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Xu T, Deng B, Zheng K, Li H, Wang Z, Zhong Y, Zhang C, Lévêque G, Grandidier B, Bachelot R, Treguer-Delapierre M, Qi Y, Wang S. Boosting the Performances of Semitransparent Organic Photovoltaics via Synergetic Near-Infrared Light Management. Adv Mater 2024; 36:e2311305. [PMID: 38270280 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202311305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Semitransparent organic photovoltaics (ST-OPVs) offer promising prospects for application in building-integrated photovoltaic systems and greenhouses, but further improvement of their performance faces a delicate trade-off between the two competing indexes of power conversion efficiency (PCE) and average visible transmittance (AVT). Herein, the authors take advantage of coupling plasmonics with the optical design of ST-OPVs to enhance near-infrared absorption and hence simultaneously improve efficiency and visible transparency to the maximum extent. By integrating core-bishell PdCu@Au@SiO2 nanotripods that act as optically isotropic Lambertian sources with near-infrared-customized localized surface plasmon resonance in an optimal ternary PM6:BTP-eC9:L8-BO-based ST-OPV, it is shown that their interplay with a multilayer optical coupling layer, consisting of ZnS(130 nm)/Na3AlF6(60 nm)/WO3(100 nm)/LaF3(50 nm) identified from high-throughput optical screening, leads to a record-high PCE of 16.14% (certified as 15.90%) along with an excellent AVT of 33.02%. The strong enhancement of the light utilization efficiency by ≈50% as compared to the counterpart device without optical engineering provides an encouraging and universal pathway for promoting breakthroughs in ST-OPVs from meticulous optical design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xu
- School of Microelectronics and Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Baozhong Deng
- School of Microelectronics and Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Kaiwen Zheng
- School of Microelectronics and Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Hongyu Li
- School of Microelectronics and Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Zihan Wang
- School of Microelectronics and Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Yunbo Zhong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Chengxi Zhang
- School of Science, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212100, China
| | - Gaëtan Lévêque
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, Junia-ISEN, UMR 8520 - IEMN, Lille, 59000, France
| | - Bruno Grandidier
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, Junia-ISEN, UMR 8520 - IEMN, Lille, 59000, France
| | - Renaud Bachelot
- Light, nanomaterials, nanotechnologies (L2n), CNRS ERL 7004, University of Technology of Troyes, Troyes, F-10004, France
- EEE School, Nanyang Technological University, CNRS IRL, CINTRA, 3288, Singapore
| | | | - Yabing Qi
- Energy Materials and Surface Sciences Unit (EMSSU), Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Shenghao Wang
- School of Microelectronics and Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
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Chen H, Jiang Q, Issa A, Li B, Ge D, Jradi S, Lalevee J, Marguet S, Deturche R, Couteau C, Plain J, Bachelot R. Advanced active polymer probe for near-field optics. Opt Lett 2023; 48:4157-4160. [PMID: 37527142 DOI: 10.1364/ol.495861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
We report on a novel, to the best of our knowledge, active probe for scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM). A fluorescent nanosphere, acting as the secondary source, is grafted in an electrostatic manner at the apex of a polymer tip integrated into the extremity of an optical fiber. Thanks to the high photostability and sensitivity of the secondary source, the near-field interaction with a gold nanocube is investigated. It is shown that the spatial resolution is well defined by the size of the fluorescent nanosphere. The polarization-dependent near-field images, which are consistent with the simulation, are ascribed to the local excitation rate enhancement. Meanwhile, measurement of the distance-dependent fluorescence lifetime of the nanosphere provides strong evidence that the local density of states is modified so that extra information on nano-emitters can be extracted during near-field scanning. This advanced active probe can thus potentially broaden the range of applications to include nanoscale thermal imaging, biochemical sensors, and the manipulation of nanoparticles.
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Issa A, Ritacco T, Ge D, Broussier A, Lio GE, Giocondo M, Blaize S, Nguyen TH, Dinh XQ, Couteau C, Bachelot R, Jradi S. Quantum Dot Transfer from the Organic Phase to Acrylic Monomers for the Controlled Integration of Single-Photon Sources by Photopolymerization. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023. [PMID: 37191386 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c22533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports on a new strategy for obtaining homogeneous dispersion of grafted quantum dots (QDs) in a photopolymer matrix and their use for the integration of single-photon sources by two-photon polymerization (TPP) with nanoscale precision. The method is based on phase transfer of QDs from organic solvents to an acrylic matrix. The detailed protocol is described, and the corresponding mechanism is investigated and revealed. The phase transfer is done by ligand exchange through the introduction of mono-2-(methacryloyloxy) ethyl succinate (MES) that replaces oleic acid (OA). Infrared (IR) measurements show the replacement of OA on the QD surface by MES after ligand exchange. This allows QDs to move from the hexane phase to the pentaerythritol triacrylate (PETA) phase. The QDs that are homogeneously dispersed in the photopolymer without any clusterization do not show any significant broadening in their photoluminescence spectra even after more than 3 years. The ability of the hybrid photopolymer to create micro- and nanostructures by two-photon polymerization is demonstrated. The homogeneity of emission from 2D and 3D microstructures is confirmed by confocal photoluminescence microscopy. The fabrication and integration of a single-photon source in a spatially controlled manner by TPP is achieved and confirmed by auto-correlation measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Issa
- Light, Nanomaterials & Nanotechnologies Laboratory (L2n), Université de Technologie de Troyes & CNRS EMR7004, 12 rue Marie Curie, 10004 Troyes Cedex, France
| | - Tiziana Ritacco
- CNR Nanotec-Institute of Nanotechnology, S.S. Cosenza, Cubo 31C, Rende, CS 87036, Italy
- Department of Physics, University of Calabria, Cubo 33B, Rende, CS 87036, Italy
| | - Dandan Ge
- Light, Nanomaterials & Nanotechnologies Laboratory (L2n), Université de Technologie de Troyes & CNRS EMR7004, 12 rue Marie Curie, 10004 Troyes Cedex, France
| | - Aurelie Broussier
- Light, Nanomaterials & Nanotechnologies Laboratory (L2n), Université de Technologie de Troyes & CNRS EMR7004, 12 rue Marie Curie, 10004 Troyes Cedex, France
| | - Giuseppe Emanuele Lio
- CNR Nanotec-Institute of Nanotechnology, S.S. Cosenza, Cubo 31C, Rende, CS 87036, Italy
| | - Michele Giocondo
- CNR Nanotec-Institute of Nanotechnology, S.S. Cosenza, Cubo 31C, Rende, CS 87036, Italy
| | - Sylvain Blaize
- Light, Nanomaterials & Nanotechnologies Laboratory (L2n), Université de Technologie de Troyes & CNRS EMR7004, 12 rue Marie Curie, 10004 Troyes Cedex, France
| | - Tien Hoa Nguyen
- Shanghai University (SHU), Sino-European School of Shanghai University, Shanghai 2000072, China
| | - Xuan Quyen Dinh
- Shanghai University (SHU), Sino-European School of Shanghai University, Shanghai 2000072, China
| | - Christophe Couteau
- Light, Nanomaterials & Nanotechnologies Laboratory (L2n), Université de Technologie de Troyes & CNRS EMR7004, 12 rue Marie Curie, 10004 Troyes Cedex, France
| | - Renaud Bachelot
- Light, Nanomaterials & Nanotechnologies Laboratory (L2n), Université de Technologie de Troyes & CNRS EMR7004, 12 rue Marie Curie, 10004 Troyes Cedex, France
- Key Lab of Advanced Display and System Application, Ministry of Education, School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, PR China
| | - Safi Jradi
- Light, Nanomaterials & Nanotechnologies Laboratory (L2n), Université de Technologie de Troyes & CNRS EMR7004, 12 rue Marie Curie, 10004 Troyes Cedex, France
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Sun Y, Yan X, Blaize S, Bachelot R, Wei H, Ding W. Phase-resolved all-fiber reflection-based s-NSOM for on-chip characterization. Opt Express 2022; 30:41118-41132. [PMID: 36366597 DOI: 10.1364/oe.475192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We report on a phase-resolved, reflection-based, scattering-type near-field scanning optical microscope technique with a convenient all-fiber configuration. Exploiting the flexible positioning of the near-field probe, our technique renders a heterodyne detection for phase measurement and point-to-point frequency-domain reflectometry for group index and loss measurement of waveguides on a chip. The important issue of mitigating the measurement errors due to environmental fluctuations along fiber-optic links has been addressed. We perform systematic measurements on different types of silicon waveguides which demonstrate the accuracy and precision of the technique. With a phase compensation approach on the basis of a common-path interferometer, the phase drift error is suppressed to ∼ 0.013°/s. In addition, characterizations of group index, group velocity dispersion, propagation loss, insertion loss, and return loss of component waveguides on a chip are all demonstrated. The measurement accuracy of the propagation loss of a ∼ 0.2 cm long nano-waveguide reaches ±1 dB/cm. Our convenient and versatile near-field characterization technique paves the way for in-detail study of complex photonic circuits on a chip.
