically delivered projectile weapons in Europe. Nat Ecol Evol 2019; 3:1409-1414. [PMID: 31558829 PMCID: PMC6823051 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-019-0990-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Microscopic analysis of backed lithic pieces from the Uluzzian
technocomplex (45-40kya) at the Grotta del Cavallo (southern Italy) reveals
their use as mechanically delivered projectile weapons, attributed to
Anatomically Modern Humans. Use-wear and residue analysis indicates the lithics
were hunting armatures hafted with complex adhesives, while experimental and
ethnographic comparison supports their use as projectiles. The use of
projectiles conferred a hunting strategy with a higher impact energy and a
potential subsistence advantage over other populations and species.
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27
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Wagner B, Vogel H, Francke A, Friedrich T, Donders T, Lacey JH, Leng MJ, Regattieri E, Sadori L, Wilke T, Zanchetta G, Albrecht C, Bertini A, Combourieu-Nebout N, Cvetkoska A, Giaccio B, Grazhdani A, Hauffe T, Holtvoeth J, Joannin S, Jovanovska E, Just J, Kouli K, Kousis I, Koutsodendris A, Krastel S, Lagos M, Leicher N, Levkov Z, Lindhorst K, Masi A, Melles M, Mercuri AM, Nomade S, Nowaczyk N, Panagiotopoulos K, Peyron O, Reed JM, Sagnotti L, Sinopoli G, Stelbrink B, Sulpizio R, Timmermann A, Tofilovska S, Torri P, Wagner-Cremer F, Wonik T, Zhang X. Mediterranean winter rainfall in phase with African monsoons during the past 1.36 million years. Nature 2019; 573:256-260. [PMID: 31477908 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1529-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mediterranean climates are characterized by strong seasonal contrasts between dry summers and wet winters. Changes in winter rainfall are critical for regional socioeconomic development, but are difficult to simulate accurately1 and reconstruct on Quaternary timescales. This is partly because regional hydroclimate records that cover multiple glacial-interglacial cycles2,3 with different orbital geometries, global ice volume and atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations are scarce. Moreover, the underlying mechanisms of change and their persistence remain unexplored. Here we show that, over the past 1.36 million years, wet winters in the northcentral Mediterranean tend to occur with high contrasts in local, seasonal insolation and a vigorous African summer monsoon. Our proxy time series from Lake Ohrid on the Balkan Peninsula, together with a 784,000-year transient climate model hindcast, suggest that increased sea surface temperatures amplify local cyclone development and refuel North Atlantic low-pressure systems that enter the Mediterranean during phases of low continental ice volume and high concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases. A comparison with modern reanalysis data shows that current drivers of the amount of rainfall in the Mediterranean share some similarities to those that drive the reconstructed increases in precipitation. Our data cover multiple insolation maxima and are therefore an important benchmark for testing climate model performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Wagner
- Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Hendrik Vogel
- Institute of Geological Sciences & Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Francke
- Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tobias Friedrich
- International Pacific Research Center, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Timme Donders
- Palaeoecology, Department of Physical Geography, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jack H Lacey
- National Environmental Isotope Facility, British Geological Survey, Nottingham, UK
| | - Melanie J Leng
- National Environmental Isotope Facility, British Geological Survey, Nottingham, UK.,Centre for Environmental Geochemistry, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Eleonora Regattieri
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Institute of Earth Sciences and Earth Resources-Italian National Research Council (IGG-CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Sadori
- Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Università di Roma 'La Sapienza', Rome, Italy
| | - Thomas Wilke
- Department of Animal Ecology & Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Christian Albrecht
- Department of Animal Ecology & Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Adele Bertini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Aleksandra Cvetkoska
- Palaeoecology, Department of Physical Geography, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Animal Ecology & Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Biagio Giaccio
- Istituto di Geologia Ambientale e Geoingegneria - CNR, Rome, Italy
| | - Andon Grazhdani
- Faculty of Geology and Mineralogy, University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania
| | - Torsten Hauffe
- Department of Animal Ecology & Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Sebastien Joannin
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, CNRS UMR 5554, Montpellier, France
| | - Elena Jovanovska
- Department of Animal Ecology & Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Janna Just
- Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Fachbereich Geowissenschaften, Universität Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Katerina Kouli
- Faculty of Geology and Geoenvironment, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ilias Kousis
- Paleoenvironmental Dynamics Group, Institute of Earth Sciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Koutsodendris
- Paleoenvironmental Dynamics Group, Institute of Earth Sciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Krastel
- Institute of Geosciences, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Markus Lagos
- Institute of Geosciences and Meteorology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Niklas Leicher
- Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Zlatko Levkov
- Institute of Biology, University Ss Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Katja Lindhorst
- Institute of Geosciences, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Alessia Masi
- Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Università di Roma 'La Sapienza', Rome, Italy
| | - Martin Melles
- Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anna M Mercuri
