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Iyer PP, Prescott S, Addamane S, Jung H, Renteria E, Henshaw J, Mounce A, Luk TS, Mitrofanov O, Brener I. Control of Quantized Spontaneous Emission from Single GaAs Quantum Dots Embedded in Huygens' Metasurfaces. Nano Lett 2024. [PMID: 38620181 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c04846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Advancements in photonic quantum information systems (QIS) have driven the development of high-brightness, on-demand, and indistinguishable semiconductor epitaxial quantum dots (QDs) as single photon sources. Strain-free, monodisperse, and spatially sparse local-droplet-etched (LDE) QDs have recently been demonstrated as a superior alternative to traditional Stranski-Krastanov QDs. However, integration of LDE QDs into nanophotonic architectures with the ability to scale to many interacting QDs is yet to be demonstrated. We present a potential solution by embedding isolated LDE GaAs QDs within an Al0.4Ga0.6As Huygens' metasurface with spectrally overlapping fundamental electric and magnetic dipolar resonances. We demonstrate for the first time a position- and size-independent, 1 order of magnitude increase in the collection efficiency and emission lifetime control for single-photon emission from LDE QDs embedded within the Huygens' metasurfaces. Our results represent a significant step toward leveraging the advantages of LDE QDs within nanophotonic architectures to meet the scalability demands of photonic QIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasad P Iyer
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Lab, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Samuel Prescott
- University College London, Electronic and Electrical Engineering, London WC1E 7JE, U.K
| | - Sadhvikas Addamane
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Lab, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Hyunseung Jung
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Lab, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Emma Renteria
- Center for High Technology Materials, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Jacob Henshaw
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Lab, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Andrew Mounce
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Lab, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Ting S Luk
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Lab, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Oleg Mitrofanov
- University College London, Electronic and Electrical Engineering, London WC1E 7JE, U.K
| | - Igal Brener
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Lab, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
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2
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Ye Y, Lin X, Fang W. Room-Temperature Single-Photon Sources Based on Colloidal Quantum Dots: A Review. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:7684. [PMID: 38138825 PMCID: PMC10744688 DOI: 10.3390/ma16247684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Single-photon sources (SPSs) play a crucial role in quantum photonics, and colloidal quantum dots (CQDs) have emerged as promising and cost-effective candidates for such applications due to their high-purity single-photon emission at room temperature. This review focuses on various aspects of CQDs as SPSs. Firstly, a brief overview of the fundamental optical properties of CQDs is provided, including emission wavelength engineering and fluorescence intermittency, and their single-photon emission properties. Subsequently, this review delves into research concerning CQDs as SPSs, covering topics such as the coupling of single CQDs to microcavities, both in weak and strong coupling regimes. Additionally, methods for localizing and positioning CQDs are explored, which are critical for on-chip SPSs devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzheng Ye
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China;
| | - Xing Lin
- College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China;
| | - Wei Fang
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China;
- Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Photonic Sensing & Intelligent Imaging, Jiaxing 314000, China
- Intelligent Optics & Photonics Research Center, Jiaxing Research Institute Zhejiang University, Jiaxing 314000, China
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3
