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Berdin A, Gill JR, Perivolari E, Kauppo J, Apostolopoulos V, D'Alessandro G, Kaczmarek M, Priimagi A. Analysis of light diffraction by azobenzene-based photoalignment layers. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:29495-29506. [PMID: 36299123 DOI: 10.1364/oe.464278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Photoalignment materials, such as the azobenzene-based PAAD series studied here, are becoming increasingly important in liquid crystal-based optical devices and displays. Yet their properties and, in particular, their response to light, are still not fully understood. We investigate, experimentally and theoretically, the photoinduced birefringence, the order parameter and the formation of surface relief gratings, as well as the diffraction caused by them. We show that some of the azobenzene PAAD materials are suitable for the formation of surface relief gratings with high modulation depth, while others exhibit strong photoinduced birefringence. The two effects are inversely correlated: the stronger the surface relief grating is, the weaker is photoinduced birefringence. Analytical formulas based on the Raman-Nath approximation and numerical simulations of Maxwell's equations are used to quantify the diffraction caused by the induced diffraction gratings, showing excellent agreement between theory and experiment.
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3
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Wang Z, Hsu C, Wang X. Topographical transition of submicron pillar array of azo molecular glass induced by circularly polarized light. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7327. [PMID: 33795776 PMCID: PMC8016868 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86794-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The well-aligned submicron patterns on surfaces have attracted wide attention from scientific curiosity to practical applications. Understanding their formation and transition is highly desirable for efficient manufacture of the patterns for many usages. Here, we report a unique observation on self-organized topographical transition of submicron pillar array of an azo molecular glass, induced by irradiation with circularly polarized light. During gradual erasure of the patterns upon exposure to the light, which is a property of this material, a new set of pillars unexpectedly emerge with new one in middle of each triangle cell of the original array. The highly regular pillar array with triple area density is formed and finally stabilized in the process, as revealed by thorough investigation reported here. This unusual observation and its rationalization will be of benefit for deep understanding of the light–matter interaction and can be expected to be applied in different areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenan Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Chungen Hsu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaogong Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China.
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Dattler D, Fuks G, Heiser J, Moulin E, Perrot A, Yao X, Giuseppone N. Design of Collective Motions from Synthetic Molecular Switches, Rotors, and Motors. Chem Rev 2019; 120:310-433. [PMID: 31869214 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Precise control over molecular movement is of fundamental and practical importance in physics, biology, and chemistry. At nanoscale, the peculiar functioning principles and the synthesis of individual molecular actuators and machines has been the subject of intense investigations and debates over the past 60 years. In this review, we focus on the design of collective motions that are achieved by integrating, in space and time, several or many of these individual mechanical units together. In particular, we provide an in-depth look at the intermolecular couplings used to physically connect a number of artificial mechanically active molecular units such as photochromic molecular switches, nanomachines based on mechanical bonds, molecular rotors, and light-powered rotary motors. We highlight the various functioning principles that can lead to their collective motion at various length scales. We also emphasize how their synchronized, or desynchronized, mechanical behavior can lead to emerging functional properties and to their implementation into new active devices and materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Dattler
- SAMS Research Group, Institute Charles Sadron, CNRS , University of Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess , BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 , France
| | - Gad Fuks
- SAMS Research Group, Institute Charles Sadron, CNRS , University of Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess , BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 , France
| | - Joakim Heiser
- SAMS Research Group, Institute Charles Sadron, CNRS , University of Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess , BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 , France
| | - Emilie Moulin
- SAMS Research Group, Institute Charles Sadron, CNRS , University of Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess , BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 , France
| | - Alexis Perrot
- SAMS Research Group, Institute Charles Sadron, CNRS , University of Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess , BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 , France
| | - Xuyang Yao
- SAMS Research Group, Institute Charles Sadron, CNRS , University of Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess , BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 , France
| | - Nicolas Giuseppone
- SAMS Research Group, Institute Charles Sadron, CNRS , University of Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess , BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 , France
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Kim CB, Wistrom JC, Ha H, Zhou SX, Katsumata R, Jones AR, Janes DW, Miller KM, Ellison CJ. Marangoni Instability Driven Surface Relief Grating in an Azobenzene-Containing Polymer Film. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chae Bin Kim
- McKetta
Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - James C. Wistrom
- Department
of Chemistry, Murray State University, Murray, Kentucky 42071, United States
| | - Heonjoo Ha
- McKetta
Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Sunshine X. Zhou
- McKetta
Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Reika Katsumata
- McKetta
Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Amanda R. Jones
- McKetta
Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Dustin W. Janes
- McKetta
Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Kevin M. Miller
- Department
of Chemistry, Murray State University, Murray, Kentucky 42071, United States
| | - Christopher J. Ellison
- McKetta
Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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Snell KE, Hou R, Ishow E, Lagugné-Labarthet F. Enhanced Rates of Photoinduced Molecular Orientation in a Series of Molecular Glassy Thin Films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:7296-7305. [PMID: 26072966 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b01319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Photoinduced orientation in a series of molecular glasses made of small push-pull azo derivatives is dynamically investigated for the first time. Birefringence measurements at 632.8 nm are conducted with a temporal resolution of 100 ms to probe the fast rate of the azo orientation induced under polarized light and its temporal stability over several consecutive cycles. To better evaluate the influence of the azo chemical substituents and their electronic properties on the orientation of the whole molecule, a series of push-pull azo derivatives involving a triphenylaminoazo core substituted with distinct electron-withdrawing moieties is studied. All resulting thin films are probed using polarization modulation infrared spectroscopy that yields dynamical linear dichroism measurements during a cycle of orientation followed by relaxation. We show here in particular that the orientation rates of small molecule-based azo materials are systematically increased up to 7-fold compared to those of a reference polymer counterpart. For specific compounds, the percentage of remnant orientation is also higher, which makes these materials of great interest and promising alternatives to azobenzene-containing polymers for a variety of applications requiring a fast response and absolute control over the molecular weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen E Snell
- †CEISAM-UMR CNRS 6230, Université de Nantes, 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes, France
| | | | - Eléna Ishow
- †CEISAM-UMR CNRS 6230, Université de Nantes, 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes, France
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7
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Rocha L, Păiuş CM, Luca-Raicu A, Resmerita E, Rusu A, Moleavin IA, Hamel M, Branza-Nichita N, Hurduc N. Azobenzene based polymers as photoactive supports and micellar structures for applications in biology. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2014.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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8
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Snell KE, Stéphant N, Pansu RB, Audibert JF, Lagugné-Labarthet F, Ishow E. Nanoparticle organization through photoinduced bulk mass transfer. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:2926-2935. [PMID: 24588660 DOI: 10.1021/la404988d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A series of dipolar triphenylaminoazo derivatives, with largely distinct charge transfer and glass transition temperatures, has been synthesized. Their photomigration capability in the solid state to form surface relief gratings (SRGs) under interferential illumination has been investigated with respect to their photochromic properties and showed a prevailing influence of the bulkiness of the azo substituent. The azo mass transfer was utilized to efficiently photoalign 200 nm polystyrene nanoparticles along the SRG crests, which were initially deposited on nonirradiated azo surfaces. In contrast, nanoparticles spin cast on prestructured surface relief gratings were localized in the troughs of the periodic structures. These distinct locations point out the ability of isotropic and amorphous photochromic thin films to collectively move and organize nano-objects in an ordered fashion through the use of polarized illumination. This versatile approach opens the path to optically aligned ensembles of individual nano-objects over large areas, which can be further combined with metallic conductive or magnetic coating to create novel functional nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen E Snell
- CEISAM-UMR CNRS 6230, Université de Nantes , 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes, France
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9
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Holographic Gratings and Data Storage in Azobenzene-Containing Block Copolymers and Molecular Glasses. ADVANCES IN POLYMER SCIENCE 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/12_2009_35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
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10
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Photoinduced optical anisotropy in azobenzene methacrylate block copolymers: Influence of molecular weight and irradiation conditions. Eur Polym J 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2008.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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11
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Synthesis and photochromic behavior of some azo-polysiloxanes modified with nucleobases or donor-acceptor groups. OPEN CHEM 2007. [DOI: 10.2478/s11532-007-0042-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThis paper presents the syntheses, characterization and photochromic behavior of some new azo-polysiloxanes modified with uracil, cytosine or nitro-phenolic groups. Taking into consideration the possibility of generating H-bonds or donor/acceptor interactions, this class of materials present a potential applicability in the immobilization of biomolecules and their nano-manipulations. Also, such compounds are capable of producing a fluid phase, with directional flowing capacity. For all these polymers, the molecular modeling simulations have shown disordered structures, which would generate amorphous phases, a very important aspect for molecules’ nano-manipulation. The photochromic behavior in the presence of UV irradiation was also evaluated.