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Youssef J, Zhu S, Crunteanu A, Orlianges JC, Ho HP, Bachelot R, Zeng S. Highly Sensitive Plasmonic Biosensors with Precise Phase Singularity Coupling on the Metastructures. Biosensors (Basel) 2022; 12:bios12100866. [PMID: 36291002 PMCID: PMC9599844 DOI: 10.3390/bios12100866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we demonstrated the ability of a plasmonic metasensor to detect ultra-low refractive index changes (in the order of ∆n = 10-10 RIU), using an innovative phase-change material, vanadium dioxide (VO2), as the sensing layer. Different from current cumbersome plasmonic biosensing setups based on optical-phase-singularity measurement, our phase signal detection is based on the direct measurement of the phase-related lateral position shift (Goos-Hänchen) at the sensing interface. The high sensitivity (1.393 × 108 μm/RIU for ∆n = 10-10 RIU), based on the Goos-Hänchen lateral shift of the reflected wave, becomes significant when the sensor is excited at resonance, due to the near-zero reflectivity dip, which corresponds to the absolute dark point (lower than 10-6). GH shifts in the order of 2.997 × 103 μm were obtained using the optimal metasurface configuration. The surface plasmon resonance (SPR) curves (reflectivity, phase, GH) and electromagnetic simulations were derived using the MATLAB programming algorithm (by the transfer matrix method) and Comsol modeling (by finite element analysis), respectively. These results will provide a feasible way for the detection of cancer biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joelle Youssef
- Light, Nanomaterials & Nanotechnologies (L2n), CNRS-ERL 7004, Université de Technologie de Troyes, 10000 Troyes, France
| | - Shaodi Zhu
- Light, Nanomaterials & Nanotechnologies (L2n), CNRS-ERL 7004, Université de Technologie de Troyes, 10000 Troyes, France
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Aurelian Crunteanu
- XLIM Research Institute, UMR 7252 CNRS/University of Limoges, 123 Avenue Albert Thomas, 87060 Limoges, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Orlianges
- XLIM Research Institute, UMR 7252 CNRS/University of Limoges, 123 Avenue Albert Thomas, 87060 Limoges, France
| | - Ho-Pui Ho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Renaud Bachelot
- Light, Nanomaterials & Nanotechnologies (L2n), CNRS-ERL 7004, Université de Technologie de Troyes, 10000 Troyes, France
| | - Shuwen Zeng
- Light, Nanomaterials & Nanotechnologies (L2n), CNRS-ERL 7004, Université de Technologie de Troyes, 10000 Troyes, France
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Zakirov N, Zhu S, Bruyant A, Lérondel G, Bachelot R, Zeng S. Sensitivity Enhancement of Hybrid Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials-Based Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor. Biosensors (Basel) 2022; 12:810. [PMID: 36290947 PMCID: PMC9599162 DOI: 10.3390/bios12100810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we designed structures based on copper nanosubstrate with graphene and two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDC) in order to achieve an ultrasensitive surface plasmon resonance biosensor. This system contains seven components: SF11 triangular prism, BK-7 glass, Chromium (Cr) adhesion layer, thin copper film, layers of one of the types of transition metal dichalcogenides: MoS2, MoSe2, WS2 or WSe2 (defined as MX2), graphene, sensing layer with biomolecular analyte. Copper was chosen as a plasmonic material because it has a higher conductivity than gold which is commonly used in plasmonic sensors. Moreover, copper is a cheap and widespread material that is easy to produce on a large scale. We have carried out both theoretical and numerical sensitivity calculations of these kinds of structures using the Goos-Hänchen (GH) shift method. GH shift is lateral position displacement of the p-polarized reflected beam from a boundary of two media having different indices of refraction under total internal reflection condition and its value can be retrieved from the phase change of the beam. The SPR signal based on the GH shift is much more sensitive compared to other methods, including angular and wavelength scanning, due to much more abrupt phase change of the SPR reflected light than its intensity ones. By optimizing the parameters of the SPR sensing substrate, such as thickness of copper, number of layers of 2D materials and excitation wavelength, we theoretically showed an enhanced sensitivity with a detection limit 10-9 refractive index unit (RIU).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurzad Zakirov
- Light, Nanomaterials & Nanotechnologies (L2n), CNRS-ERL 7004, Université de Technologie de Troyes, 10000 Troyes, France
| | - Shaodi Zhu
- Light, Nanomaterials & Nanotechnologies (L2n), CNRS-ERL 7004, Université de Technologie de Troyes, 10000 Troyes, France
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Aurélien Bruyant
- Light, Nanomaterials & Nanotechnologies (L2n), CNRS-ERL 7004, Université de Technologie de Troyes, 10000 Troyes, France
| | - Gilles Lérondel
- Light, Nanomaterials & Nanotechnologies (L2n), CNRS-ERL 7004, Université de Technologie de Troyes, 10000 Troyes, France
| | - Renaud Bachelot
- Light, Nanomaterials & Nanotechnologies (L2n), CNRS-ERL 7004, Université de Technologie de Troyes, 10000 Troyes, France
| | - Shuwen Zeng
- Light, Nanomaterials & Nanotechnologies (L2n), CNRS-ERL 7004, Université de Technologie de Troyes, 10000 Troyes, France
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Xu T, Luo Y, Wu S, Deng B, Chen S, Zhong Y, Wang S, Lévêque G, Bachelot R, Zhu F. High-Performance Semitransparent Organic Solar Cells: From Competing Indexes of Transparency and Efficiency Perspectives. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2022; 9:e2202150. [PMID: 35848759 PMCID: PMC9475557 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202202150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Semitransparent organic solar cells (ST-OSCs) offer potentially more opportunities in areas of self-powered greenhouses and building-integrated photovoltaic systems. In this work, the effort to use a combination of solution-processable gold nanobipyramids (AuNBPs)-based hole transporting layer and a low/high dielectric constant double layer optical coupling layer (OCL) for improving the performance of ST-OSCs over the two competing indexes of power conversion efficiency (PCE) and average visible transmittance (AVT) is reported. The fabrication and characterization of the ST-OSCs are guided, at design and analyses level, using the theoretical simulation and experimental optimization. The use of a low/high dielectric constant double layer OCL helps enhancing the visible light transparency while reflecting the near-infrared (NIR) photons back into the photoactive layer for light harvesting. NIR absorption enhancement in the ST-OSCs is realized through the AuNBPs-induced localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR). The weight ratio of the polymer donor to nonfullerene acceptor in the bulk heterojunction is adjusted to realize the maximum NIR absorption enhancement, enabled by the AuNBPs-induced LSPR, achieving the high-performance ST-OSCs with a high PCE of 13.15% and a high AVT of 25.9%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xu
- School of Mechatronic Engineering and AutomationShanghai UniversityShanghai200444China
| | - Yiran Luo
- School of Mechatronic Engineering and AutomationShanghai UniversityShanghai200444China
| | - Shiwei Wu
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringShanghai UniversityShanghai200444China
| | - Baozhong Deng
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringShanghai UniversityShanghai200444China
| | - Shi Chen
- Materials Gerome InstituteShanghai UniversityShanghai200444China
| | - Yunbo Zhong
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringShanghai UniversityShanghai200444China
| | - Shenghao Wang
- Materials Gerome InstituteShanghai UniversityShanghai200444China
| | - Gaëtan Lévêque
- Université de LilleCNRSCentrale LilleUniversité Polytechnique Hauts‐de‐FranceISEN‐Yncrea Hauts‐de‐France, UMR 8520 – IEMNLille59000France
| | - Renaud Bachelot
- Light, nanomaterials, nanotechnologies (L2n)CNRS ERL 7004University of Technology of TroyesTroyes CedexF‐10004France
| | - Furong Zhu
- Department of PhysicsResearch Centre of Excellence for Organic Electronics and Institute of Advanced MaterialsHong Kong Baptist UniversityKowloon TongHong Kong999077China
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Issa A, Izquierdo I, Merheb M, Ge D, Broussier A, Ghabri N, Marguet S, Couteau C, Bachelot R, Jradi S. One Strategy for Nanoparticle Assembly onto 1D, 2D, and 3D Polymer Micro and Nanostructures. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:41846-41856. [PMID: 34459202 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c03905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The integration of nanoparticles (NPs) into photonic devices and plasmonic sensors requires selective patterning of these NPs with fine control of their size, shape, and spatial positioning. In this article, we report on a general strategy to pattern different types of NPs. This strategy involves the functionalization of photopolymers before their patterning by two-photon laser writing to fabricate micro- and nanostructures that selectively attract colloidal NPs with suitable ligands, allowing their precise immobilization and organization even within complex 3D structures. Monolayers of NPs without aggregations are obtained and the surface density of NPs on the polymer surface can be controlled by changing either the time of immersion in the colloidal solution or the type of amine molecule chemically grafted on the polymer surface. Different types of NPs (gold, silver, polystyrene, iron oxide, colloidal quantum dots, and nanodiamonds) of different sizes are introduced showing a potential toward nanophotonic applications. To validate the great potential of our method, we successfully demonstrate the integration of quantum dots within a gold nanocube with high spatial resolution and nanometer precision. The promise of this hybrid nanosource of light (plasmonic/polymer/QDs) as optical nanoswitch is illustrated through photoluminescence measurements under polarized exciting light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Issa
- Light, nanomaterials & nanotechnologies Laboratory (L2n), Université de Technologie de Troyes (UTT) & CNRS ERL7004, 12 rue Marie Curie, 10004 Troyes Cedex, France
- Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Rafic Hariri Campus, Lebanese University, Hadath 1003, Lebanon
| | - Irene Izquierdo
- Light, nanomaterials & nanotechnologies Laboratory (L2n), Université de Technologie de Troyes (UTT) & CNRS ERL7004, 12 rue Marie Curie, 10004 Troyes Cedex, France