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Dey AB, Sanyal MK, Schropp A, Achilles S, Keller TF, Farrer I, Ritchie DA, Bertram F, Schroer CG, Seeck OH. Culling a Self-Assembled Quantum Dot as a Single-Photon Source Using X-ray Microscopy. ACS Nano 2023; 17:16080-16088. [PMID: 37523736 PMCID: PMC10763734 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c04835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Epitaxially grown self-assembled semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) with atom-like optical properties have emerged as the best choice for single-photon sources required for the development of quantum technology and quantum networks. Nondestructive selection of a single QD having desired structural, compositional, and optical characteristics is essential to obtain noise-free, fully indistinguishable single or entangled photons from single-photon emitters. Here, we show that the structural orientations and local compositional inhomogeneities within a single QD and the surrounding wet layer can be probed in a screening fashion by scanning X-ray diffraction microscopy and X-ray fluorescence with a few tens of nanometers-sized synchrotron radiation beam. The presented measurement protocol can be used to cull the best single QD from the enormous number of self-assembled dots grown simultaneously. The obtained results show that the elemental composition and resultant strain profiles of a QD are sensitive to in-plane crystallographic directions. We also observe that lattice expansion after a certain composition-limit introduces shear strain within a QD, enabling the possibility of controlled chiral-QD formation. Nanoscale chirality and compositional anisotropy, contradictory to common assumptions, need to be incorporated into existing theoretical models to predict the optical properties of single-photon sources and to further tune the epitaxial growth process of self-assembled quantum structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arka Bikash Dey
- Deutsches
Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Milan K. Sanyal
- Surface
Physics and Material Science Division, Saha
Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, West Bengal 700064, India
| | - Andreas Schropp
- Center
for X-ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches
Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Silvio Achilles
- Center
for X-ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches
Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Thomas F. Keller
- Center
for X-ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches
Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
- Physics
Department, University of Hamburg, Hamburg 20355, Germany
| | - Ian Farrer
- Department
of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Ritchie
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Florian Bertram
- Deutsches
Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian G. Schroer
- Center
for X-ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches
Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Oliver H. Seeck
- Deutsches
Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
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4
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Issa A, Ritacco T, Ge D, Broussier A, Lio GE, Giocondo M, Blaize S, Nguyen TH, Dinh XQ, Couteau C, Bachelot R, Jradi S. Quantum Dot Transfer from the Organic Phase to Acrylic Monomers for the Controlled Integration of Single-Photon Sources by Photopolymerization. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023. [PMID: 37191386 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c22533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports on a new strategy for obtaining homogeneous dispersion of grafted quantum dots (QDs) in a photopolymer matrix and their use for the integration of single-photon sources by two-photon polymerization (TPP) with nanoscale precision. The method is based on phase transfer of QDs from organic solvents to an acrylic matrix. The detailed protocol is described, and the corresponding mechanism is investigated and revealed. The phase transfer is done by ligand exchange through the introduction of mono-2-(methacryloyloxy) ethyl succinate (MES) that replaces oleic acid (OA). Infrared (IR) measurements show the replacement of OA on the QD surface by MES after ligand exchange. This allows QDs to move from the hexane phase to the pentaerythritol triacrylate (PETA) phase. The QDs that are homogeneously dispersed in the photopolymer without any clusterization do not show any significant broadening in their photoluminescence spectra even after more than 3 years. The ability of the hybrid photopolymer to create micro- and nanostructures by two-photon polymerization is demonstrated. The homogeneity of emission from 2D and 3D microstructures is confirmed by confocal photoluminescence microscopy. The fabrication and integration of a single-photon source in a spatially controlled manner by TPP is achieved and confirmed by auto-correlation measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Issa
- Light, Nanomaterials & Nanotechnologies Laboratory (L2n), Université de Technologie de Troyes & CNRS EMR7004, 12 rue Marie Curie, 10004 Troyes Cedex, France
| | - Tiziana Ritacco
- CNR Nanotec-Institute of Nanotechnology, S.S. Cosenza, Cubo 31C, Rende, CS 87036, Italy
- Department of Physics, University of Calabria, Cubo 33B, Rende, CS 87036, Italy
| | - Dandan Ge
- Light, Nanomaterials & Nanotechnologies Laboratory (L2n), Université de Technologie de Troyes & CNRS EMR7004, 12 rue Marie Curie, 10004 Troyes Cedex, France
| | - Aurelie Broussier
- Light, Nanomaterials & Nanotechnologies Laboratory (L2n), Université de Technologie de Troyes & CNRS EMR7004, 12 rue Marie Curie, 10004 Troyes Cedex, France
