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Jaroschik F. Picking One out of Three: Selective Single C-F Activation in Trifluoromethyl Groups. Chemistry 2018; 24:14572-14582. [PMID: 29923644 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of a trifluoromethyl (CF3 ) group into an organic molecule can modify its chemical behavior and lead to changes in its physicochemical and pharmacological properties. The CF3 group is often chosen for its chemical inertness and stability, which are related to the strong C-F bonds. In recent years, the potential of gaining straightforward access to difluorinated compounds through selective single C-F activation in CF3 groups has been unveiled. This review describes the latest methodologies for the synthesis of difluoromethylated arenes, difluoroalkenes and difluorinated aldol products of potential synthetic and/or biological interest, employing low-valent metals, transition metal catalysis, FLP and Lewis acid mediated transformations as well as photoredox catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Jaroschik
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier UMR 5253, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, 240 avenue du Prof Jeanbrau, 34080, Montpellier, France
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Wu X, Xie F, Gridnev ID, Zhang W. A Copper-Catalyzed Reductive Defluorination of β-Trifluoromethylated Enones via Oxidative Homocoupling of Grignard Reagents. Org Lett 2018. [PMID: 29513540 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
An efficient copper-catalyzed reductive defluorination of β-trifluoromethylated enones via an oxidative homocoupling of Grignard reagents is reported. The reaction proceeded smoothly with a wide range of substrates, including the ones bearing aromatic heterocycles, such as furyl and thienyl ring systems in high yields (80-92%, except one example) under mild conditions. This provides a practical method for synthesis of gem-difluoroolefin ketones. It is also worth noting that this homocoupling process of Grignard reagents using β-trifluoromethylated enones as "oxidizing reagents" is effective for both the Csp2-Csp2 and Csp3-Csp3 bond formations, including for substrates whose β-hydride elimination of the corresponding transition metal alkyl complex is particularly facile, affording coupling products with high yields (83-95%), simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200240 , P. R. China
| | - Fang Xie
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200240 , P. R. China
| | - Ilya D Gridnev
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science , Tohoku University , Sendai 980-8578 , Japan
| | - Wanbin Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200240 , P. R. China
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4
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Chelucci G. Synthesis and Metal-Catalyzed Reactions of gem-Dihalovinyl Systems. Chem Rev 2011; 112:1344-462. [DOI: 10.1021/cr200165q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Chelucci
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università di Sassari, viale Italia 39, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
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5
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Kobayashi Y, Takeuchi A, Wang YG. Synthesis of Cannabidiols via Alkenylation of Cyclohexenyl Monoacetate. Org Lett 2006; 8:2699-702. [PMID: 16774235 DOI: 10.1021/ol060692h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] Because of the lack of potency binding to the receptors responsible for psychoactivity, cannabidiol has received much attention as a lead compound to develop a nonpsychotropic drug. Herein, we establish a method to access not only cannabidiol but also its analogues. The key reaction is nickel-catalyzed allylation of 2-cyclohexene-1,4-diol monoacetate with a new reagent, (alkenyl)ZnCl/TMEDA, which gives a S(N)2-type product with 94% regioselectivity in good yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Kobayashi
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Japan.