- Laboratorio di Palinologia e Paleobotanica, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Sebastien Nomade
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA/CNRS/UVSQ UMR 8212, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - Norbert Nowaczyk
- Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
| | | | - Odile Peyron
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, CNRS UMR 5554, Montpellier, France
| | - Jane M Reed
- Department of Geography, Geology and Environment, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | | | - Gaia Sinopoli
- Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Università di Roma 'La Sapienza', Rome, Italy
| | - Björn Stelbrink
- Department of Animal Ecology & Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Roberto Sulpizio
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e Geoambientali, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.,IDPA-CNR, Milan, Italy
| | - Axel Timmermann
- Center for Climate Physics, Institute for Basic Science, Busan, South Korea.,Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Slavica Tofilovska
- Institute of Geosciences and Meteorology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Paola Torri
- Laboratorio di Palinologia e Paleobotanica, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | | | - Thomas Wonik
- Leibniz Institute for Applied Geophysics (LIAG), Hannover, Germany
| | - Xiaosen Zhang
- Institute of Loess Plateau, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
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28
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Rutte D, Renne PR, Morrell J, Qi L, Ayllon M, van Bibber K, Wilson J, Becker TA, Batchelder J, Bernstein LA, Lebois M, James J, Chong SA, Heriot WL, Wallace M, Marcial A, Johnson C, Woolley G, Adams PA. Boutique neutrons advance 40Ar/ 39Ar geochronology. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaaw5526. [PMID: 31535022 PMCID: PMC6739110 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw5526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We designed and tested a compact deuteron-deuteron fusion neutron generator for application to 40Ar/39Ar geochronology. The nearly monoenergetic neutrons produced for sample irradiation are anticipated to provide several advantages compared with conventional fission spectrum neutrons: Reduction of collateral nuclear reactions increases age accuracy and precision. Irradiation parameters within the neutron generator are more controllable compared with fission reactors. Confidence in the prediction of recoil energies is improved, and their likely reduction potentially broadens applicability of the dating method to fine-grained materials without vacuum encapsulation. Resolution of variation in the 39K(n,p)39Ar neutron capture cross section at 1.3 to 3.2 MeV and discovery of a strong resonance at ~2.4 MeV illuminate future pathways to improve the technique for 40Ar/39Ar dating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rutte
- Berkeley Geochronology Center, Berkeley, CA 94709, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Paul R. Renne
- Berkeley Geochronology Center, Berkeley, CA 94709, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jonathan Morrell
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Liqiang Qi
- Institut de Physique Nucléaire d’Orsay, 91406 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Mauricio Ayllon
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Karl van Bibber
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jonathan Wilson
- Institut de Physique Nucléaire d’Orsay, 91406 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Tim A. Becker
- Berkeley Geochronology Center, Berkeley, CA 94709, USA
| | - Jon Batchelder
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Lee A. Bernstein
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Mathieu Lebois
- Institut de Physique Nucléaire d’Orsay, 91406 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Jay James
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Su-Ann Chong
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Will L. Heriot
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Max Wallace
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Angel Marcial
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Charles Johnson
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Graham Woolley
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Parker A. Adams
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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29
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Dinnis R, Bessudnov A, Reynolds N, Devièse T, Pate A, Sablin M, Sinitsyn A, Higham T. New data for the Early Upper Paleolithic of Kostenki (Russia). J Hum Evol 2019; 127:21-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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30
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Cortés-Sánchez M, Jiménez-Espejo FJ, Simón-Vallejo MD, Stringer C, Lozano Francisco MC, García-Alix A, Vera Peláez JL, Odriozola CP, Riquelme-Cantal JA, Parrilla Giráldez R, Maestro González A, Ohkouchi N, Morales-Muñiz A. An early Aurignacian arrival in southwestern Europe. Nat Ecol Evol 2019; 3:207-212. [PMID: 30664696 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-018-0753-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Westernmost Europe constitutes a key location in determining the timing of the replacement of Neanderthals by anatomically modern humans (AMHs). In this study, the replacement of late Mousterian industries by Aurignacian ones at the site of Bajondillo Cave (Málaga, southern Spain) is reported. On the basis of Bayesian analyses, a total of 26 radiocarbon dates, including 17 new ones, show that replacement at Bajondillo took place in the millennia centring on ~45-43 calibrated thousand years before the present (cal ka BP)-well before the onset of Heinrich event 4 (~40.2-38.3 cal ka BP). These dates indicate that the arrival of AMHs at the southernmost tip of Iberia was essentially synchronous with that recorded in other regions of Europe, and significantly increases the areal expansion reached by early AMHs at that time. In agreement with human dispersal scenarios on other continents, such rapid expansion points to coastal corridors as favoured routes for early AMH. The new radiocarbon dates align Iberian chronologies with AMH dispersal patterns in Eurasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Cortés-Sánchez
- Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología, Facultad de Geografía e Historia, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,HUM-949 Research Group, Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología, Facultad de Geografía e Historia, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Francisco J Jiménez-Espejo
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka, Japan. .,Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra, CSIC-UGR, Armilla, Spain.
| | - María D Simón-Vallejo
- Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología, Facultad de Geografía e Historia, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,HUM-949 Research Group, Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología, Facultad de Geografía e Historia, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Chris Stringer
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - María Carmen Lozano Francisco
- HUM-949 Research Group, Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología, Facultad de Geografía e Historia, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Antonio García-Alix
- Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra, CSIC-UGR, Armilla, Spain.,Departamento de Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - José L Vera Peláez
- HUM-949 Research Group, Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología, Facultad de Geografía e Historia, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Carlos P Odriozola
- Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología, Facultad de Geografía e Historia, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,HUM-949 Research Group, Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología, Facultad de Geografía e Historia, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - José A Riquelme-Cantal
- Departamento de Geografía y Ciencias del Territorio, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Rubén Parrilla Giráldez
- HUM-949 Research Group, Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología, Facultad de Geografía e Historia, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Naohiko Ohkouchi
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Arturo Morales-Muñiz
- Laboratorio de Arqueozooarqueología, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Cheng H, Edwards RL, Southon J, Matsumoto K, Feinberg JM, Sinha A, Zhou W, Li H, Li X, Xu Y, Chen S, Tan M, Wang Q, Wang Y, Ning Y. Atmospheric
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C changes during the last glacial period from Hulu Cave. Science 2018; 362:1293-1297. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aau0747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hai Cheng
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi’an Jiaotong University, China
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - John Southon
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Katsumi Matsumoto
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Joshua M. Feinberg
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Institute for Rock Magnetism, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Ashish Sinha
- Department of Earth Science, California State University Dominguez Hills, Carson, CA, USA
| | - Weijian Zhou
- Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an, China
| | - Hanying Li
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi’an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Xianglei Li
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi’an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Yao Xu
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi’an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Shitao Chen
- College of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming Tan
- Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Quan Wang
- College of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongjin Wang
- College of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Youfeng Ning
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi’an Jiaotong University, China
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From Neandertals to modern humans: New data on the Uluzzian. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196786. [PMID: 29742147 PMCID: PMC5942857 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Having thrived in Eurasia for 350,000 years Neandertals disappeared from the record around 40,000-37,000 years ago, after modern humans entered Europe. It was a complex process of population interactions that included cultural exchanges and admixture between Neandertals and dispersing groups of modern humans. In Europe Neandertals are always associated with the Mousterian while the Aurignacian is associated with modern humans only. The onset of the Aurignacian is preceded by "transitional" industries which show some similarities with the Mousterian but also contain modern tool forms. Information on these industries is often incomplete or disputed and this is true of the Uluzzian. We present the results of taphonomic, typological and technological analyses of two Uluzzian sites, Grotta La Fabbrica (Tuscany) and the newly discovered site of Colle Rotondo (Latium). Comparisons with Castelcivita and Grotta del Cavallo show that the Uluzzian is a coherent cultural unit lasting about five millennia, replaced by the Protoaurignacian before the eruption of the Campanian Ignimbrite. The lack of skeletal remains at our two sites and the controversy surrounding the stratigraphic position of modern human teeth at Cavallo makes it difficult to reach agreement about authorship of the Uluzzian, for which alternative hypotheses have been proposed. Pending the discovery of DNA or further human remains, these hypotheses can only be evaluated by archaeological arguments, i.e. evidence of continuities and discontinuities between the Uluzzian and the preceding and succeeding culture units in Italy. However, in the context of "transitional" industries with disputed dates for the arrival of modern humans in Europe, and considering the case of the Châtelperronian, an Upper Paleolithic industry made by Neandertals, typo-technology used as an indicator of hominin authorship has limited predictive value. We corroborate previous suggestions that the Middle-to-Upper Paleolithic transition occurred as steps of rapid changes and geographically uneven rates of spread.
