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Happi GM, Ntabo VK, Tcho AT, Wansi JD. Naturally occurring dimeric triterpenoids: Occurrence, chemistry and bioactivities. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2022; 200:113242. [PMID: 35594948 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The triterpenes represent one of the most reported subclasses of specialized metabolites from the plant kingdom. They play a key role in the protection of plants and their metabolism in addition to displaying a high structural diversity and large scale of biological activities. The scaffold can undergo several reactions like oxidation or substitution at different positions of the skeleton leading to the formation of several types of compounds. More specifically, triterpene dimer is a small group of compounds found in nature (from plants precisely). Until 2021, the chemical and pharmacological works reported in the literature indicated the identification of 90 natural dimeric triterpenes and 11 synthetic derivatives from 19 plants species and very few of them have been biologically evaluated for their antibacterial, antioxidant, antiproliferative or molluscicide activities. This review aims to compile the literature on the occurrence, chemistry and biological activities of the triterpenoid dimers. To attend this goal, a literature survey has been done in a number of online libraries including Scifinder, PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar using keywords terpene, triterpene, dimer, celastroloid without language restriction. This paper provides the easiest access to the information on triterpene dimers for readers and researchers in view to enhancing the continuity of research works on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gervais Mouthé Happi
- Department of Chemistry, Higher Teacher Training College, The University of Bamenda, P.O Box 39, Bambili, Cameroon.
| | - Virginia Kien Ntabo
- Department of Chemistry, Higher Teacher Training College, The University of Bamenda, P.O Box 39, Bambili, Cameroon
| | - Alain Tadjong Tcho
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Jean Duplex Wansi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Douala, P. O. Box 24157, Douala, Cameroon
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Khanh PN, Duc HV, Huong TT, Son NT, Ha VT, Van DT, Tai BH, Kim JE, Jo AR, Kim YH, Cuong NM. Alkylphloroglucinol derivatives and triterpenoids with soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitory activity from Callistemon citrinus. Fitoterapia 2016; 109:39-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Sujarwo W, Keim AP, Savo V, Guarrera PM, Caneva G. Ethnobotanical study of Loloh: Traditional herbal drinks from Bali (Indonesia). JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 169:34-48. [PMID: 25861955 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.03.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Loloh are herbal drinks produced and consumed exclusively in Bali (Indonesia) to prevent and treat different ailments. This is the first study to document plants species used as Loloh, reporting the phytochemical components and pharmacological properties of the most cited plants. Documenting the plants used in herbal drinks in Bali by local communities to treat various ailments (providing some information on phytochemistry and pharmacology of the most interesting plants). MATERIALS AND METHODS Ethnobotanical data were obtained through semi-structured interviews (individual and group discussions) and questionnaires. Plant specimens were collected, identified and made into herbarium vouchers. RESULTS A total of 51 plants species (belonging to 32 families) have been documented for their use in the various preparation of Loloh. Different plants and plant parts are used to prepare Loloh to treat heartburn, fever, diarrhea, hypertension, aphthous stomatitis (canker sores), and other minor health problems. These plants are mainly prepared as decoctions, are juiced or simply added to the preparation. The most cited plants (>30 informants) are Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br., Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC., Cinnamomum burmanni Nees ex Bl., and Piper betle L. These plants are well studied with multiple demonstrated pharmacological activities (e.g., antimicrobial, anticancer, antidiabetic). CONCLUSION The Balinese communities still preserve a rich ethnobotanical knowledge. Several species are well known for their pharmacological properties, but some [such as Pneumatopteris callosa (Blume) Nakai and Dendrocnide stimulans (L. f.) Chew] are understudied and could be promising candidates for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wawan Sujarwo
- Bali Botanical Gardens, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Candikuning Baturiti, Tabanan 82191, Bali, Indonesia; Department of Science, University Roma Tre, Viale G. Marconi 446, 00146 Rome, Italy.
| | - Ary Prihardhyanto Keim
- Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Cibinong Science Center, Cibinong 16911, West Java, Indonesia.
| | - Valentina Savo
- Hakai Institute, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.
| | - Paolo Maria Guarrera
- Istituto Centrale per la Demoetnoantropologia, MiBACT, Piazza Marconi 8-10, I-00144 Rome, Italy.
| | - Giulia Caneva
- Department of Science, University Roma Tre, Viale G. Marconi 446, 00146 Rome, Italy.