| | - Melissa Merheb
- Light, nanomaterials & nanotechnologies Laboratory (L2n), Université de Technologie de Troyes (UTT) & CNRS ERL7004, 12 rue Marie Curie, 10004 Troyes Cedex, France
- Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Rafic Hariri Campus, Lebanese University, Hadath 1003, Lebanon
| | - Dandan Ge
- Light, nanomaterials & nanotechnologies Laboratory (L2n), Université de Technologie de Troyes (UTT) & CNRS ERL7004, 12 rue Marie Curie, 10004 Troyes Cedex, France
| | - Aurélie Broussier
- Light, nanomaterials & nanotechnologies Laboratory (L2n), Université de Technologie de Troyes (UTT) & CNRS ERL7004, 12 rue Marie Curie, 10004 Troyes Cedex, France
| | - Nawres Ghabri
- Light, nanomaterials & nanotechnologies Laboratory (L2n), Université de Technologie de Troyes (UTT) & CNRS ERL7004, 12 rue Marie Curie, 10004 Troyes Cedex, France
| | - Sylvie Marguet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Christophe Couteau
- Light, nanomaterials & nanotechnologies Laboratory (L2n), Université de Technologie de Troyes (UTT) & CNRS ERL7004, 12 rue Marie Curie, 10004 Troyes Cedex, France
| | - Renaud Bachelot
- Light, nanomaterials & nanotechnologies Laboratory (L2n), Université de Technologie de Troyes (UTT) & CNRS ERL7004, 12 rue Marie Curie, 10004 Troyes Cedex, France
- Key Lab of Advanced Display and System Application, Ministry of Education, School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, PR China
| | - Safi Jradi
- Light, nanomaterials & nanotechnologies Laboratory (L2n), Université de Technologie de Troyes (UTT) & CNRS ERL7004, 12 rue Marie Curie, 10004 Troyes Cedex, France
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Wu S, Li Y, Lian H, Lévêque G, Grandidier B, Adam PM, Gérard D, Bachelot R, Xu T, Wei B. Hybrid nanostructured plasmonic electrodes for flexible organic light-emitting diodes. Nanotechnology 2020; 31:375203. [PMID: 32434165 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab94df] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Improved performance in flexible organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) is demonstrated by using a hybrid nanostructured plasmonic electrode consisting of silver nanowires (AgNWs) decorated with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and covered by exfoliated graphene sheets. Such all-solution processed electrodes show high optical transparency and electrical conductivity. When integrated in an OLED with super yellow polyphenylene vinylene as the emissive layer, the plasmon coupling of the NW-NP hybrid plasmonic system is found to significantly enhance the fluorescence, demonstrated by both simulations and photoluminescence measurements, leading to a current efficiency of 11.61 cd A-1 and a maximum luminance of 20 008 cd m-2 in OLEDs. Stress studies reveal a superior mechanical flexibility to the commercial indium-tin-oxide (ITO) counterparts, due to the incorporation of exfoliated graphene sheets. Our results show that these hybrid nanostructured plasmonic electrodes can be applied as an effective alternative to ITO for use in high-performance flexible OLEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwei Wu
- School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, Key Laboratory of Advanced Display and System Applications, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University, 200072, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Ge D, Marguet S, Issa A, Jradi S, Nguyen TH, Nahra M, Béal J, Deturche R, Chen H, Blaize S, Plain J, Fiorini C, Douillard L, Soppera O, Dinh XQ, Dang C, Yang X, Xu T, Wei B, Sun XW, Couteau C, Bachelot R. Hybrid plasmonic nano-emitters with controlled single quantum emitter positioning on the local excitation field. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3414. [PMID: 32641727 PMCID: PMC7343831 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17248-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Hybrid plasmonic nano-emitters based on the combination of quantum dot emitters (QD) and plasmonic nanoantennas open up new perspectives in the control of light. However, precise positioning of any active medium at the nanoscale constitutes a challenge. Here, we report on the optimal overlap of antenna's near-field and active medium whose spatial distribution is controlled via a plasmon-triggered 2-photon polymerization of a photosensitive formulation containing QDs. Au nanoparticles of various geometries are considered. The response of these hybrid nano-emitters is shown to be highly sensitive to the light polarization. Different light emission states are evidenced by photoluminescence measurements. These states correspond to polarization-sensitive nanoscale overlap between the exciting local field and the active medium distribution. The decrease of the QD concentration within the monomer formulation allows trapping of a single quantum dot in the vicinity of the Au particle. The latter objects show polarization-dependent switching in the single-photon regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Ge
- Light, nanomaterials, nanotechnologies (L2n) Laboratory, CNRS ERL 7004, University of Technology of Troyes, 12 rue Marie Curie, 10004, Troyes, France.,Shenzhen Planck Innovation Technologies Co. Ltd, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518116, People's Republic of China
| | - Sylvie Marguet
- Université Paris Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, 91191, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Ali Issa
- Light, nanomaterials, nanotechnologies (L2n) Laboratory, CNRS ERL 7004, University of Technology of Troyes, 12 rue Marie Curie, 10004, Troyes, France
| | - Safi Jradi
- Light, nanomaterials, nanotechnologies (L2n) Laboratory, CNRS ERL 7004, University of Technology of Troyes, 12 rue Marie Curie, 10004, Troyes, France
| | - Tien Hoa Nguyen
- CNRS-International-NTU-Thales Research Alliance (CINTRA), 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637553, Singapore
| | - Mackrine Nahra
- Light, nanomaterials, nanotechnologies (L2n) Laboratory, CNRS ERL 7004, University of Technology of Troyes, 12 rue Marie Curie, 10004, Troyes, France
| | - Jéremie Béal
- Light, nanomaterials, nanotechnologies (L2n) Laboratory, CNRS ERL 7004, University of Technology of Troyes, 12 rue Marie Curie, 10004, Troyes, France
| | - Régis Deturche
- Light, nanomaterials, nanotechnologies (L2n) Laboratory, CNRS ERL 7004, University of Technology of Troyes, 12 rue Marie Curie, 10004, Troyes, France
| | - Hongshi Chen
- Light, nanomaterials, nanotechnologies (L2n) Laboratory, CNRS ERL 7004, University of Technology of Troyes, 12 rue Marie Curie, 10004, Troyes, France.,Shenzhen Planck Innovation Technologies Co. Ltd, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518116, People's Republic of China
| | - Sylvain Blaize
- Light, nanomaterials, nanotechnologies (L2n) Laboratory, CNRS ERL 7004, University of Technology of Troyes, 12 rue Marie Curie, 10004, Troyes, France
| | - Jérôme Plain
- Light, nanomaterials, nanotechnologies (L2n) Laboratory, CNRS ERL 7004, University of Technology of Troyes, 12 rue Marie Curie, 10004, Troyes, France
| | - Céline Fiorini
- Université Paris Saclay, CEA, CNRS, SPEC, 91191, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Ludovic Douillard
- Université Paris Saclay, CEA, CNRS, SPEC, 91191, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Olivier Soppera
- Université de Haute Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, 68100, Mulhouse, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Xuan Quyen Dinh
- CNRS-International-NTU-Thales Research Alliance (CINTRA), 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637553, Singapore.,Thales Solutions Asia Pte Ltd, R&T Department, 21 Changi North Rise, Singapore, 498788, Singapore.,School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Cuong Dang
- CNRS-International-NTU-Thales Research Alliance (CINTRA), 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637553, Singapore.,School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Xuyong Yang
- School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, Key Lab of Advanced Display and System Application, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 2000072, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Xu
- School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, Key Lab of Advanced Display and System Application, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 2000072, People's Republic of China. .,Sino-European School of Technology, Shanghai University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bin Wei
- School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, Key Lab of Advanced Display and System Application, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 2000072, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Wei Sun
- Shenzhen Planck Innovation Technologies Co. Ltd, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518116, People's Republic of China.,Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Christophe Couteau
- Light, nanomaterials, nanotechnologies (L2n) Laboratory, CNRS ERL 7004, University of Technology of Troyes, 12 rue Marie Curie, 10004, Troyes, France
| | - Renaud Bachelot
- Light, nanomaterials, nanotechnologies (L2n) Laboratory, CNRS ERL 7004, University of Technology of Troyes, 12 rue Marie Curie, 10004, Troyes, France. .,Shenzhen Planck Innovation Technologies Co. Ltd, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518116, People's Republic of China. .,School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, Key Lab of Advanced Display and System Application, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 2000072, People's Republic of China. .,Sino-European School of Technology, Shanghai University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Horrer A, Zhang Y, Gérard D, Béal J, Kociak M, Plain J, Bachelot R. Local Optical Chirality Induced by Near-Field Mode Interference in Achiral Plasmonic Metamolecules. Nano Lett 2020; 20:509-516. [PMID: 31816242 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b04247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
