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Das D, Hsieh HC, Chen CS, Chen WL, Chuang HS. Ultrafast and Sensitive Screening of Pathogens by Functionalized Janus Microbeads‐Enabled Rotational Diffusometry in Combination with Isothermal Amplification. SMALL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/smsc.202200010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dhrubajyoti Das
- Department of Biomedical Engineering National Cheng Kung University Tainan city 70101 Taiwan
| | - Hui-Chen Hsieh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology National Cheng Kung University Tainan city 70101 Taiwan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences College of Medicine National Cheng Kung University Tainan city 70101 Taiwan
| | - Chang-Shi Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology National Cheng Kung University Tainan city 70101 Taiwan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences College of Medicine National Cheng Kung University Tainan city 70101 Taiwan
| | - Wei-Long Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering National Cheng Kung University Tainan city 70101 Taiwan
| | - Han-Sheng Chuang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering National Cheng Kung University Tainan city 70101 Taiwan
- Medical Device Innovation Center National Cheng Kung University Tainan city 70101 Taiwan
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Robertson J, McGoverin C, White JR, Vanholsbeeck F, Swift S. Rapid Detection of Escherichia coli Antibiotic Susceptibility Using Live/Dead Spectrometry for Lytic Agents. Microorganisms 2021; 9:924. [PMID: 33925816 PMCID: PMC8147107 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9050924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a serious threat to public health. The empiric use of the wrong antibiotic occurs due to urgency in treatment combined with slow, culture-based diagnostic techniques. Inappropriate antibiotic choice can promote the development of antibiotic resistance. We investigated live/dead spectrometry using a fluorimeter (Optrode) as a rapid alternative to culture-based techniques through application of the LIVE/DEAD® BacLightTM Bacterial Viability Kit. Killing was detected by the Optrode in near real-time when Escherichia coli was treated with lytic antibiotics-ampicillin and polymyxin B-and stained with SYTO 9 and/or propidium iodide. Antibiotic concentration, bacterial growth phase, and treatment time used affected the efficacy of this detection method. Quantification methods of the lethal action and inhibitory action of the non-lytic antibiotics, ciprofloxacin and chloramphenicol, respectively, remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Robertson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; (J.R.W.); (S.S.)
- The Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, Auckland 1010, New Zealand; (C.M.); (F.V.)
| | - Cushla McGoverin
- The Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, Auckland 1010, New Zealand; (C.M.); (F.V.)
- Department of Physics, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Joni R. White
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; (J.R.W.); (S.S.)
- The Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, Auckland 1010, New Zealand; (C.M.); (F.V.)
| | - Frédérique Vanholsbeeck
- The Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, Auckland 1010, New Zealand; (C.M.); (F.V.)
- Department of Physics, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Simon Swift
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; (J.R.W.); (S.S.)
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Developing Rapid Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing for Motile/Non-Motile Bacteria Treated with Antibiotics Covering Five Bactericidal Mechanisms on the Basis of Bead-Based Optical Diffusometry. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2020; 10:bios10110181. [PMID: 33228090 PMCID: PMC7699397 DOI: 10.3390/bios10110181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Rapid antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) is an effective measure in the treatment of infections and the prevention of bacterial drug resistance. However, diverse antibiotic types and bacterial characteristics have formed complicated barriers to rapid diagnosis. To counteract these limitations, we investigated the interactions between antibiotic-treated bacteria and functionalized microbeads in optical diffusometry. The conjugation with bacteria increased the effective microbead complex size, thereby resulting in a temporal diffusivity change. The yielded data were sorted and analyzed to delineate a pattern for the prediction of antimicrobial susceptibility. The outcome showed that a completed rapid AST based on the trend of microbead diffusivity could provide results within 3 h (2 h measurement + 1 h computation). In this research, we studied four bacterial strains, including Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus, and six antibiotics. Despite the different inhibitory effects caused by various antibiotics, similar trends in diffusivity alteration for all susceptible and resistant cases in the last 40 min of the 2-h measurement period were deduced. In addition, the AST results obtained using optical diffusometry showed good agreement with those acquired from the commercial instrument and conventional culture methods. Finally, we conducted a single-blinded clinical test, and the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the system reached 92.9%, 91.4%, and 91.8%, respectively. Overall, the developed optical diffusometry showcased rapid AST with a small sample volume (20 μL) and low initial bacterial count (105 CFU/mL). This technique provided a promising way to achieve early therapy against microbial diseases in the future.