| | - Giuseppe Emanuele Lio
- CNR Nanotec-Institute of Nanotechnology, S.S. Cosenza, Cubo 31C, Rende, CS 87036, Italy
| | - Michele Giocondo
- CNR Nanotec-Institute of Nanotechnology, S.S. Cosenza, Cubo 31C, Rende, CS 87036, Italy
| | - Sylvain Blaize
- Light, Nanomaterials & Nanotechnologies Laboratory (L2n), Université de Technologie de Troyes & CNRS EMR7004, 12 rue Marie Curie, 10004 Troyes Cedex, France
| | - Tien Hoa Nguyen
- Shanghai University (SHU), Sino-European School of Shanghai University, Shanghai 2000072, China
| | - Xuan Quyen Dinh
- Shanghai University (SHU), Sino-European School of Shanghai University, Shanghai 2000072, China
| | - Christophe Couteau
- Light, Nanomaterials & Nanotechnologies Laboratory (L2n), Université de Technologie de Troyes & CNRS EMR7004, 12 rue Marie Curie, 10004 Troyes Cedex, France
| | - Renaud Bachelot
- Light, Nanomaterials & Nanotechnologies Laboratory (L2n), Université de Technologie de Troyes & CNRS EMR7004, 12 rue Marie Curie, 10004 Troyes Cedex, France
- Key Lab of Advanced Display and System Application, Ministry of Education, School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, PR China
| | - Safi Jradi
- Light, Nanomaterials & Nanotechnologies Laboratory (L2n), Université de Technologie de Troyes & CNRS EMR7004, 12 rue Marie Curie, 10004 Troyes Cedex, France
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5
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Nguyen HA, Sharp D, Fröch JE, Cai YY, Wu S, Monahan M, Munley C, Manna A, Majumdar A, Kagan CR, Cossairt BM. Deterministic Quantum Light Arrays from Giant Silica-Shelled Quantum Dots. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:4294-4302. [PMID: 36507852 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c18475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal quantum dots (QDs) are promising candidates for single-photon sources with applications in photonic quantum information technologies. Developing practical photonic quantum devices with colloidal materials, however, requires scalable deterministic placement of stable single QD emitters. In this work, we describe a method to exploit QD size to facilitate deterministic positioning of single QDs into large arrays while maintaining their photostability and single-photon emission properties. CdSe/CdS core/shell QDs were encapsulated in silica to both increase their physical size without perturbing their quantum-confined emission and enhance their photostability. These giant QDs were then precisely positioned into ordered arrays using template-assisted self-assembly with a 75% yield for single QDs. We show that the QDs before and after assembly exhibit antibunching behavior at room temperature and their optical properties are retained after an extended period of time. Together, this bottom-up synthetic approach via silica shelling and the robust template-assisted self-assembly offer a unique strategy to produce scalable quantum photonics platforms using colloidal QDs as single-photon emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao A Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98189, United States
| | - David Sharp
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98185, United States
| | - Johannes E Fröch
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98185, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Yi-Yu Cai
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Shenwei Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98189, United States
| | - Madison Monahan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98189, United States
| | - Christopher Munley
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98185, United States
| | - Arnab Manna
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98185, United States
| | - Arka Majumdar
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98185, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Cherie R Kagan
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Brandi M Cossairt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98189, United States
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6
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Inam FA, Castelletto S. Metal-Dielectric Nanopillar Antenna-Resonators for Efficient Collected Photon Rate from Silicon Carbide Color Centers. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 13:195. [PMID: 36616105 PMCID: PMC9824870 DOI: 10.3390/nano13010195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A yet unresolved challenge in developing quantum technologies based on color centres in high refractive index semiconductors is the efficient fluorescence enhancement of point defects in bulk materials. Optical resonators and antennas have been designed to provide directional emission, spontaneous emission rate enhancement and collection efficiency enhancement at the same time. While collection efficiency enhancement can be achieved by individual nanopillars or nanowires, fluorescent emission enhancement is achieved using nanoresonators or nanoantennas. In this work, we optimise the design of a metal-dielectric nanopillar-based antenna/resonator fabricated in a silicon carbide (SiC) substrate with integrated quantum emitters. Here we consider various color centres known in SiC such as silicon mono-vacancy and the carbon antisite vacancy pair, that show single photon emission and quantum sensing functionalities with optical electron spin read-out, respectively. We model the dipole emission fluorescence rate of these color centres into the metal-dielectric nanopillar hybrid antenna resonator using multi-polar electromagnetic scattering resonances and near-field plasmonic field enhancement and confinement. We calculate the fluorescence collected photon rate enhancement for these solid state vacancy-centers in SiC in these metal-dielectric nanopillar resonators, showing a trade-off effect between the collection efficiency and radiative Purcell factor enhancement. We obtained a collected photon rate enhancement from a silicon monovacancy vacancy center embedded in an optimised hybrid antenna-resonator two orders of magnitude larger compared to the case of the color centres in bulk material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faraz Ahmed Inam
- Department of Physics, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 20002, India
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7
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Gritsienko AV, Duleba A, Pugachev MV, Kurochkin NS, Vlasov II, Vitukhnovsky AG, Kuntsevich AY. Photodynamics of Bright Subnanosecond Emission from Pure Single-Photon Sources in Hexagonal Boron Nitride. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2022; 12:4495. [PMID: 36558349 PMCID: PMC9782090 DOI: 10.3390/nano12244495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Bright and stable emitters of single indistinguishable photons are crucial for quantum technologies. The origin of the promising bright emitters recently observed in hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) still remains unclear. This study reports pure single-photon sources in multi-layered hBN at room temperature that demonstrate high emission rates. The quantum emitters are introduced with argon beam treatment and air annealing of mechanically exfoliated hBN flakes with thicknesses of 5-100 nm. Spectral and time-resolved measurements reveal the emitters have more than 1 GHz of excited-to-ground state transition rate. The observed photoswitching between dark and bright states indicates the strong sensitivity of the emitter to the electrostatic environment and the importance of the indirect excitation for the photodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V. Gritsienko
- P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 53 Leninskiy Pr., 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, National Research University, 9 Institutskií Per., 141700 Dolgoprudnyí, Russia
| | - Aliaksandr Duleba
- P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 53 Leninskiy Pr., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail V. Pugachev
- P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 53 Leninskiy Pr., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikita S. Kurochkin
- P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 53 Leninskiy Pr., 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, National Research University, 9 Institutskií Per., 141700 Dolgoprudnyí, Russia
| | - Igor I. Vlasov
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, National Research University, 9 Institutskií Per., 141700 Dolgoprudnyí, Russia
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 38, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexei G. Vitukhnovsky
- P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 53 Leninskiy Pr., 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, National Research University, 9 Institutskií Per., 141700 Dolgoprudnyí, Russia
| | - Alexandr Yu. Kuntsevich
- P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 53 Leninskiy Pr., 119991 Moscow, Russia
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8
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Zhu F, Sanz-Paz M, Fernández-Domínguez AI, Zhuo X, Liz-Marzán LM, Stefani FD, Pilo-Pais M, Acuna GP. DNA-Templated Ultracompact Optical Antennas for Unidirectional Single-Molecule Emission. Nano Lett 2022; 22:6402-6408. [PMID: 35875900 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c02424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Optical antennas are nanostructures designed to manipulate light-matter interactions by interfacing propagating light with localized optical fields. In recent years, numerous devices have been realized to efficiently tailor the absorption and/or emission rates of fluorophores. By contrast, modifying the spatial characteristics of their radiation fields remains challenging. Successful phased array nanoantenna designs have required the organization of several elements over a footprint comparable to the operating wavelength. Here, we report unidirectional emission of a single fluorophore using an ultracompact optical antenna. The design consists of two side-by-side gold nanorods self-assembled via DNA origami, which also controls the positioning of the single-fluorophore. Our results show that when a single fluorescent molecule is positioned at the tip of one nanorod and emits at a frequency capable of driving the antenna in the antiphase mode, unidirectional emission with a forward to backward ratio of up to 9.9 dB can be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangjia Zhu