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Castro AJG, Cazarolli LH, de Carvalho FK, da Luz G, Altenhofen D, dos Santos ARS, Pizzolatti MG, Silva FRMB. Acute effect of 3β-hidroxihop-22(29)ene on insulin secretion is mediated by GLP-1, potassium and calcium channels for the glucose homeostasis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 150:112-22. [PMID: 25843210 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The effect of 3β-hidroxihop-22(29)ene (3-BHO) on insulin and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) secretion as well as the mechanism of action of the compound in pancreatic islet on glucose homeostasis was investigated. The data from in vivo treatment show that 3-BHO significantly reduces the hyperglycemia by increasing the insulin and GLP-1 secretion, as well as by accumulating hepatic glycogen in hyperglycemic rats. In rat pancreatic β-cell, 3-BHO stimulates the glucose uptake, insulin vesicles translocation to the plasma membrane and thus the insulin secretion through the involvement of potassium channels (ATP- and Ca(2+)-dependent K(+) channels) and calcium channels (L-type voltage-dependent calcium channels (L-VDCC)). Furthermore, this study also provides evidence for a crosstalk between intracellular high calcium concentration, PKA and PKC in the signal transduction of 3-BHO to stimulate insulin secretion. In conclusion, 3-BHO diminishes glycaemia, stimulates GLP-1 secretion and potentiates insulin secretion and increase hepatic glycogen content. Moreover, this triterpene modulates calcium influx characterizing ATP-K(+), Ca(2+)-K(+) and L-VDCC channels-dependent pathways as well as PKA and PKC activity in pancreatic islets underlying the signaling of 3-BHO for the secretory activity and contribution on glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allisson Jhonatan Gomes Castro
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Bairro Trindade, Cx. Postal 5069, CEP 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Luisa Helena Cazarolli
- Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul, Campus Universitário Laranjeiras do Sul, Laranjeiras do Sul, PR, Brazil
| | - Francieli Kanumfre de Carvalho
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Físicas e Matemáticas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Bairro Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Gabrielle da Luz
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Bairro Trindade, Cx. Postal 5069, CEP 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Delsi Altenhofen
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Bairro Trindade, Cx. Postal 5069, CEP 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Adair Roberto Soares dos Santos
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Campus Universitário, Bairro Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Moacir Geraldo Pizzolatti
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Físicas e Matemáticas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Bairro Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Fátima Regina Mena Barreto Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Bairro Trindade, Cx. Postal 5069, CEP 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
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Gomes Castro AJ, Silva Frederico MJ, Cazarolli LH, Bretanha LC, Tavares LDC, Buss ZDS, Dutra MF, Pacheco de Souza AZ, Pizzolatti MG, Silva FRMB. Betulinic acid and 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3 share intracellular signal transduction in glucose homeostasis in soleus muscle. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 48:18-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Adesanwo JK, Makinde OO, Obafemi CA. Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity of methanol extract and betulinic acid isolated from the roots of Tetracera potatoria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jopr.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Shan WG, Zhang LW, Xiang JG, Zhan ZJ. Natural Friedelanes. Chem Biodivers 2013; 10:1392-434. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201100256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Tyszczuk-Rotko K, Wójciak-Kosior M, Sowa I. Voltammetric determination of betulinic acid at lead film electrode after chromatographic separation in plant material. Anal Biochem 2013; 436:121-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Caligiani A, Malavasi G, Palla G, Marseglia A, Tognolini M, Bruni R. A simple GC-MS method for the screening of betulinic, corosolic, maslinic, oleanolic and ursolic acid contents in commercial botanicals used as food supplement ingredients. Food Chem 2013; 136:735-41. [PMID: 23122121 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of triterpene pentacyclic acids in plants is extensive, but little is known about their availability in commercial extracts. A simple GC-MS method for the simultaneous determination of betulinic, corosolic, maslinic, oleanolic and ursolic acids was developed and applied to 