When circularly polarized light interacts with a nanostructure, the optical response depends on the geometry of the structure. If the nanostructure is chiral (i.e., it cannot be superimposed on its mirror image), then its optical response, both in near-field and far-field, depends on the handedness of the incident light. In contrast, achiral structures exhibit identical far-field responses for left- and right-circular polarization. Here, we show that a perfectly achiral nanostructure, a plasmonic metamolecule with trigonal D3h symmetry, exhibits a near-field response that is sensitive to the handedness of light. This effect stems from the near-field interference between the different plasmonic modes sustained by the plasmonic metamolecule under circularly polarized light excitation. The local chirality in a plasmonic trimer is then experimentally evidenced with nanoscale resolution using a molecular probe. Our experiments demonstrate that the optical near-field chirality can be imprinted into the photosensitive polymer, turning an optical chirality into a geometrical chirality that can be imaged using atomic force microscopy. These results are of interest for the field of polarization-sensitive photochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Horrer
- Light, Nanomaterials, Nanotechnologies (L2n), Institut Charles Delaunay, CNRS , Université de Technologie de Troyes , Troyes 10004 , France
| | - Yinping Zhang
- Light, Nanomaterials, Nanotechnologies (L2n), Institut Charles Delaunay, CNRS , Université de Technologie de Troyes , Troyes 10004 , France
| | - Davy Gérard
- Light, Nanomaterials, Nanotechnologies (L2n), Institut Charles Delaunay, CNRS , Université de Technologie de Troyes , Troyes 10004 , France
| | - Jérémie Béal
- Light, Nanomaterials, Nanotechnologies (L2n), Institut Charles Delaunay, CNRS , Université de Technologie de Troyes , Troyes 10004 , France
| | - Mathieu Kociak
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, Bâtiment 510, UMR CNRS 8502 , Université Paris Sud , Orsay 91400 , France
| | - Jérôme Plain
- Light, Nanomaterials, Nanotechnologies (L2n), Institut Charles Delaunay, CNRS , Université de Technologie de Troyes , Troyes 10004 , France
| | - Renaud Bachelot
- Light, Nanomaterials, Nanotechnologies (L2n), Institut Charles Delaunay, CNRS , Université de Technologie de Troyes , Troyes 10004 , France
- Sino-European School of Technology , Shanghai University , 20444 Shanghai , China
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12
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Sun YZ, Wang BB, Salas-Montiel R, Blaize S, Bachelot R, Feng LS, Ding W. Imaging of guided waves using an all-fiber reflection-based NSOM with self-compensation of a phase drift. Opt Lett 2018; 43:4863-4866. [PMID: 30320769 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.004863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A phase-resolved reflection-based near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) technique with an original all-fiber configuration is presented. Our system consists of an intrinsically phase-stable common-path interferometer. The reflection from the waveguide input facet or from an integrated fiber Bragg grating is used as the reference beam. This arrangement effectively suppresses the phase drift caused by environmental fluctuations. By raster scanning a silicon atomic force microscope probe, we measure the complex near fields of the propagating and stationary waves in silicon nanowaveguides. Our robust, align-free, cost-effective, and shot-noise-limited near-field imaging technique paves the way for versatile optical characterizations of nanophotonic structures on a chip.
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13
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Sun YZ, Feng LS, Bachelot R, Blaize S, Ding W. Full control of far-field radiation via photonic integrated circuits decorated with plasmonic nanoantennas. Opt Express 2017; 25:17417-17430. [PMID: 28789234 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.017417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We theoretically develop a hybrid architecture consisting of photonic integrated circuit and plasmonic nanoantennas to fully control optical far-field radiation with unprecedented flexibility. By exploiting asymmetric and lateral excitation from silicon waveguides, single gold nanorod and cascaded nanorod pair can function as component radiation pixels, featured by full 2π phase coverage and nanoscale footprint. These radiation pixels allow us to design scalable on-chip devices in a wavefront engineering fashion. We numerically demonstrate beam collimation with 30° out of the incident plane and nearly diffraction limited divergence angle. We also present high-numerical-aperture (NA) beam focusing with NA ≈0.65 and vector beam generation (the radially-polarized mode) with the mode similarity greater than 44%. This concept and approach constitutes a designable optical platform, which might be a future bridge between integrated photonics and metasurface functionalities.
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14
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Legrand D, Le Cunff LO, Bruyant A, Salas-Montiel R, Liu Z, Tay BK, Maurer T, Bachelot R. Surface plasmons in suspended graphene: launching with in-plane gold nanoantenna and propagation properties. Opt Express 2017; 25:17306-17321. [PMID: 28789223 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.017306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Graphene physics and plasmonics are two fields which, once combined, promise a variety of exciting applications. One of those applications is the integration of active nano-optoelectronic devices in electronic systems, using the fact that plasmons in graphene are tunable, highly confined and weakly damped. A crucial challenge remains before achieving these active devices: finding a platform enabling a high propagation of Graphene Plasmons Polaritons (GPPs). Suspended graphene presenting ultrahigh electron mobility has given rise to increasing interest. We numerically studied the plasmonic properties of suspended graphene. We propose a hybrid configuration and a set of conditions to launch graphene plasmons via an in-plane gold nanoantenna, for micrometric propagation of surface plasmons in suspended graphene. Finally, we propose a realistic optoelectronic device based on the use of suspended graphene.
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15
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Rahbany N, Geng W, Bachelot R, Couteau C. Plasmon-emitter interaction using integrated ring grating-nanoantenna structures. Nanotechnology 2017; 28:185201. [PMID: 28323251 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa6826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Overcoming the diffraction limit to achieve high optical resolution is one of the main challenges in the fields of plasmonics, nanooptics and nanophotonics. In this work, we introduce novel plasmonic structures consisting of nanoantennas (nanoprisms, single bowtie nanoantennas and double bowtie nanoantennas) integrated in the center of ring diffraction gratings. Propagating surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) are generated by the ring grating and coupled with localized surface plasmons (LSPs) at the nanoantennas exciting emitters placed in their gap. SPPs are widely used for optical waveguiding but provide low resolution due to their weak spatial confinement. In contrast, LSPs provide excellent sub-wavelength confinement but induce large losses. The phenomenon of SPP-LSP coupling witnessed in our structures allows for achieving more precise focusing at the nanoscale, causing an increase in the fluorescence emission of the emitters. Finite-difference time-domain simulations as well as experimental fabrication and optical characterization results are presented to study plasmon-emitter coupling between an ensemble of dye molecules and our integrated plasmonic structures. A comparison is given to highlight the importance of each structure on the photoluminescence and radiative decay enhancement of the molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Rahbany
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology, Instrumentation and Optics, ICD CNRS UMR 6281, University of Technology of Troyes, 10000, Troyes, France
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16
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Zhou X, Wenger J, Viscomi FN, Le Cunff L, Béal J, Kochtcheev S, Yang X, Wiederrecht GP, Colas des Francs G, Bisht AS, Jradi S, Caputo R, Demir HV, Schaller RD, Plain J, Vial A, Sun XW, Bachelot R. Two-Color Single Hybrid Plasmonic Nanoemitters with Real Time Switchable Dominant Emission Wavelength. Nano Lett 2015; 15:7458-66. [PMID: 26437118 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b02962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate two-color nanoemitters that enable the selection of the dominant emitting wavelength by varying the polarization of excitation light. The nanoemitters were fabricated via surface plasmon-triggered two-photon polymerization. By using two polymerizable solutions with different quantum dots, emitters of different colors can be positioned selectively in different orientations in the close vicinity of the metal nanoparticles. The dominant emission wavelength of the metal/polymer anisotropic hybrid nanoemitter thus can be selected by altering the incident polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhou
- Laboratoire de Nanotechnologie et d'Instrumentation Optique, ICD, CNRS UMR 6281, Université de Technologie de Troyes , 12 Rue Marie Curie CS42060, 10004 Troyes Cedex, France
| | - Jérémie Wenger
- Laboratoire de Nanotechnologie et d'Instrumentation Optique, ICD, CNRS UMR 6281, Université de Technologie de Troyes , 12 Rue Marie Curie CS42060, 10004 Troyes Cedex, France
| | - Francesco N Viscomi
- Laboratoire de Nanotechnologie et d'Instrumentation Optique, ICD, CNRS UMR 6281, Université de Technologie de Troyes , 12 Rue Marie Curie CS42060, 10004 Troyes Cedex, France
- Department of Physics & CNR-NANOTEC University of Calabria , I-87036 Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Loïc Le Cunff
- Laboratoire de Nanotechnologie et d'Instrumentation Optique, ICD, CNRS UMR 6281, Université de Technologie de Troyes , 12 Rue Marie Curie CS42060, 10004 Troyes Cedex, France
| | - Jérémie Béal
- Laboratoire de Nanotechnologie et d'Instrumentation Optique, ICD, CNRS UMR 6281, Université de Technologie de Troyes , 12 Rue Marie Curie CS42060, 10004 Troyes Cedex, France
| | - Serguei Kochtcheev
- Laboratoire de Nanotechnologie et d'Instrumentation Optique, ICD, CNRS UMR 6281, Université de Technologie de Troyes , 12 Rue Marie Curie CS42060, 10004 Troyes Cedex, France
| | - Xuyong Yang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798
| | - Gary P Wiederrecht
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory , 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Gérard Colas des Francs
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne (ICB); UMR 6303 CNRS, Université de Bourgogne , Franche-Comté, 9 avenue Alain Savary BP 47870, F-2178 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Anu Singh Bisht
- Laboratoire de Nanotechnologie et d'Instrumentation Optique, ICD, CNRS UMR 6281, Université de Technologie de Troyes , 12 Rue Marie Curie CS42060, 10004 Troyes Cedex, France