- Department of Physics, University of Fribourg, Fribourg CH-1700, Switzerland
| | - María Sanz-Paz
- Department of Physics, University of Fribourg, Fribourg CH-1700, Switzerland
| | - Antonio I Fernández-Domínguez
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Xiaolu Zhuo
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Donostia-San Sebastian 20014, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Donostia-San Sebastian 20014, Spain
| | - Luis M Liz-Marzán
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Donostia-San Sebastian 20014, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Donostia-San Sebastian 20014, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Fernando D Stefani
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bionanociencias (CIBION), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), C1425FQD Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1428EHA Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mauricio Pilo-Pais
- Department of Physics, University of Fribourg, Fribourg CH-1700, Switzerland
| | - Guillermo P Acuna
- Department of Physics, University of Fribourg, Fribourg CH-1700, Switzerland
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9
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Humbert M, Hallez Y, Larrey V, Fournel F, Palleau E, Paillard V, Cuche A, Ressier L. Versatile, rapid and robust nano-positioning of single-photon emitters by AFM-nanoxerography. Nanotechnology 2022; 33:215301. [PMID: 35105827 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac50f1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) nanoxerography was successfully used to direct the assembly of colloidal nanodiamonds (NDs) containing nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centres on electrostatically patterned surfaces. This study reveals that the number of deposited NDs can be controlled by tuning the surface potentials of positively charged dots on a negatively charged background written by AFM in a thin PMMA electret film, yielding assemblies down to a unique single-photon emitter with very good selectivity. The mechanisms of the ND directed assembly are attested by numerical simulations. This robust deterministic nano-positioning of quantum emitters thus offers great opportunities for ultimate applications in nanophotonics for quantum technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Humbert
- Université de Toulouse, INSA-UPS-CNRS, LPCNO, 135 avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- CEMES-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 29 rue Jeanne Marvig, 31055 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Y Hallez
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - V Larrey
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, 17 Avenue des Martyrs, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - F Fournel
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, 17 Avenue des Martyrs, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - E Palleau
- Université de Toulouse, INSA-UPS-CNRS, LPCNO, 135 avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - V Paillard
- CEMES-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 29 rue Jeanne Marvig, 31055 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - A Cuche
- CEMES-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 29 rue Jeanne Marvig, 31055 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - L Ressier
- Université de Toulouse, INSA-UPS-CNRS, LPCNO, 135 avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
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10
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Sabines-Chesterking J, Burenkov IA, Polyakov SV. In Situ Flow Cytometer Calibration and Single-Molecule Resolution via Quantum Measurement. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:1136. [PMID: 35161882 DOI: 10.3390/s22031136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent biomarkers are used to detect target molecules within inhomogeneous populations of cells. When these biomarkers are found in trace amounts it becomes extremely challenging to detect their presence in a flow cytometer. Here, we present a framework to draw a detection baseline for single emitters and enable absolute calibration of a flow cytometer based on quantum measurements. We used single-photon detection and found the second-order autocorrelation function of fluorescent light. We computed the success of rare-event detection for different signal-to-noise ratios (SNR). We showed high-accuracy identification of the events with occurrence rates below 10−5 even at modest SNR levels, enabling early disease diagnostics and post-disease monitoring.