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Douka K, Higham T. The Chronological Factor in Understanding the Middle and Upper Paleolithic of Eurasia. CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1086/694173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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34
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Zilhão J, Anesin D, Aubry T, Badal E, Cabanes D, Kehl M, Klasen N, Lucena A, Martín-Lerma I, Martínez S, Matias H, Susini D, Steier P, Wild EM, Angelucci DE, Villaverde V, Zapata J. Precise dating of the Middle-to-Upper Paleolithic transition in Murcia (Spain) supports late Neandertal persistence in Iberia. Heliyon 2017; 3:e00435. [PMID: 29188235 PMCID: PMC5696381 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2017.e00435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The late persistence in Southern Iberia of a Neandertal-associated Middle Paleolithic is supported by the archeological stratigraphy and the radiocarbon and luminescence dating of three newly excavated localities in the Mula basin of Murcia (Spain). At Cueva Antón, Mousterian layer I-k can be no more than 37,100 years-old. At La Boja, the basal Aurignacian can be no less than 36,500 years-old. The regional Middle-to-Upper Paleolithic transition process is thereby bounded to the first half of the 37th millennium Before Present, in agreement with evidence from Andalusia, Gibraltar and Portugal. This chronology represents a lag of minimally 3000 years with the rest of Europe, where that transition and the associated process of Neandertal/modern human admixture took place between 40,000 and 42,000 years ago. The lag implies the presence of an effective barrier to migration and diffusion across the Ebro river depression, which, based on available paleoenvironmental indicators, would at that time have represented a major biogeographical divide. In addition, (a) the Phlegraean Fields caldera explosion, which occurred 39,850 years ago, would have stalled the Neandertal/modern human admixture front because of the population sink it generated in Central and Eastern Europe, and (b) the long period of ameliorated climate that came soon after (Greenland Interstadial 8, during which forests underwent a marked expansion in Iberian regions south of 40°N) would have enhanced the “Ebro Frontier” effect. These findings have two broader paleoanthropological implications: firstly, that, below the Ebro, the archeological record made prior to 37,000 years ago must be attributed, in all its aspects and components, to the Neandertals (or their ancestors); secondly, that modern human emergence is best seen as an uneven, punctuated process during which long-lasting barriers to gene flow and cultural diffusion could have existed across rather short distances, with attendant consequences for ancient genetics and models of human population history.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Zilhão
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat de Barcelona, Departament d'Història i Arqueologia, Facultat de Geografia i Història, c/Montalegre 6, 08001 Barcelona, Spain.,UNIARQ - Centro de Arqueologia da Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Letras de Lisboa, Universidade de Lisboa, Alameda da Universidade, 1600-214 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Daniela Anesin
- Università degli Studi di Trento, Dipartimento di Lettere e Filosofia, via Tommaso Gar 14, 38122 Trento, Italy
| | - Thierry Aubry
- Parque Arqueológico do Vale do Côa, Fundação Côa Parque, Rua do Museu, 5150-610 Vila Nova de Foz Côa, Portugal
| | - Ernestina Badal
- Universitat de València, Departament de Prehistòria, Arqueologia i Història Antiga, Av. Blasco Ibañez 28, 46010 València, Spain, Av. Blasco Ibañez 28, 46010 València, Spain
| | - Dan Cabanes
- Department of Anthropology, Rutgers University, Biological Sciences Building, 32 Bishop Street, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Martin Kehl
- University of Cologne, Institute of Geography, Albertus-Magnus-Platz, 50923 Cologne, Germany
| | - Nicole Klasen