| | - Safi Jradi
- Laboratoire de Nanotechnologie et d'Instrumentation Optique, ICD, CNRS UMR 6281, Université de Technologie de Troyes , 12 Rue Marie Curie CS42060, 10004 Troyes Cedex, France
| | - Roberto Caputo
- Department of Physics & CNR-NANOTEC University of Calabria , I-87036 Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Hilmi Volkan Demir
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798
| | - Richard D Schaller
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory , 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Jérôme Plain
- Laboratoire de Nanotechnologie et d'Instrumentation Optique, ICD, CNRS UMR 6281, Université de Technologie de Troyes , 12 Rue Marie Curie CS42060, 10004 Troyes Cedex, France
| | - Alexandre Vial
- Laboratoire de Nanotechnologie et d'Instrumentation Optique, ICD, CNRS UMR 6281, Université de Technologie de Troyes , 12 Rue Marie Curie CS42060, 10004 Troyes Cedex, France
| | - Xiao Wei Sun
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798
| | - Renaud Bachelot
- Laboratoire de Nanotechnologie et d'Instrumentation Optique, ICD, CNRS UMR 6281, Université de Technologie de Troyes , 12 Rue Marie Curie CS42060, 10004 Troyes Cedex, France
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17
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Abstract
Sensitivity is a key factor in the improvement of nanoparticle-based biosensors. Bowtie nanoantennae have shown high sensitivity for both surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)- and localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR)-based biosensing. In this work, optical bowtie nanoantennae with varying geometries were simulated, fabricated, and characterized. We successfully fabricated sub-5 nm gaps between prisms. The gap between prisms, the prism size, and the radius of curvature of the prism corners were characterized for their effects on the optical and electromagnetic properties. Bowties were characterized using LSPR, SERS, and photochemical near-field imaging. The results indicate that the radius of curvature of the prism corners has an important effect on the SERS abilities of a nanoparticle array. The trends described herein can be utilized to intelligently design highly sensitive SERS and LSPR biosensing substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Dodson
- †Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371
| | - Mohamed Haggui
- ‡Laboratoire de Nanotechnologie et d'Instrumentation Optique, ICD, Université de Technologie de Troyes, France
| | - Renaud Bachelot
- ‡Laboratoire de Nanotechnologie et d'Instrumentation Optique, ICD, Université de Technologie de Troyes, France
| | - Jérôme Plain
- ‡Laboratoire de Nanotechnologie et d'Instrumentation Optique, ICD, Université de Technologie de Troyes, France
| | | | - Qihua Xiong
- †Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371
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18
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Zheng S, Zeng X, Luo W, Jradi S, Plain J, Li M, Renaud-Goud P, Deturche R, Wang Z, Kou J, Bachelot R, Royer P. Rapid fabrication of micro-nanometric tapered fiber lens and characterization by a novel scanning optical microscope with submicron resolution. Opt Express 2013; 21:30-38. [PMID: 23388893 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.000030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In numerous applications of optical scanning microscopy, a reference tapered fiber lens with high symmetry at sub-wavelength scale remains a challenge. Here, we demonstrate the ability to manufacture it with a wide range of geometry control, either for the length from several hundred nanometers to several hundred microns, or for the curvature radius from several tens of nanometers to several microns on the endface of a single mode fiber. On this basis, a scanning optical microscope has been developed, which allows for fast characterization of various sub-wavelength tapered fiber lenses. Focal position and depth of microlenses with different geometries have been determined to be ranged from several hundreds of nanometers to several microns. FDTD calculations are consistent with experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouguo Zheng
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
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19
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Baudrion AL, Perron A, Veltri A, Bouhelier A, Adam PM, Bachelot R. Reversible strong coupling in silver nanoparticle arrays using photochromic molecules. Nano Lett 2013; 13:282-286. [PMID: 23249360 DOI: 10.1021/nl3040948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter, we demonstrate a reversible strong coupling regime between a dipolar surface plasmon resonance and a molecular excited state. This reversible state is experimentally observed on silver nanoparticle arrays embedded in a polymer film containing photochromic molecules. Extinction measurements reveal a clear Rabi splitting of 294 meV, corresponding to ~13% of the molecular transition energy. We derived an analytical model to confirm our observations, and we emphasize the importance of spectrally matching the polymer absorption with the plasmonic resonance to observe coupled states. Finally, the reversibility of this coupling is illustrated by cycling the photochromic molecules between their two isomeric forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Laure Baudrion
- Laboratoire de Nanotechnologies et d'Instrumentation Optique, Institut Charles Delaunay UMR CNRS 6279, Université de Technologie de Troyes, 12 Rue Marie Curie, CS 42060, 10004 Troyes Cedex, France.
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20
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Haggui M, Dridi M, Plain J, Marguet S, Perez H, Schatz GC, Wiederrecht GP, Gray SK, Bachelot R. Spatial confinement of electromagnetic hot and cold spots in gold nanocubes. ACS Nano 2012; 6:1299-1307. [PMID: 22280022 DOI: 10.1021/nn2040389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We report a near-field imaging study of colloidal gold nanocubes. This is accomplished through a photochemical imaging method in which molecular displacements are vectorial in nature, enabling sensitivity to the polarization of the optical near-field of the nanocubes. We analyze the confinement of both electromagnetic hot and "cold" spots with a resolution of λ/35 and emphasize the particularly high spatial confinement of cold spots. The concept of a cold spot complements the well-known electromagnetic hot spot but can have significant advantages. The application of the ultraconfined cold spots to high resolution imaging and spectroscopy is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Haggui
- Laboratoire de Nanotechnologie et d'Instrumentation Optique LNIO-CNRS UMR 6279, Université de Technologie de Troyes, Troyes, France
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21
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Akil-Jradi S, Jradi S, Plain J, Adam PM, Bijeon JL, Royer P, Bachelot R. Micro/nanoporous polymer chips as templates for highly sensitive SERS sensors. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra21186f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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22
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Zeng X, Jradi S, Proust J, Bachelot R, Zhang ZP, Royer P, Plain J. Direct functionalization of an optical fiber by a plasmonic nanosensor. Opt Lett 2011; 36:2919-2921. [PMID: 21808358 DOI: 10.1364/ol.36.002919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We explore a rapid route for fabricating silver nanoparticles (NPs) at the end of an optical fiber. The size and number of silver NPs can be controlled by varying the exposure doses. The effect of the refractive index of different solvents on the extinction spectra have been studied as a proof of concept of a fiber integrated plasmon-based sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Zeng
- Laboratoire de Nanotechnologie et d’Instrumentation Optique, Université de technologie de Troyes, France
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23
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Deeb C, Ecoffet C, Bachelot R, Plain J, Bouhelier A, Soppera O. Plasmon-based free-radical photopolymerization: effect of diffusion on nanolithography processes. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:10535-42. [PMID: 21618982 DOI: 10.1021/ja201636y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This Article interrogates the mechanisms responsible for nanoscale photopolymerization induced by confined and enhanced electromagnetic fields. Surface plasmon dipolar resonance of individual Ag nanoparticles was used as an optical near-field source to locally trigger the reaction of a photopolymerizable formulation. Laser excitation of the nanoparticles embedded in the formulation reproducibly generates polymer features with typical dimensions ranging from 2 nm to a few tens of nanometer. We have determined the physicochemical parameters and mechanisms controlling the spatial extent of the photopolymerization process. We found that the diffusion of the dye is the main process limiting the polymerization reaction, as opposed to what is observed at the microscale with an equivalent chemical system. This approach demonstrates that plasmon-based polymerization can achieve true nanometer scale resolution and also provides a unique opportunity to investigate photochemistry at this length scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Deeb
- Laboratoire de Nanotechnologie et d'Instrumentation Optique LNIO-ICD CNRS-UMR 6279, Université de Technologie de Troyes, Troyes, France
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24
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Zeng X, Plain J, Jradi S, Darraud C, Louradour F, Bachelot R, Royer P. Integration of polymer microlens array at fiber bundle extremity by photopolymerization. Opt Express 2011; 19:4805-4814. [PMID: 21445116 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.004805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel route to directly integrate an array of microlenses at the extremity of an optical fiber bundle. The method is based on photopolymerization at the end of the fiber. The method is based on the control of exposure dose and volume of the deposited droplet of photopolymerizable formulation. Optical properties of the integrated microlenses are discussed on the basis of FDTD calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhua Zeng
- Laboratoire de Nanotechnologie et d’Instrumentation Optique, ICD, Université de Technologie de Troyes, 12, Rue Marie Curie, 10000 Troyes France.