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11
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Liu K, Zhang S, Ralchenko V, Qiao P, Zhao J, Shu G, Yang L, Han J, Dai B, Zhu J. Tailoring of Typical Color Centers in Diamond for Photonics. Adv Mater 2021; 33:e2000891. [PMID: 32815269 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202000891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
On the demand of single-photon entangled light sources and high-sensitivity probes in the fields of quantum information processing, weak magnetic field detection and biosensing, the nitrogen vacancy (NV) color center is very attractive and has been deeply and intensively studied, due to its convenience of spin initialization, operation, and optical readout combined with long coherence time in the ambient environment. Although the application prospect is promising, there are still some problems to be solved before fully exerting its characteristic performance, including enhancement of emission of NV centers in certain charge state (NV- or NV0 ), obtaining indistinguishable photons, and improving of collecting efficiency for the photons. Herein, the research progress in these issues is reviewed and commented on to help researchers grasp the current trends. In addition, the development of emerging color centers, such as germanium vacancy defects, and rare-earth dopants, with great potential for various applications, are also briefly surveyed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, P. R. China
| | - Sen Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, P. R. China
| | - Victor Ralchenko
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, P. R. China
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Pengfei Qiao
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, P. R. China
| | - Jiwen Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, P. R. China
| | - Guoyang Shu
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, P. R. China
| | - Lei Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, P. R. China
| | - Jiecai Han
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, P. R. China
| | - Bing Dai
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, P. R. China
| | - Jiaqi Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Micro-Systems and Micro-Structures Manufacturing, Ministry of Education, Harbin, 150080, P. R. China
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12
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Colautti M, Piccioli FS, Ristanović Z, Lombardi P, Moradi A, Adhikari S, Deperasinska I, Kozankiewicz B, Orrit M, Toninelli C. Laser-Induced Frequency Tuning of Fourier-Limited Single-Molecule Emitters. ACS Nano 2020; 14:13584-13592. [PMID: 32936612 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c05620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The local interaction of charges and light in organic solids is the basis of distinct and fundamental effects. We here observe, at the single-molecule scale, how a focused laser beam can locally shift by hundreds of times their natural line width and, in a persistent way, the transition frequency of organic chromophores cooled at liquid helium temperature in different host matrices. Supported by quantum chemistry calculations, the results can be interpreted as effects of a photoionization cascade, leading to a stable electric field, which Stark-shifts the molecular electronic levels. The experimental observation is then applied to a common challenge in quantum photonics, i.e., the independent tuning and synchronization of close-by quantum emitters, which is desirable for multiphoton experiments. Five molecules that are spatially separated by about 50 μm and originally 20 GHz apart are brought into resonance within twice their line width. This tuning method, which does not require additional fabrication steps, is here independently applied to multiple emitters, with an emission line width that is only limited by the spontaneous decay and an inhomogeneous broadening limited to 1 nm. The system hence shows promise for photonic quantum technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Colautti
- National Institute of Optics (CNR-INO), Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto F.no, Italy
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), Via Nello Carrara 1, Sesto F.no 50019, Italy
| | - Francesco S Piccioli
- National Institute of Optics (CNR-INO), Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto F.no, Italy
| | - Zoran Ristanović
- Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, LION, Postbus 9504, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Pietro Lombardi
- National Institute of Optics (CNR-INO), Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto F.no, Italy
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), Via Nello Carrara 1, Sesto F.no 50019, Italy
| | - Amin Moradi
- Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, LION, Postbus 9504, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Subhasis Adhikari
- Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, LION, Postbus 9504, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Irena Deperasinska
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Lotnikow 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Boleslaw Kozankiewicz
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Lotnikow 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michel Orrit
- Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, LION, Postbus 9504, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Costanza Toninelli
- National Institute of Optics (CNR-INO), Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto F.no, Italy
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), Via Nello Carrara 1, Sesto F.no 50019, Italy
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13