- University of Cologne, Institute of Geography, Albertus-Magnus-Platz, 50923 Cologne, Germany
| | - Armando Lucena
- UNIARQ - Centro de Arqueologia da Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Letras de Lisboa, Universidade de Lisboa, Alameda da Universidade, 1600-214 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ignacio Martín-Lerma
- Universidad de Murcia, Área de Prehistoria, Facultad de Letras, Campus de La Merced, 30071 Murcia, Spain
| | - Susana Martínez
- UNIARQ - Centro de Arqueologia da Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Letras de Lisboa, Universidade de Lisboa, Alameda da Universidade, 1600-214 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Henrique Matias
- UNIARQ - Centro de Arqueologia da Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Letras de Lisboa, Universidade de Lisboa, Alameda da Universidade, 1600-214 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Davide Susini
- Università degli Studi di Trento, Dipartimento di Lettere e Filosofia, via Tommaso Gar 14, 38122 Trento, Italy.,Università di Siena, Dipartimento di Scienze fisiche, della Terra e dell'Ambiente, Strada Laterina 8, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Peter Steier
- VERA (Vienna Environmental Research Accelerator) Laboratory, Faculty of Physics - Isotope Research and Nuclear Physics, University of Vienna, Währingerstraße 17, 1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Eva Maria Wild
- VERA (Vienna Environmental Research Accelerator) Laboratory, Faculty of Physics - Isotope Research and Nuclear Physics, University of Vienna, Währingerstraße 17, 1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Diego E Angelucci
- Università degli Studi di Trento, Dipartimento di Lettere e Filosofia, via Tommaso Gar 14, 38122 Trento, Italy
| | - Valentín Villaverde
- Universitat de València, Departament de Prehistòria, Arqueologia i Història Antiga, Av. Blasco Ibañez 28, 46010 València, Spain, Av. Blasco Ibañez 28, 46010 València, Spain
| | - Josefina Zapata
- Universidad de Murcia, Área de Antropología Física, Facultad de Biología, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
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Incremental heating of Bishop Tuff sanidine reveals preeruptive radiogenic Ar and rapid remobilization from cold storage. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:12407-12412. [PMID: 29114056 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1709581114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate and precise ages of large silicic eruptions are critical to calibrating the geologic timescale and gauging the tempo of changes in climate, biologic evolution, and magmatic processes throughout Earth history. The conventional approach to dating these eruptive products using the 40Ar/39Ar method is to fuse dozens of individual feldspar crystals. However, dispersion of fusion dates is common and interpretation is complicated by increasingly precise data obtained via multicollector mass spectrometry. Incremental heating of 49 individual Bishop Tuff (BT) sanidine crystals produces 40Ar/39Ar dates with reduced dispersion, yet we find a 16-ky range of plateau dates that is not attributable to excess Ar. We interpret this dispersion to reflect cooling of the magma reservoir margins below ∼475 °C, accumulation of radiogenic Ar, and rapid preeruption remobilization. Accordingly, these data elucidate the recycling of subsolidus material into voluminous rhyolite magma reservoirs and the effect of preeruptive magmatic processes on the 40Ar/39Ar system. The youngest sanidine dates, likely the most representative of the BT eruption age, yield a weighted mean of 764.8 ± 0.3/0.6 ka (2σ analytical/full uncertainty) indicating eruption only ∼7 ky following the Matuyama-Brunhes magnetic polarity reversal. Single-crystal incremental heating provides leverage with which to interpret complex populations of 40Ar/39Ar sanidine and U-Pb zircon dates and a substantially improved capability to resolve the timing and causal relationship of events in the geologic record.
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