38 different commercial plant extracts sold as ingredients for dietary supplements. A suitable protocol was set up to perform routine control of a diverse array of samples with different botanical, chemical and physical characteristics. Remarkable quantities of corosolic acid were found in dried extracts from aerial parts of Lagerstroemia speciosa and Ortosiphon stamineus (14233 and 1132 mg/kg, respectively), while oleanolic acid was abundant in O. stamineus and Crataegus monogyna flowers (2774 and 2339 mg/kg); ursolic was identified in O. stamineus, C. monogyna, L. speciosa and Arctostaphylos uva-ursi leaves (7773, 4165, 2108 and 1034 mg/kg). Only L. speciosa was rich in maslinic acid (4958 mg/kg), while minor amounts of betulinic acid (257 and 80 mg/kg) were detected in L. speciosa and C. monogyna extracts. Lower quantities of triterpenic acids were identified in dried extracts of Harpagophyton procumbens root, propolis, Punica granatum root, Styrax benzoin, Vaccinium myrtillus fruits and Vitis vinifera seeds. Decoctions and fluid extracts lacked or contained very low amounts of triterpenic acids. Results are discussed in terms of quality and safety of these ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augusta Caligiani
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale G. Usberti 17A, 43124 Parma, Italy
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Ríos JL, Andújar I, Recio MC, Giner RM. Lanostanoids from fungi: a group of potential anticancer compounds. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2012; 75:2016-2044. [PMID: 23092389 DOI: 10.1021/np300412h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Lanostanes are a group of tetracyclic triterpenoids derived from lanosterol. They have relevant biological and pharmacological properties, such as their cytotoxic effects via induction of apoptosis. This review compiles the most relevant lanostanoids studied from 2000 to 2011, principally those isolated from Ganoderma lucidum and other related fungi, such as Poria cocos, Laetiporus sulphureus, Inonotus obliquus, Antrodia camphorata, Daedalea dickinsii, and Elfvingia applanata, which have great potential as anticancer agents because of their cytotoxic or apoptotic effects. The compounds were selected on the basis of their proapoptotic mechanisms, through their ability to modify transcriptional activities via nuclear factors or genes and the activation or inhibition of pro- or antiapoptotic proteins; studies based only on their cytotoxicity were excluded from this review in the absence of complementary studies on their mechanisms of action. A total of 81 compounds from Ganoderma lucidum and other species from this genus are included, as well as 96 compounds isolated from other fungi, principally Poria cocos. Some of these compounds were found to arrest the cell cycle in the G1 phase, increase levels of p53 and Bax, or inhibit the phosphorylation of Erk1/2 or the activation of NF-κB and AP-1. Other lanostanes have inhibitory effects on the growth of androgen prostate carcinoma through increasing the expression of p21, which activates the tumor suppressor protein p53, while other compounds have been shown to selectively inhibit topo II activity without affecting topo I. General considerations concerning the chemical structure-biological activities of these compounds are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- José-Luis Ríos
- Departament de Farmacologia, Facultat de Farmacia, Universitat de Valencia , Avenida Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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Gong W, Jiang Z, Sun P, Li L, Jin Y, Shao L, Zhang W, Liu B, Zhang H, Tang H, Chen Y, Yi Y, Zhang D. Synthesis of Novel Derivatives of Esculentoside A and Its Aglycone Phytolaccagenin, and Evaluation of Their Haemolytic Activity and Inhibition of Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Nitric Oxide Production. Chem Biodivers 2011; 8:1833-52. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201000339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Rodríguez-Díaz M, Delporte C, Cartagena C, Cassels BK, González P, Silva X, León F, Wessjohann LA. Topical anti-inflammatory activity of quillaic acid from Quillaja saponaria Mol. and some derivatives. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011; 63:718-24. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2011.01263.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Quillaic acid is the major aglycone of the widely studied saponins of the Chilean indigenous tree Quillaja saponaria Mol. The industrial availability of quillaja saponins and the extensive functionalisation of this triterpenoid provide unique opportunities for structural modification and pose a challenge from the standpoint of selectivity in regard to one or the other secondary alcohol group, the aldehyde, and the carboxylic acid functions. The anti-inflammatory activity of this sapogenin has not been studied previously and it has never been used to obtain potential anti-inflammatory derivatives.