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Thakur GA, Duclos RI, Makriyannis A. Natural cannabinoids: templates for drug discovery. Life Sci 2005; 78:454-66. [PMID: 16242157 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2005.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2005] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have elucidated the biosynthetic pathway of cannabinoids and have highlighted the preference for a C-3 n-pentyl side chain in the most prominently represented cannabinoids from Cannabis sativa and their medicinally important decarboxylation products. The corresponding C-3 n-propyl side chain containing cannabinoids are also found, although in lesser quantities. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies performed on Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta(9)-THC), the key psychoactive ingredient of Cannabis, and its synthetic analogues have identified the C-3 side chain as the key pharmacophore for ligand affinity and selectivity for the known cannabinoid receptors and for pharmacological potency. Interestingly, the terminal n-pentyl saturated hydrocarbon side chain of endocannabinoids also plays a corresponding crucial role in conferring similar properties. This review briefly summarizes the biosynthesis of cannabinoids and endocannabinoids and focuses on their side chain SAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh A Thakur
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, 116 Mugar Life Sciences Building, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Thakur GA, Nikas SP, Li C, Makriyannis A. Structural requirements for cannabinoid receptor probes. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2005:209-46. [PMID: 16596776 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-26573-2_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The discovery and cloning of CB1 and CB2, the two known G(i/o) protein-coupled cannabinoid receptors, as well as the isolation and characterization of two families of endogenous cannabinergic ligands represented by arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), have opened new horizons in this newly discovered field of biology. Furthermore, a considerable number of cannabinoid analogs belonging to structurally diverse classes of compounds have been synthesized and tested, thus providing substantial information on the structural requirements for cannabinoid receptor recognition and activation. Experiments with site-directed mutated receptors and computer modeling studies have suggested that these diverse classes of ligands may interact with the receptors through different binding motifs. The information about the exact binding site may be obtained with the help of suitably designed molecular probes. These ligands either interact with the receptors in a reversible fashion (reversible probes) or alternatively attach at or near the receptor active site with the formation of covalent bonds (irreversible probes). This review focuses on structural requirements of cannabinoid receptor ligands and highlights their pharmacological and therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Thakur
- Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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8
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Nikas SP, Grzybowska J, Papahatjis DP, Charalambous A, Banijamali AR, Chari R, Fan P, Kourouli T, Lin S, Nitowski AJ, Marciniak G, Guo Y, Li X, Wang CLJ, Makriyannis A. The role of halogen substitution in classical cannabinoids: a CB1 pharmacophore model. AAPS JOURNAL 2004; 6:e30. [PMID: 15760095 PMCID: PMC2751226 DOI: 10.1208/aapsj060430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The presence of halogens within the classical cannabinoid structure leads to large variations in the compounds' potencies and affinities for the CB1 receptors. To explore the structure activity relationships within this class of analogs we have used a series of halogen-substituted (-)-Delta8-tetrahydrocannabinol analogs and compared their affinities for the CB1 cannabinoid receptor. Our results indicate that halogen substitution at the end-carbon of the side chain leads to an enhancement in affinity with the bulkier halogens (Br, I) producing the largest effects. Conversely, 2-iodo substitution on the phenolic ring leads to a 2-fold reduction in affinity while iodo-substitution in the C1'-position of the side chain lowers the compound's affinity for CB1 by more than 8-fold. The pharmacophoric requirements resulting from halogen-substitution are explored using computer modeling methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spyros P. Nikas
- />Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Molecular and Cell Biology and Center for Drug Discovery, University of Connecticut, 372 Fairfield Road, 06269 Storrs, CT
| | - Jolanta Grzybowska
- />Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Molecular and Cell Biology and Center for Drug Discovery, University of Connecticut, 372 Fairfield Road, 06269 Storrs, CT
| | - Demetris P. Papahatjis
- />Institute of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vass Constantinou, 116-35 Athens, Greece
| | - Avgui Charalambous
- />Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Molecular and Cell Biology and Center for Drug Discovery, University of Connecticut, 372 Fairfield Road, 06269 Storrs, CT
| | - Ali R. Banijamali
- />Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Molecular and Cell Biology and Center for Drug Discovery, University of Connecticut, 372 Fairfield Road, 06269 Storrs, CT
- />Crompton Corp, 06749 Middlebury, CT
| | - Ravi Chari
- />Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Molecular and Cell Biology and Center for Drug Discovery, University of Connecticut, 372 Fairfield Road, 06269 Storrs, CT
| | - Pusheng Fan
- />Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Molecular and Cell Biology and Center for Drug Discovery, University of Connecticut, 372 Fairfield Road, 06269 Storrs, CT
| | - Therapia Kourouli
- />Institute of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vass Constantinou, 116-35 Athens, Greece
| | - Sonyuan Lin
- />Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Molecular and Cell Biology and Center for Drug Discovery, University of Connecticut, 372 Fairfield Road, 06269 Storrs, CT
| | | | - Gilbert Marciniak
- />Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Molecular and Cell Biology and Center for Drug Discovery, University of Connecticut, 372 Fairfield Road, 06269 Storrs, CT
| | - Yan Guo
- />Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Molecular and Cell Biology and Center for Drug Discovery, University of Connecticut, 372 Fairfield Road, 06269 Storrs, CT
| | - Xiuyan Li
- />Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Molecular and Cell Biology and Center for Drug Discovery, University of Connecticut, 372 Fairfield Road, 06269 Storrs, CT
| | | | - Alexandros Makriyannis
- />Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Molecular and Cell Biology and Center for Drug Discovery, University of Connecticut, 372 Fairfield Road, 06269 Storrs, CT
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Ichikawa J. gem-Difluoroolefin synthesis: general methods via thermostable difluorovinylmetals starting from 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol derivatives. J Fluor Chem 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1139(99)00268-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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