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25
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Deeb C, Zhou X, Gérard D, Bouhelier A, Jain PK, Plain J, Soppera O, Royer P, Bachelot R. Off-Resonant Optical Excitation of Gold Nanorods: Nanoscale Imprint of Polarization Surface Charge Distribution. J Phys Chem Lett 2011; 2:7-11. [PMID: 26295206 DOI: 10.1021/jz1014696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report on the nanoscale optical characterization of gold nanorods irradiated out of their plasmonic resonance. Our approach is based on the reticulation of a photopolymerizable formulation locally triggered by enhanced electromagnetic fields. The tiny local field enhancement stems from the surface polarization charges associated with the electric field discontinuity at the metal/dielectric interface. This allows us to get a nanoscale signature of the spatial distribution of the surface charge density in metallic nanoparticles irradiated off-resonance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Deeb
- †Laboratoire de Nanotechnologie et d'Instrumentation Optique LNIO-ICD, Université de Technologie de Troyes, France
| | - Xuan Zhou
- †Laboratoire de Nanotechnologie et d'Instrumentation Optique LNIO-ICD, Université de Technologie de Troyes, France
| | - Davy Gérard
- †Laboratoire de Nanotechnologie et d'Instrumentation Optique LNIO-ICD, Université de Technologie de Troyes, France
| | - Alexandre Bouhelier
- ‡Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne CNRS-UMR 5209, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Prashant K Jain
- §Miller Institute for Basic Research in Science and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jérôme Plain
- †Laboratoire de Nanotechnologie et d'Instrumentation Optique LNIO-ICD, Université de Technologie de Troyes, France
| | - Olivier Soppera
- ⊥Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse IS2M-CNRS LCR 7228, Université de Haute-Alsace, Mulhouse, France
| | - Pascal Royer
- †Laboratoire de Nanotechnologie et d'Instrumentation Optique LNIO-ICD, Université de Technologie de Troyes, France
| | - Renaud Bachelot
- †Laboratoire de Nanotechnologie et d'Instrumentation Optique LNIO-ICD, Université de Technologie de Troyes, France
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Akil-Jradi S, Jradi S, Plain J, Bijeon JL, Sanchez C, Bachelot R, Royer P. Biopolymers phase separation monitored by a plasmonic sensor. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:2444-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc05212d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Deeb C, Bachelot R, Plain J, Baudrion AL, Jradi S, Bouhelier A, Soppera O, Jain PK, Huang L, Ecoffet C, Balan L, Royer P. Quantitative analysis of localized surface plasmons based on molecular probing. ACS Nano 2010; 4:4579-86. [PMID: 20687536 DOI: 10.1021/nn101017b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We report on the quantitative characterization of the plasmonic optical near-field of a single silver nanoparticle. Our approach relies on nanoscale molecular molding of the confined electromagnetic field by photoactivated molecules. We were able to directly image the dipolar profile of the near-field distribution with a resolution better than 10 nm and to quantify the near-field depth and its enhancement factor. A single nanoparticle spectral signature was also assessed. This quantitative characterization constitutes a prerequisite for developing nanophotonic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Deeb
- Laboratoire de Nanotechnologie et d'Instrumentation Optique LNIO-ICD CNRS-UMR 6279, Université de Technologie de Troyes, Troyes, France
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28
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Jradi S, Balan L, Zeng XH, Plain J, Lougnot DJ, Royer P, Bachelot R, Akil S, Soppera O, Vidal L. Spatially controlled synthesis of silver nanoparticles and nanowires by photosensitized reduction. Nanotechnology 2010; 21:095605. [PMID: 20124664 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/21/9/095605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The present paper reports on the spatially controlled synthesis of silver nanoparticles (NPs) and silver nanowires by photosensitized reduction. In a first approach, direct photogeneration of silver NPs at the end of an optical fiber was carried out. Control of both size and density of silver NPs was possible by changing the photonic conditions. In a further development, a photochemically assisted procedure allowing silver to be deposited at the surface of a polymer microtip was implemented. Finally, polymer tips terminated by silver nanowires were fabricated by simultaneous photopolymerization and silver photoreduction. The silver NPs were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jradi
- Laboratoire de Nanotechnologie et d'Instrumentation Optique, ICD CNRS FRE 2848, Université de Technologie de Troyes, Troyes, France
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29
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Ding W, Bachelot R, Espiau de Lamaestre R, Macias D, Baudrion AL, Royer P. Understanding near/far-field engineering of optical dimer antennas through geometry modification. Opt Express 2009; 17:21228-21239. [PMID: 19997362 DOI: 10.1364/oe.17.021228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Numerical investigations based on the boundary element method (BEM) have been carried out to two-dimensional (2-D) silver dimer nano-antennas of various geometries. The near-field and far-field properties are mainly determined by the local geometry at the gap and the global shape of the antenna shafts respectively. A hybrid dimer antenna, which mixes the geometry ingredients of the rod dimer and the bowtie, benefits in both near and far field. Using a microcavity representation, the resonance in dimer nano-antennas is explained in a common and semi-analytical manner. The plasmonic enhancement and the wavelength mismatching in the optical dimer antenna are naturally embodied in this model. The quality factor of the resonance, which can be influenced by the wavelength and the geometry, is discussed intuitively. The understanding presented in this work could guide the future engineering of the optical dimer antenna.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Ding
- Laboratoire de Nanotechnologie et d'Instrumentation Optique, ICD CNRS FRE 2848, Université de Technologie de Troyes, 12 rue Marie Curie, 10010 Troyes, France.
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30
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Berthelot J, Bouhelier A, Huang C, Margueritat J, Colas-des-Francs G, Finot E, Weeber JC, Dereux A, Kostcheev S, Ahrach HIE, Baudrion AL, Plain J, Bachelot R, Royer P, Wiederrecht GP. Tuning of an optical dimer nanoantenna by electrically controlling its load impedance. Nano Lett 2009; 9:3914-3921. [PMID: 19754071 DOI: 10.1021/nl902126z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Optical antennas are elementary units used to direct optical radiation to the nanoscale. Here we demonstrate an active control over individual antenna performances by an external electrical trigger. We find that by an in-plane command of an anisotropic load medium, the electromagnetic interaction between individual elements constituting an optical antenna can be controlled, resulting in a strong polarization and tuning response. An active command of the antenna is a prerequisite for directing light wave through the utilization of such a device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Berthelot
- Institut Carnot de Bourgogne, CNRS UMR 5209, Université de Bourgogne, 9 Avenue Alain Savary, Dijon, France
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31
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Juan ML, Plain J, Bachelot R, Royer P, Gray SK, Wiederrecht GP. Multiscale model for photoinduced molecular motion in azo polymers. ACS Nano 2009; 3:1573-1579. [PMID: 19438196 DOI: 10.1021/nn900262e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Light-induced isomerization processes in azobenzene-containing polymers produce mass transport that is of much interest for nanoscale imaging and lithography. Yet, despite the development of numerous models to simulate the mass transport mechanism, no model precisely describes all the experimental observations. We develop a new statistical approach that correctly reproduces light-driven mass motion in azobenzene-containing polymers with a high degree of accuracy. Comparisons with experiments show that our model predicts the nanoscale topographic modifications for many different incident field configurations, including optical near-fields produced by plasmonic structures with complex polarization states. In particular, the model allows the detailed molecular motions that lead to these topographic modifications to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu L Juan
- Laboratoire de Nanotechnologie et d'Instrumentation Optique, ICD CNRS FRE 2848, Universite de technologie de Troyes, Troyes, France
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Juan ML, Plain J, Bachelot R, Vial A, Royer P, Gray SK, Montgomery JM, Wiederrecht GP. Plasmonic Electromagnetic Hot Spots Temporally Addressed by Photoinduced Molecular Displacement. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:4647-51. [DOI: 10.1021/jp8114435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu L. Juan
- Laboratoire de Nanotechnologie et d’Instrumentation Optique, ICD CNRS FRE 2848, Université de Technologie de Troyes, BP 2060, Troyes, France, and Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division and Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439
| | - Jérome Plain
- Laboratoire de Nanotechnologie et d’Instrumentation Optique, ICD CNRS FRE 2848, Université de Technologie de Troyes, BP 2060, Troyes, France, and Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division and Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439
| | - Renaud Bachelot
- Laboratoire de Nanotechnologie et d’Instrumentation Optique, ICD CNRS FRE 2848, Université de Technologie de Troyes, BP 2060, Troyes, France, and Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division and Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439
| | - Alexandre Vial
- Laboratoire de Nanotechnologie et d’Instrumentation Optique, ICD CNRS FRE 2848, Université de Technologie de Troyes, BP 2060, Troyes, France, and Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division and Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439
| | - Pascal Royer
- Laboratoire de Nanotechnologie et d’Instrumentation Optique, ICD CNRS FRE 2848, Université de Technologie de Troyes, BP 2060, Troyes, France, and Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division and Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439
| | - Stephen K. Gray
- Laboratoire de Nanotechnologie et d’Instrumentation Optique, ICD CNRS FRE 2848, Université de Technologie de Troyes, BP 2060, Troyes, France, and Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division and Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439
| | - Jason M. Montgomery
- Laboratoire de Nanotechnologie et d’Instrumentation Optique, ICD CNRS FRE 2848, Université de Technologie de Troyes, BP 2060, Troyes, France, and Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division and Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439
| | - Gary P. Wiederrecht
- Laboratoire de Nanotechnologie et d’Instrumentation Optique, ICD CNRS FRE 2848, Université de Technologie de Troyes, BP 2060, Troyes, France, and Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division and Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439
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33
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Douillard L, Charra F, Korczak Z, Bachelot R, Kostcheev S, Lerondel G, Adam PM, Royer P. Short range plasmon resonators probed by photoemission electron microscopy. Nano Lett 2008; 8:935-40. [PMID: 18288814 DOI: 10.1021/nl080053v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Short range surface plasmon resonators are investigated at the nanometer scale. Gold nanorods (30 nm in diameter) were microfabricated and probed by photoemission electron microscopy under direct laser light excitation. Resonances presenting various numbers of lobes occur for specific rod lengths. A simple analytical model shows that the successive resonant lengths differ by a multiple of one-half of the wavelength of the supported short-range surface plasmon polariton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Douillard
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Saclay Direction des Sciences de la Matière-Institut Rayonnement Matière de Saclay-Service de Physique et Chimie des Surfaces et Interfaces, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette, France.