Methods
A series of quillaic acid derivatives were prepared and subjected to topical assays for the inhibition of inflammation induced by arachidonic acid or phorbol ester.
Key findings
Quillaic acid exhibited strong topical anti-inflammatory activity in both models. Most of its derivatives were less potent, but the hydrazone 8 showed similar potency to quillaic acid in the TPA assay.
Conclusions
The structural modifications performed and the biological results suggest that the aldehyde and carboxyl groups are relevant to the anti-inflammatory activity in these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maité Rodríguez-Díaz
- Department of Pharmacological and Toxicological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Casilla, Chile
| | - Carla Delporte
- Department of Pharmacological and Toxicological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Casilla, Chile
| | - Carlos Cartagena
- Department of Pharmacological and Toxicological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Casilla, Chile
| | - Bruce K Cassels
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Casilla, Chile
- Institute for Cell Dynamics and Biotechnology, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Ximena Silva
- Public Health Institute, Marathon, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fredy León
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry, Weinberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Ludger A Wessjohann
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry, Weinberg, Halle, Germany
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Kuo RY, Qian K, Morris-Natschke SL, Lee KH. Plant-derived triterpenoids and analogues as antitumor and anti-HIV agents. Nat Prod Rep 2009; 26:1321-44. [PMID: 19779642 DOI: 10.1039/b810774m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Reen-Yen Kuo
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7568, USA
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Barroso-González J, El Jaber-Vazdekis N, García-Expósito L, Machado JD, Zárate R, Ravelo ÁG, Estévez-Braun A, Valenzuela-Fernández A. The lupane-type triterpene 30-oxo-calenduladiol is a CCR5 antagonist with anti-HIV-1 and anti-chemotactic activities. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:16609-16620. [PMID: 19386595 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.005835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The existence of drug-resistant human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) viruses in patients receiving antiretroviral treatment urgently requires the characterization and development of new antiretroviral drugs designed to inhibit resistant viruses and to complement the existing antiretroviral strategies against AIDS. We assayed several natural or semi-synthetic lupane-type pentacyclic triterpenes in their ability to inhibit HIV-1 infection in permissive cells. We observed that the 30-oxo-calenduladiol triterpene, compound 1, specifically impaired R5-tropic HIV-1 envelope-mediated viral infection and cell fusion in permissive cells, without affecting X4-tropic virus. This lupane derivative competed for the binding of a specific anti-CCR5 monoclonal antibody or the natural CCL5 chemokine to the CCR5 viral coreceptor with high affinity. 30-oxo-calenduladiol seems not to interact with the CD4 antigen, the main HIV receptor, or the CXCR4 viral coreceptor. Our results suggest that compound 1 is a specific CCR5 antagonist, because it binds to the CCR5 receptor without triggering cell signaling or receptor internalization, and inhibits RANTES (regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted)-mediated CCR5 internalization, intracellular calcium mobilization, and cell chemotaxis. Furthermore, compound 1 appeared not to interact with beta-chemokine receptors CCR1, CCR2b, CCR3, or CCR4. Thereby, the 30-oxo-calenduladiol-associated anti-HIV-1 activity against R5-tropic virus appears to rely on the selective occupancy of the CCR5 receptor to inhibit CCR5-mediated HIV-1 infection. Therefore, it is plausible that the chemical structure of 30-oxo-calenduladiol or other related dihydroxylated lupane-type triterpenes could represent a good model to develop more potent anti-HIV-1 molecules to inhibit viral infection by interfering with early fusion and entry steps in the HIV life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Barroso-González