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12
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Forcén P, Oriol L, Sánchez C, Rodríguez FJ, Alcalá R, Hvilsted S, Jankova K. Methacrylic azopolymers for holographic storage: A comparison among different polymer types. Eur Polym J 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2007.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Hurduc N, Enea R, Scutaru D, Sacarescu L, Donose BC, Nguyen AV. Nucleobases modified azo-polysiloxanes, materials with potential application in biomolecules nanomanipulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.22165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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Yager KG, Barrett CJ. Photomechanical Surface Patterning in Azo-Polymer Materials. Macromolecules 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/ma061733s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin G. Yager
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 2K6
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16
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Rodríguez FJ, Sánchez C, Villacampa B, Alcalá R, Cases R, Millaruelo M, Oriol L. Fast and stable recording of birefringence and holographic gratings in an azo-polymethacrylate using a single nanosecond light pulse. J Chem Phys 2005; 123:204706. [PMID: 16351292 DOI: 10.1063/1.2124647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulsed light-induced recording in azobenzene polymers has recently been studied due to its potential use in optical storage applications. In this paper we study the photoinduced birefringence (Deltan) and holographic grating recording in an azobenzene side chain liquid-crystalline polymethacrylate irradiating with a single 4 ns light pulse at 532 nm. For some irradiation conditions, Deltan grows in less than 50 ns reaching an essentially stable value of about 10(-2). Holographic gratings have been registered using intensity and polarization patterns. Fast response and stability, similar to those of Deltan, was observed in the holographic recording process. Both light-induced anisotropy and relief contributions have been found in the case of gratings recorded using intensity patterns, relief being the dominant contribution at high recording energies. Polarization gratings have been recorded using two orthogonally circularly polarized beams. The resultant gratings showed stable efficiencies up to 0.8% (measured at 633 nm in 1-mum-thick films) and no measurable relief was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Rodríguez
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, Calle Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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17
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Sourisseau C. Polarization Measurements in Macro- and Micro-Raman Spectroscopies: Molecular Orientations in Thin Films and Azo-Dye Containing Polymer Systems. Chem Rev 2004; 104:3851-92. [PMID: 15352781 DOI: 10.1021/cr030042g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claude Sourisseau
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie Moléculaire, LPCM, UMR 5803-CNRS, Université Bordeaux1, 351 cours de la Libération, 33 405 Talence, Cedex, France.
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18
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Labarthet FL, Bruneel JL, Buffeteau T, Sourisseau C. Chromophore Orientations upon Irradiation in Gratings Inscribed on Azo-Dye Polymer Films: A Combined AFM and Confocal Raman Microscopic Study. J Phys Chem B 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp030902x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Lagugné Labarthet
- LPCM, UMR 5803, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux 1, 351 cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence Cedex, France
| | - J. L. Bruneel
- LPCM, UMR 5803, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux 1, 351 cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence Cedex, France
| | - T. Buffeteau
- LPCM, UMR 5803, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux 1, 351 cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence Cedex, France
| | - C. Sourisseau
- LPCM, UMR 5803, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux 1, 351 cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence Cedex, France
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19
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Gilbert Y, Fikri R, Ruymantseva A, Lerondel G, Bachelot R, Barchiesi D, Royer P. High-Resolution Nanophotolithography in Atomic Force Microscopy Contact Mode. Macromolecules 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/ma035437g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yann Gilbert
- Laboratoire de Nanotechnologie et d'Instrumentation Optique, Université de Technologie de Troyes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, B.P. 2060, 10010 Troyes Cedex, France
| | - Radouane Fikri
- Laboratoire de Nanotechnologie et d'Instrumentation Optique, Université de Technologie de Troyes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, B.P. 2060, 10010 Troyes Cedex, France
| | - Anna Ruymantseva
- Laboratoire de Nanotechnologie et d'Instrumentation Optique, Université de Technologie de Troyes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, B.P. 2060, 10010 Troyes Cedex, France
| | - Gilles Lerondel
- Laboratoire de Nanotechnologie et d'Instrumentation Optique, Université de Technologie de Troyes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, B.P. 2060, 10010 Troyes Cedex, France
| | - Renaud Bachelot