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34
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Hall JE, Wiederrecht GP, Gray SK, Chang SH, Jeon S, Rogers JA, Bachelot R, Royer P. Heterodyne apertureless near-field scanning optical microscopy on periodic gold nanowells. Opt Express 2007; 15:4098-4105. [PMID: 19532652 DOI: 10.1364/oe.15.004098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Heterodyne detection for apertureless near-field scanning optical microscopy was used to study periodic gold nanowell arrays. Optical near-field amplitude and phase signals were obtained simultaneously with the topography of the gold nanowells and with different polarizations. Theoretical calculations of the near-fields were consistent with the experiments; in particular, the calculated amplitudes were in especially good agreement. The heterodyne method is shown to be particularly effective for these types of periodic photonic structures and other highly scattering media, which can overwhelm the near-field scattered signal when conventional apertureless near-field scanning optical microscopy is used.
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35
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Descrovi E, Ricciardi C, Giorgis F, Lérondel G, Blaize S, Pang CX, Bachelot R, Royer P, Lettieri S, Gesuele F, Maddalena P, Liscidini M. Field localization and enhanced Second-Harmonic Generation in silicon-based microcavities. Opt Express 2007; 15:4159-4167. [PMID: 19532659 DOI: 10.1364/oe.15.004159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
High-quality amorphous Silicon Nitride (a-Si(1-x)N(x):H) Fabry-Pérot microcavities can show resonant surface Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) effect. We consider two different layouts of planar microcavities with almost identical linear reflectance and show how the structure geometry can strongly affect SHG yield. In particular, a difference of more than one order of magnitude in the SHG intensity is observed when the fundamental beam is tuned at the cavity resonance frequency. We explain this finding on the basis of a theoretical model taking into account the spatial distribution of the electric fields of the pump and harmonic frequencies inside the structure. A satisfactory matching of experimental data with the theoretical model is obtained by considering the source of second-order nonlinearity as limited to surface contributions.
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36
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Derouard M, Hazart J, Lérondel G, Bachelot R, Adam PM, Royer P. Polarization-sensitive printing of surface plasmon interferences. Opt Express 2007; 15:4238-4246. [PMID: 19532668 DOI: 10.1364/oe.15.004238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Surface plasmon assisted lithography is currently a matter of growing interest since it allows nanopatterning in photosensitive films without being restricted by the diffraction limit. Using specially designed metallic nanostructures coated with a photosensitive azobenzene-dye polymer, we have generated a plasmon interference field in the polymer layer. The atomic force microscopy observation of the azo-dye polymer surface after exposure exhibits complex topographies which are found to be well explained by an analytically computed surface plasmon interference model that highlights the polarization influence on the pattern shape. The results presented here are believed to be a first step towards a new approach of high resolution plasmonic nanolithography based on the use of longitudinal field components.
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El Ahrach HI, Bachelot R, Vial A, Lérondel G, Plain J, Royer P, Soppera O. Spectral degeneracy breaking of the plasmon resonance of single metal nanoparticles by nanoscale near-field photopolymerization. Phys Rev Lett 2007; 98:107402. [PMID: 17358565 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.98.107402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2006] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We report on controlled nanoscale photopolymerization triggered by enhanced near fields of silver nanoparticles excited close to their dipolar plasmon resonance. By anisotropic polymerization, symmetry of the refractive index of the surrounding medium was broken: C infinity v symmetry turned to C2v symmetry. This allowed for spectral degeneracy breaking in particles plasmon resonance whose apparent peak became continuously tunable with the incident polarization. From the spectral peak, we deduced the refractive-index ellipsoid fabricated around the particles. In addition to this control of optical properties of metal nanoparticles, this method opens new routes for nanoscale photochemistry and provides a new way of quantification of the magnitude of near fields of localized surface plasmons.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ibn El Ahrach
- Laboratoire de Nanotechnologie et d'Instrumentation Optique, ICD CNRS FRE 2848, Université de Technologie de Troyes, 12 rue Marie Curie, BP 2060, 10010 Troyes Cedex, France
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38
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Gilbert Y, Bachelot R, Royer P, Bouhelier A, Wiederrecht GP, Novotny L. Longitudinal anisotropy of the photoinduced molecular migration in azobenzene polymer films. Opt Lett 2006; 31:613-5. [PMID: 16570415 DOI: 10.1364/ol.31.000613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The effects of tightly focused, higher-order laser beams on the photoinduced molecular migration and surface deformations in azobenzene polymer films are investigated. We demonstrate that the surface relief is principally triggered by longitudinal fields, i.e., electric fields polarized along the optical axis of the focused beam. Our findings can be explained by the translational diffusion of isomerized chromophores when the constraining effect of the polymer-air interface is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Gilbert
- Laboratoire de Nanotechnologie et d'Instrumentation Optique, CNRS FRE 2671, de Technologie de Troyes, 12 rue Marie Curie, BP 2060 Troyes, France
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39
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Bouhelier A, Bachelot R, Lerondel G, Kostcheev S, Royer P, Wiederrecht GP. Surface plasmon characteristics of tunable photoluminescence in single gold nanorods. Phys Rev Lett 2005; 95:267405. [PMID: 16486405 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.95.267405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Light emission resulting from two-photon excited gold nanoparticles has been proposed to originate from the radiative decay of surface plasmon resonances. In this vein, we investigated luminescence from individual gold nanorods and found that their emission characteristics closely resemble surface plasmon behavior. In particular, we observed spectral similarities between the scattering spectra of individual nanorods and their photoluminescence emission. We also measured a blueshift of the photoluminescence peak wavelength with decreasing aspect ratio of the nanorods as well as an optically tunable shape-dependent spectrum of the photoluminescence. The emission yield of single nanorods strongly depends on the orientation of the incident polarization consistent with the properties of surface plasmons.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bouhelier
- Chemistry Division and Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Illinois 60439, USA
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40
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Stefanon I, Blaize S, Bruyant A, Aubert S, Lerondel G, Bachelot R, Royer P. Heterodyne detection of guided waves using a scattering-type Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscope. Opt Express 2005; 13:5553-5564. [PMID: 19498552 DOI: 10.1364/opex.13.005553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
An inherent problem to the study of waveguides with strong propagation losses by Scattering-type Scanning Near field Optical Microscopy is the coherent optical background field which disrupts strongly the weak detected near-field signal. We present a technique of heterodyne detection allowing us to overcome this difficulty while amplifying the near field signal. As illustrated in the case of a highly confined SOI structure, this technique, besides the amplitude, provides the local phase variation of the guided field. The knowledge of the complex field cartography leads to the modal analysis of the propagating radiation.
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41
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Gilbert Y, Bachelot R, Vial A, Lerondel G, Royer P, Bouhelier A, Wiederrecht G. Photoresponsive polymers for topographic simulation of the optical near-field of a nanometer sized gold tip in a highly focused laser beam. Opt Express 2005; 13:3619-3624. [PMID: 19495267 DOI: 10.1364/opex.13.003619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The local perturbation of a diffraction-limited spot by a nanometer sized gold tip in a popular apertureless scanning near-field optical microscopy (ASNOM) configuration is reproduced through topography changes in a photoresponsive polymer. Our method relies on the observation of the photochemical migration of azobenzene molecules grafted to a polymer placed beneath the tip. A local molecular displacement has been shown to be activated by a gold tip as a consequence of the lateral surface charge density present at the edges of the tip's end, resulting from a strong near-field depolarization predicted by theory.
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42
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Hubert C, Rumyantseva A, Lerondel G, Grand J, Kostcheev S, Billot L, Vial A, Bachelot R, Royer P, Chang SH, Gray SK, Wiederrecht GP, Schatz GC. Near-field photochemical imaging of noble metal nanostructures. Nano Lett 2005; 5:615-9. [PMID: 15826096 DOI: 10.1021/nl047956i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The sub-diffraction imaging of the optical near-field in nanostructures, based on a photochemical technique, is reported. A photosensitive azobenzene-dye polymer is spin coated onto lithographic structures and is subsequently irradiated with laser light. Photoinduced mass transport creates topographic modifications at the polymer film surface that are then measured with atomic force microscopy (AFM). The AFM images correlate with rigorous theoretical calculations of the near-field intensities for a range of different nanostructures and illumination polarizations. This approach is a first step toward additional methods for resolving confined optical near fields, which can augment scanning probe methodologies for high spatial resolution of optical near fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Hubert
- Laboratoire de Nanotechnologie et d'Instrumentation Optique, CNRS FRE 2671, Université de Technologie de Troyes, 12 rue Marie-Curie, BP 2060, 10010 Troyes Cedex, France.