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On-chip MIC by Combining Concentration Gradient Generator and Flanged Chamber Arrays. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11020207. [PMID: 32079258 PMCID: PMC7074598 DOI: 10.3390/mi11020207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) of antibiotic is an effective value to ascertain the agent and minimum dosage of inhibiting bacterial growth. However, current techniques to determine MIC are labor intensive and time-consuming, and require skilled operator and high initial concentration of bacteria. To simplify the operation and reduce the time of inhibition test, we developed a microfluidic system, containing a concentration generator and sub-micro-liter chambers, for rapid bacterial growth and inhibition test. To improve the mixing effect, a micropillar array in honeycomb-structure channels is designed, so the steady concentration gradient of amoxicillin can be generated. The flanged chambers are used to culture bacteria under the condition of continuous flow and the medium of chambers is refreshed constantly, which could supply the sufficient nutrient for bacteria growth and take away the metabolite. Based on the microfluidic platform, the bacterial growth with antibiotic inhibition on chip can be quantitatively measured and MIC can be obtained within six hours using low initial concentration of bacteria. Overall, this microfluidic platform has the potential to provide rapidness and effectiveness to screen bacteria and determine MIC of corresponding antibiotics in clinical therapies.
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Wang JC, Tung YC, Ichiki K, Sakamoto H, Yang TH, Suye SI, Chuang HS. Culture-free detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by using self-driving diffusometric DNA nanosensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 148:111817. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.111817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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RNA-based qPCR as a tool to quantify and to characterize dual-species biofilms. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13639. [PMID: 31541147 PMCID: PMC6754382 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50094-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
While considerable research has focused on studying individual-species, we now face the challenge of determining how interspecies interactions alter bacterial behaviours and pathogenesis. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus are often found to co-infect cystic-fibrosis patients. Curiously, their interaction is reported as competitive under laboratory conditions. Selecting appropriate methodologies is therefore critical to analyse multi-species communities. Herein, we demonstrated the major biases associated with qPCR quantification of bacterial populations and optimized a RNA-based qPCR able not only to quantify but also to characterize microbial interactions within dual-species biofilms composed by P. aeruginosa and S. aureus, as assessed by gene expression quantification. qPCR quantification was compared with flow-cytometry and culture-based quantification. Discrepancies between culture independent and culture dependent methods could be the result of the presence of viable but not-cultivable bacteria within the biofilm. Fluorescence microscopy confirmed this. A higher sensitivity to detect viable cells further highlights the potentialities of qPCR approach to quantify biofilm communities. By using bacterial RNA and an exogenous mRNA control, it was also possible to characterize bacterial transcriptomic profile, being this a major advantage of this method.
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Abstract
Botulinum is a deadly bacterial toxin that causes neuroparalytic disease. However, appropriate tools to detect trace toxic proteins are scarce. This study presents a bead-based diffusometric technique for the rapid, simple, and quantitative detection of biological toxins. Functionalized particles called nano-immunosensors were fabricated by forming sandwiched immunocomplexes comprising Au nanoparticles (AuNPs), toxic proteins, and antibodies on fluorescent probe particles. Particle diffusivity tended to decline with increasing concentration of the target proteins. Calibration curves of purified botulinum toxins (0.01-500 ng/mL) were obtained from whole milk and bovine serum, and results suggested that measurement was independent of the background matrix. The activity of botulinum toxin was evaluated by coating synaptosomal-associated protein 25 (SNAP-25) on fluorescent probe particles. AuNP-conjugated antibodies attached to the probe particles when SNAP-25 proteins were cleaved by active botulinum. Thus, toxicity could be detected from slight changes in diffusivity. A short measurement time of 2 min and a limit of detection of 10 pg/mL were achieved. The nano-immunosensors demonstrated rapid biosensing capability and met the demands of onsite screening for food safety, medical instrument hygiene, and cosmetic surgery products.