- From the Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Departamento de Medicina Física y Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Universidad de La Laguna, 38071 Tenerife; Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, 38206 Tenerife; Instituto Canario de Investigación del Cáncer (ICIC), c/o Hospital Universitario La Candelaria, Carr. El Rosario, 38010 Tenerife, Spain
| | - Nabil El Jaber-Vazdekis
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, 38206 Tenerife; Instituto Canario de Investigación del Cáncer (ICIC), c/o Hospital Universitario La Candelaria, Carr. El Rosario, 38010 Tenerife, Spain
| | - Laura García-Expósito
- From the Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Departamento de Medicina Física y Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Universidad de La Laguna, 38071 Tenerife; Instituto Canario de Investigación del Cáncer (ICIC), c/o Hospital Universitario La Candelaria, Carr. El Rosario, 38010 Tenerife, Spain
| | - José-David Machado
- From the Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Departamento de Medicina Física y Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Universidad de La Laguna, 38071 Tenerife
| | - Rafael Zárate
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, 38206 Tenerife; Instituto Canario de Investigación del Cáncer (ICIC), c/o Hospital Universitario La Candelaria, Carr. El Rosario, 38010 Tenerife, Spain
| | - Ángel G Ravelo
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, 38206 Tenerife; Instituto Canario de Investigación del Cáncer (ICIC), c/o Hospital Universitario La Candelaria, Carr. El Rosario, 38010 Tenerife, Spain
| | - Ana Estévez-Braun
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, 38206 Tenerife; Instituto Canario de Investigación del Cáncer (ICIC), c/o Hospital Universitario La Candelaria, Carr. El Rosario, 38010 Tenerife, Spain.
| | - Agustín Valenzuela-Fernández
- From the Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Departamento de Medicina Física y Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Universidad de La Laguna, 38071 Tenerife; Instituto Canario de Investigación del Cáncer (ICIC), c/o Hospital Universitario La Candelaria, Carr. El Rosario, 38010 Tenerife, Spain.
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Vincken JP, Heng L, de Groot A, Gruppen H. Saponins, classification and occurrence in the plant kingdom. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2007; 68:275-97. [PMID: 17141815 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2006.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 389] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2005] [Revised: 09/23/2006] [Accepted: 10/10/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Saponins are a structurally diverse class of compounds occurring in many plant species, which are characterized by a skeleton derived of the 30-carbon precursor oxidosqualene to which glycosyl residues are attached. Traditionally, they are subdivided into triterpenoid and steroid glycosides, or into triterpenoid, spirostanol, and furostanol saponins. In this study, the structures of saponins are reviewed and classified based on their carbon skeletons, the formation of which follows the main pathways for the biosynthesis of triterpenes and steroids. In this way, 11 main classes of saponins were distinguished: dammaranes, tirucallanes, lupanes, hopanes, oleananes, taraxasteranes, ursanes, cycloartanes, lanostanes, cucurbitanes, and steroids. The dammaranes, lupanes, hopanes, oleananes, ursanes, and steroids are further divided into 16 subclasses, because their carbon skeletons are subjected to fragmentation, homologation, and degradation reactions. With this systematic classification, the relationship between the type of skeleton and the plant origin was investigated. Up to five main classes of skeletons could exist within one plant order, but the distribution of skeletons in the plant kingdom did not seem to be order- or subclass-specific. The oleanane skeleton was the most common skeleton and is present in most orders of the plant kingdom. For oleanane type saponins, the kind of substituents (e.g. -OH, =O, monosaccharide residues, etc.) and their position of attachment to the skeleton were reviewed. Carbohydrate chains of 18 monosaccharide residues can be attached to the oleanane skeleton, most commonly at the C3 and/or C17 atom. The kind and positions of the substituents did not seem to be plant order-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul Vincken