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Bouhelier A, Bachelot R, Im JS, Wiederrecht GP, Lerondel G, Kostcheev S, Royer P. Electromagnetic Interactions in Plasmonic Nanoparticle Arrays. J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:3195-8. [PMID: 16851340 DOI: 10.1021/jp046224b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Single two-dimensional planar silver arrays and one-dimensional linear gold chains of nanoparticles were investigated by dark-field surface plasmon spectroscopy and studied as a function of interparticle distance, particle size, and number of particles. In agreement with recent theoretical predictions, a red shift of the surface plasmon resonance occurring in two-dimensional arrays was found for lattice spacings below 200 nm. This red shift is associated with a significant broadening of the resonance and is attributed to the onset of near-field interactions. We found that the relative contributions of the long-range and short-range interactions in two-dimensional arrays of particles are fundamentally different to those occurring in individual linear chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Bouhelier
- Chemistry Division and Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
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44
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Bachelot R, Fares A, Fikri R, Barchiesi D, Lerondel G, Royer P. Coupling semiconductor lasers into single-mode optical fibers by use of tips grown by photopolymerization. Opt Lett 2004; 29:1971-1973. [PMID: 15455750 DOI: 10.1364/ol.29.001971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We show that a polymer tip, integrated by free-radical photopolymerization at the end of a telecommunication optical fiber, allows high-efficiency coupling between the fiber and an infrared laser diode. A coupling efficiency of 70% (1.5-dB loss) was achieved. We obtained this result by controlling the radius of curvature of the tip, the origin of which is discussed in terms of the photochemical influence of oxygen during tip formation. The experimental data were found to be in agreement with results of electromagnetic calculations based on the finite-element method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renaud Bachelot
- Laboratoire de Nanotechnologie et d'Instrumentation Optique, Université de Technologie de Troyes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FRE 2671), 12, Rue Marie Curie, BP 2060, 10010 Troyes Cedex, France.
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45
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Gilbert Y, Fikri R, Ruymantseva A, Lerondel G, Bachelot R, Barchiesi D, Royer P. High-Resolution Nanophotolithography in Atomic Force Microscopy Contact Mode. Macromolecules 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/ma035437g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yann Gilbert
- Laboratoire de Nanotechnologie et d'Instrumentation Optique, Université de Technologie de Troyes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, B.P. 2060, 10010 Troyes Cedex, France
| | - Radouane Fikri
- Laboratoire de Nanotechnologie et d'Instrumentation Optique, Université de Technologie de Troyes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, B.P. 2060, 10010 Troyes Cedex, France
| | - Anna Ruymantseva
- Laboratoire de Nanotechnologie et d'Instrumentation Optique, Université de Technologie de Troyes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, B.P. 2060, 10010 Troyes Cedex, France
| | - Gilles Lerondel
- Laboratoire de Nanotechnologie et d'Instrumentation Optique, Université de Technologie de Troyes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, B.P. 2060, 10010 Troyes Cedex, France
| | - Renaud Bachelot
- Laboratoire de Nanotechnologie et d'Instrumentation Optique, Université de Technologie de Troyes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, B.P. 2060, 10010 Troyes Cedex, France
| | - Dominique Barchiesi
- Laboratoire de Nanotechnologie et d'Instrumentation Optique, Université de Technologie de Troyes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, B.P. 2060, 10010 Troyes Cedex, France
| | - Pascal Royer
- Laboratoire de Nanotechnologie et d'Instrumentation Optique, Université de Technologie de Troyes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, B.P. 2060, 10010 Troyes Cedex, France
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Royer P, Barchiesi D, Lerondel G, Bachelot R. Near-field optical patterning and structuring based on local-field enhancement at the extremity of a metal tip. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2004; 362:821-842. [PMID: 15306496 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2003.1349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We present a particular approach and the associated results allowing the nanostructuration of a thin photosensitive polymer film. This approach based on a scanning near-field optical microscopy configuration uses the field-enhancement (FE) effect, a so-called lightning-rod effect appearing at the extremity of a metallic tip when illuminated with an incident light polarized along the tip axis. The local enhancement of the electromagnetic field straight below the tip's apex is observed directly through a photoisomerization reaction, inducing the growth of a topographical nanodot characterized in situ by atomic-force microscopy using the same probe. From a survey of the literature, we first review the different experimental approaches offered to nanostructure materials by near-field optical techniques. We describe more particularly the FE effect approach. An overview of the theoretical approach of this effect is then given before presenting some experimental results so as theoretical results using the finite-element method. These results show the influence on the nanostructuration of the polymer of a few experimental parameters such as the polarization state, the illumination mode and the tip's geometry. Finally, the potentiality of this technique for some applications in the field of lithography and high-density data storage is shown via the fabrication of nano-patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Royer
- Laboratoire de Nanotechnologie et d'Instrumention Optique, Université de Technologie de Troyes, CNRS (FRE 2671), 12 rue Marie Curie, BP 2060, 10010 Troyes CEDEX, France.
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Bachelot R, Lerondel G, Blaize S, Aubert S, Bruyant A, Royer P. Probing photonic and optoelectronic structures by Apertureless Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy. Microsc Res Tech 2004; 64:441-52. [PMID: 15549693 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This report presents the Apertureless Scanning Optical Near-Field Microscope as a powerful tool for the characterization of modern optoelectronic and photonic components with sub-wavelength resolution. We present an overview of the results we obtained in our laboratory over the past few years. By significant examples, it is shown that this specific probe microscopy allows for in situ local quantitative study of semiconductor lasers in operation, integrated optical waveguides produced by ion exchange (single channel or Y junction), and photonic structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renaud Bachelot
- Laboratoire de Nanotechnologie et d'Instrumentation Optique, CNRS FRE 2671, Université de Technologie de Troyes-12, BP2060.10010 Troyes, France.
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Blaize S, Aubert S, Bruyant A, Bachelot R, Lerondel G, Royer P, Broquin JE, Minier V. Apertureless scanning near-field optical microscopy for ion exchange channel waveguide characterization. J Microsc 2003; 209:155-61. [PMID: 12641754 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2818.2003.01106.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We report the characterization of an integrated Ag+/Na+ ion exchange waveguide realized in a silicate glass substrate using apertureless scanning near-field optical microscopy. Our experimental set-up is based on the combination of a commercial atomic force microscope with an optical confocal detection system. Thanks to this system, the topography and evanescent optical field at the waveguide top surface are mapped simultaneously. Also, the process of apertureless scanning near-field optical microscopy image formation is analysed. In particular, fringe patterns appearing in the image reveal the intrinsic interferometric nature of the collected signal, due to interference between the field scattered by the tip end and background fields related to guide losses. We give a quantitative interpretation of these fringes. Evanescent intensity mapping on the sample surface allowed us to extract physical waveguide parameters. In particular, it shows an unambiguous multimode beat along the waveguide propagation axis. Furthermore, we show that analysis of this intensity profile reveals back-reflection effects from the waveguide exit facet. The resulting standing waves pattern allows us to evaluate the eigenmode propagation constants.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Blaize
- Laboratoire de Nanotechnologie et d'Instrumentation Optique, Université de Technologie de Troyes, 12 rue Marie Curie, BP2060, 10010 Troyes cedex, France.
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H'dhili F, Bachelot R, Rumyantseva A, Lerondel G, Royer P. Nano-patterning photosensitive polymers using local field enhancement at the end of apertureless SNOM tips. J Microsc 2003; 209:214-22. [PMID: 12641765 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2818.2003.01123.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We show experimentally that local optical field enhancement can occur at the end of an apertureless SNOM tip illuminated by an external light source. Our approach consists in the use of a photosensitive polymer, placed in the tip near-field, to record intensity distribution in the vicinity of the tip end. The excited nanometre-size light source permits us to produce nano-patterns on the polymer surface which are then characterized by atomic force microscopy. Experimental images show the influence, on the field enhancement, of three important experimental parameters: the polarization state of the incident light, the geometry of the external illumination and the radius of curvature of the tip apex. These results are shown to be in good agreement with two-dimensional numerical calculations based on the finite-difference time-domain method. We show preliminary nanometre-size patterns created by this nano-source excited at a metallic tip extremity and discuss the potential of this approach for near-field optical lithography.
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Affiliation(s)
- F H'dhili
- Laboratoire de Nanotechnologie et d'Instrumentation Optique, Université de Technologie de Troyes, 12 rue Marie Curie, BP 2060 10010 Troyes, France
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Bachelot R, Ecoffet C, Deloeil D, Royer P, Lougnot DJ. Integration of micrometer-sized polymer elements at the end of optical fibers by free-radical photopolymerization. Appl Opt 2001; 40:5860-5871. [PMID: 18364878 DOI: 10.1364/ao.40.005860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A simple method of manufacturing micrometer-sized polymer elements at the extremity of both single-mode and multimode optical fibers is reported. The procedure consists of depositing a drop of a liquid photopolymerizable formulation on a cleaved fiber and using the light that emerges from the fiber to induce the polymerization process. After exposure and rinsing a polymer tip is firmly attached to the fiber as an extension of the fiber core. It is shown that the tip geometry can be adjusted by the variation of basic parameters such as the geometry of the deposited drop and the conditions of drop illumination. When this process is applied to a multimode fiber three-dimensional molds of the fiber's linearly polarized modes can be obtained. The process of polymer-tip formation was simulated by a numerical calculation that consisted of an iterative beam-propagation method in a medium whose refractive index is time varying. It is shown that this process is based on the gradual growth, just above the fiber core, of an optical waveguide in the liquid formulation. Experimental data concerning two potential uses of the tipped fibers are presented.
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