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Chen CJ, Chen WL, Phong PH, Chuang HS. Investigation of Micro-volume Viscosity with Janus Microbeads Based on Rotational Brownian Motion. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19051217. [PMID: 30857368 PMCID: PMC6427369 DOI: 10.3390/s19051217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Viscosity is an important property of liquids. A viscosity change of aqueous substances that deviates from their normal levels usually implies a compromise in quality due to degradation or microorganism proliferation. Monitoring of macro-scale viscosity can be simply realized by various conventional tools, such as rotational viscometers, capillary tubes, falling bodies, and so forth. Nevertheless, today, micro-volume viscosity measurement remains a challenging endeavor, resulting in rare, expensive, or difficult-to-obtain samples not very well studied. For this reason, a novel technique for micro-viscosity based on rotational Brownian motion is presented in this paper. Janus microbeads were made by coating fluorescent polystyrene beads with gold film. Taking advantage of the bead configuration of half gold/half fluorescence, the rotational Brownian signal was expressed in terms of blinking fluorescent intensity. The characteristic correlation time was derived from the blinking intensity of trace amounts of a selected medium over a certain time period, and results were correlated with viscosity. Given a volume of only 2 μL for each measurement, calibration of a series of glycerol–water mixtures (100%–1% (v/v) water content) yielded good agreement with the expected viscosity predictions over the range of 0.8–574.8 cP. Five common oil products, including lubricant oil, baby oil, food oil, olive oil, and motor oil, were further investigated to demonstrate the feasibility and practicability of the proposed technique. Data measured by the rotational Brownian motion-based diffusometer were comparable with those measured by a commercial rotational viscometer. The method also explicitly showed viscosity degradation after the oils were heated at a high temperature of over 100 °C for 10 min. Evaluation proved the proposed Janus microbead-enabled rotational diffusometric technique to be a promising approach for rapid and micro-scale viscosity measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Jui Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Long Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
| | - Pham Hong Phong
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi 1000, Vietnam.
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi 1000, Vietnam.
| | - Han-Sheng Chuang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
- Medical Device Innovation Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
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Worms on a Chip. Bioanalysis 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-6229-3_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Wang JC, Chi SW, Yang TH, Chuang HS. Label-Free Monitoring of Microorganisms and Their Responses to Antibiotics Based on Self-Powered Microbead Sensors. ACS Sens 2018; 3:2182-2190. [PMID: 30221509 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.8b00790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Rapid detection of bacteria and their susceptibility to specific antibiotics plays a vital role in microbial infection treatments. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) is a common measure to select effective drugs. However, the conventional practices, such as broth dilution, E-test, and disk diffusion, in clinical applications require a long turnaround time (∼3 days), thereby compromising treatments and increasing mortality. This study presents self-powered sensors for on-site microorganism monitoring and rapid AST based on functionalized microbeads. The microbead sensors are driven by Brownian motion, rendering external power unnecessary. Fluorescent microbeads ( dp = 2 μm) were coated with vancomycin to capture bacteria. The growth and responses of Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus under antibiotic treatment were evaluated. The method showed stable selective binding despite the presence of some interferential substances, such as proteins and cells. Diffusivity change was strongly related to bacterial concentration. Accordingly, the diffusivity values of microbeads bound with motile and nonmotile bacteria exhibited specific patterns because of extra motility from microbes and increased particle diameter. Only a drop of microbead-bacteria suspension (∼5 μL) was needed in a microchip for each measurement. The microchip provided a steady environment for measurement over a few hours. By distinguishing the slope of the last four data points in the temporal diffusivity curve, bacterial susceptibility or resistance to specific antibiotics could be determined within a time frame of 2 h. The study provides insights into saving more lives by using a fast and robust AST technique in future clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhih-Cheng Wang
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan City, Taiwan 710
| | | | - Tai-Hua Yang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan 701
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Enhanced diffusometric immunosensing with grafted gold nanoparticles for detection of diabetic retinopathy biomarker tumor necrosis factor-α. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 101:75-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Kara V, Duan C, Gupta K, Kurosawa S, Stearns-Kurosawa DJ, Ekinci KL. Microfluidic detection of movements of Escherichia coli for rapid antibiotic susceptibility testing. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:743-753. [PMID: 29387860 PMCID: PMC5829026 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc01019b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Various nanomechanical movements of bacteria provide a signature of bacterial viability. Most notably, bacterial movements have been observed to subside rapidly and dramatically when the bacteria are exposed to effective antibiotics. Thus, monitoring bacterial movements, if performed with high fidelity, could offer a path to various clinical microbiological applications, including antibiotic susceptibility tests. Here, we introduce a robust and ultrasensitive electrical transduction technique for detecting the nanomechanical movements of bacteria. The technique is based on measuring the electrical fluctuations in a microfluidic channel, which the bacteria populate. The swimming of planktonic bacteria and the random oscillations of surface-immobilized bacteria both cause small but detectable electrical fluctuations. We show that this technique provides enough sensitivity to detect even the slightest movements of a single cell; we also demonstrate an antibiotic susceptibility test in a biological matrix. Given that it lends itself to smooth integration with other microfluidic methods and devices, the technique can be developed into a functional antibiotic susceptibility test, in particular, for urinary tract infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vural Kara
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Division of Materials Science and Engineering, and the Photonics Center, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
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