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Jiao J, Zhang Y, Lou D, Wu X, Zhang Y. Antihyperlipidemic and antihypertensive effect of a triterpenoid-rich extract from bamboo shavings and vasodilator effect of friedelin on phenylephrine-induced vasoconstriction in thoracic aortas of rats. Phytother Res 2007; 21:1135-41. [PMID: 17639555 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Triterpenoids, which are widely distributed throughout the plant kingdom, were applied to the development of functional foods as physiological and pharmacological active agents. Some physiological activities of a triterpenoid-rich extract from bamboo shavings (EBS), i.e. antihyperlipidemic and antihypertensive effects, were systematically evaluated in the present study. The results demonstrated that EBS could reduce the serum total cholesterol (TC) and total triglyceride (TG) levels, which are the main factors directly leading to pathological changes in cardiovascular diseases, in hyperlipidemic rats (p < 0.05). Furthermore, EBS could significantly reduce the systolic pressure of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) but its maximum effect time was less than 24 h. Meanwhile, EBS did not influence the heart rate of SHR. On the other hand, the vasodilator effects of friedelin, a main triterpenoid compound separated from EBS, on phenylephrine-induced vasoconstriction in the thoracic aortas of rats were also discussed. The results showed that friedelin probably served a function of vasodilator responses in the thoracic aortas of rats in accordance with the antihypertensive effect of EBS. The results also suggested that EBS might prevent some cardiovascular diseases by its impact on lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Jiao
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, Zhejiang, PR China
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Abstract
This review will detail progress made in the previous decade on the chemistry and bioactivity of birch bark extractive products. Current and future applications of birch bark natural products in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and dietary supplements for the prevention and treatment of cancer, HIV,and other human pathogens are reviewed. Current developments in the technology of birch bark processing are discussed. New approaches for the synthesis of potentially valuable birch bark triterpenoid derivatives are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel A Krasutsky
- University of Minnesota-Duluth, Natural Resources Research Institute, 5013 Miller Trunk Highway, Duluth, Minnesota 55811-1442, USA.
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Cichewicz RH, Kouzi SA. Chemistry, biological activity, and chemotherapeutic potential of betulinic acid for the prevention and treatment of cancer and HIV infection. Med Res Rev 2004; 24:90-114. [PMID: 14595673 DOI: 10.1002/med.10053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
3beta-Hydroxy-lup-20(29)-en-28-oic acid (betulinic acid) is a pentacyclic lupane-type triterpene that is widely distributed throughout the plant kingdom. A variety of biological activities have been ascribed to betulinic acid including anti-inflammatory and in vitro antimalarial effects. However, betulinic acid is most highly regarded for its anti-HIV-1 activity and specific cytotoxicity against a variety of tumor cell lines. Interest in developing even more potent anti-HIV agents based on betulinic acid has led to the discovery of a host of highly active derivatives exhibiting greater potencies and better therapeutic indices than some current clinical anti-HIV agents. While its mechanism of action has not been fully determined, it has been shown that some betulinic acid analogs disrupt viral fusion to the cell in a post-binding step through interaction with the viral glycoprotein gp41 whereas others disrupt assembly and budding of the HIV-1 virus. With regard to its anticancer properties, betulinic acid was previously reported to exhibit selective cytotoxicity against several melanoma-derived cell lines. However, more recent work has demonstrated that betulinic acid is cytotoxic against other non-melanoma (neuroectodermal and malignant brain tumor) human tumor varieties. Betulinic acid appears to function by means of inducing apoptosis in cells irrespective of their p53 status. Because of its selective cytotoxicity against tumor cells and favorable therapeutic index, even at doses up to 500 mg/kg body weight, betulinic acid is a very promising new chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of HIV infection and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Cichewicz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
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