- Laboratoire de Nanotechnologie et d'Instrumentation Optique, Université de Technologie de Troyes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, B.P. 2060, 10010 Troyes Cedex, France
| | - Dominique Barchiesi
- Laboratoire de Nanotechnologie et d'Instrumentation Optique, Université de Technologie de Troyes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, B.P. 2060, 10010 Troyes Cedex, France
| | - Pascal Royer
- Laboratoire de Nanotechnologie et d'Instrumentation Optique, Université de Technologie de Troyes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, B.P. 2060, 10010 Troyes Cedex, France
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20
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Lagugné-Labarthet F, Bruneel JL, Rodriguez V, Sourisseau C. Chromophore Orientations in Surface Relief Gratings with Second-Order Nonlinearity as Studied by Confocal Polarized Raman Microspectrometry. J Phys Chem B 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0368076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Lagugné-Labarthet
- LPCM, UMR 5803, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux 1, 351 cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence Cedex, France
| | - J. L. Bruneel
- LPCM, UMR 5803, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux 1, 351 cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence Cedex, France
| | - V. Rodriguez
- LPCM, UMR 5803, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux 1, 351 cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence Cedex, France
| | - C. Sourisseau
- LPCM, UMR 5803, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux 1, 351 cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence Cedex, France
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21
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Rodriguez V, Adamietz F, Sanguinet L, Buffeteau T, Sourisseau C. Quantitative Determination of the Polar Order Induced under High Electric Field in Amorphous PDR1M Azobenzene Polymer Films. J Phys Chem B 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp035230p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. Rodriguez
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie Moléculaire, UMR 5803 CNRS/Université Bordeaux I, 351 cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence Cedex, France, and Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Organométallique, UMR 5802 CNRS/Université Bordeaux I, 351 cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence Cedex, France
| | - F. Adamietz
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie Moléculaire, UMR 5803 CNRS/Université Bordeaux I, 351 cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence Cedex, France, and Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Organométallique, UMR 5802 CNRS/Université Bordeaux I, 351 cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence Cedex, France
| | - L. Sanguinet
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie Moléculaire, UMR 5803 CNRS/Université Bordeaux I, 351 cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence Cedex, France, and Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Organométallique, UMR 5802 CNRS/Université Bordeaux I, 351 cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence Cedex, France
| | - T. Buffeteau
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie Moléculaire, UMR 5803 CNRS/Université Bordeaux I, 351 cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence Cedex, France, and Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Organométallique, UMR 5802 CNRS/Université Bordeaux I, 351 cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence Cedex, France
| | - C. Sourisseau
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie Moléculaire, UMR 5803 CNRS/Université Bordeaux I, 351 cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence Cedex, France, and Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Organométallique, UMR 5802 CNRS/Université Bordeaux I, 351 cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence Cedex, France
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22
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Ciuchi F, Mazzulla A, Carbone G, Cipparrone G. Complex Structures of Surface Relief Induced by Holographic Recording in Azo-Dye-Doped Elastomer Thin Films. Macromolecules 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/ma021772d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Ciuchi
- Licryl-Istituto Nazionale per la Fisica della Materia c/o Dipartimento di Fisica, Università della Calabria, Ponte P. Bucci, Cubo 33B, I-87036, Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Alfredo Mazzulla
- Licryl-Istituto Nazionale per la Fisica della Materia c/o Dipartimento di Fisica, Università della Calabria, Ponte P. Bucci, Cubo 33B, I-87036, Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Giovanni Carbone
- Licryl-Istituto Nazionale per la Fisica della Materia c/o Dipartimento di Fisica, Università della Calabria, Ponte P. Bucci, Cubo 33B, I-87036, Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Gabriella Cipparrone
- Licryl-Istituto Nazionale per la Fisica della Materia c/o Dipartimento di Fisica, Università della Calabria, Ponte P. Bucci, Cubo 33B, I-87036, Rende (CS), Italy
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23
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Lagugn -Labarthet F, Buffeteau T, Sourisseau C. Properties of birefringence and surface relief gratings inscribed on azopolymer thin films using various interference patterns. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1088/1464-4258/4/6/359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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