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Doeleman HM, Dieleman CD, Mennes C, Ehrler B, Koenderink AF. Observation of Cooperative Purcell Enhancements in Antenna-Cavity Hybrids. ACS Nano 2020; 14:12027-12036. [PMID: 32870669 PMCID: PMC7513474 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c05233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Localizing light to nanoscale volumes through nanoscale resonators that are low loss and precisely tailored in spectrum to properties of matter is crucial for classical and quantum light sources, cavity QED, molecular spectroscopy, and many other applications. To date, two opposite strategies have been identified: to use either plasmonics with deep subwavelength confinement yet high loss and very poor spectral control or instead microcavities with exquisite quality factors yet poor confinement. In this work we realize hybrid plasmonic-photonic resonators that enhance the emission of single quantum dots, profiting from both plasmonic confinement and microcavity quality factors. Our experiments directly demonstrate how cavity and antenna jointly realize large cooperative Purcell enhancements through interferences. These can be controlled to engineer arbitrary Fano lineshapes in the local density of optical states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo M. Doeleman
- Center
for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Van
der Waals-Zeeman Instituut, Institute of Physics, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Postbus 94485, 1090
GL Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Christiaan Mennes
- Center
for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bruno Ehrler
- Center
for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - A. Femius Koenderink
- Center
for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Van
der Waals-Zeeman Instituut, Institute of Physics, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Postbus 94485, 1090
GL Amsterdam, Netherlands
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14
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Khramtsov IA, Fedyanin DY. Superinjection of Holes in Homojunction Diodes Based on Wide-Bandgap Semiconductors. Materials (Basel) 2019; 12:ma12121972. [PMID: 31248087 PMCID: PMC6631951 DOI: 10.3390/ma12121972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Electrically driven light sources are essential in a wide range of applications, from indication and display technologies to high-speed data communication and quantum information processing. Wide-bandgap semiconductors promise to advance solid-state lighting by delivering novel light sources. However, electrical pumping of these devices is still a challenging problem. Many wide-bandgap semiconductor materials, such as SiC, GaN, AlN, ZnS, and Ga2O3, can be easily n-type doped, but their efficient p-type doping is extremely difficult. The lack of holes due to the high activation energy of acceptors greatly limits the performance and practical applicability of wide-bandgap semiconductor devices. Here, we study a novel effect which allows homojunction semiconductor devices, such as p-i-n diodes, to operate well above the limit imposed by doping of the p-type material. Using a rigorous numerical approach, we show that the density of injected holes can exceed the density of holes in the p-type injection layer by up to four orders of magnitude depending on the semiconductor material, dopant, and temperature, which gives the possibility to significantly overcome the doping problem. We present a clear physical explanation of this unexpected feature of wide-bandgap semiconductor p-i-n diodes and closely examine it in 4H-SiC, 3C-SiC, AlN, and ZnS structures. The predicted effect can be exploited to develop bright-light-emitting devices, especially electrically driven nonclassical light sources based on color centers in SiC, AlN, ZnO, and other wide-bandgap semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor A Khramtsov
- Laboratory of Nanooptics and Plasmonics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny 141700, Russia.
| | - Dmitry Yu Fedyanin
- Laboratory of Nanooptics and Plasmonics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny 141700, Russia.
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15
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Pazzagli S, Lombardi P, Martella D, Colautti M, Tiribilli B, Cataliotti FS, Toninelli C. Self-Assembled Nanocrystals of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Show Photostable Single-Photon Emission. ACS Nano 2018; 12:4295-4303. [PMID: 29630340 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b08810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Quantum technologies could largely benefit from the control of quantum emitters in sub-micrometric size crystals. These are naturally prone to integration in hybrid devices, including heterostructures and complex photonic devices. Currently available quantum emitters in nanocrystals suffer from spectral instability, preventing their use as single-photon sources for most quantum optics operations. In this work we report on the performances of single-photon emission from organic nanocrystals (average size of hundreds of nm), made of anthracene (Ac) and doped with dibenzoterrylene (DBT) molecules. The source has hours-long photostability with respect to frequency and intensity, both at room and at cryogenic temperature. When cooled to 3 K, the 00-zero phonon line shows linewidth values (50 MHz) close to the lifetime limit. Such optical properties in a nanocrystalline environment recommend the proposed organic nanocrystals as single-photon sources for integrated photonic quantum technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Pazzagli
- Dipartimento di Fisica ed Astronomia , Università di Firenze , Via Sansone 1 , I-50019 Sesto F.no, Firenze , Italy
- CNR-INO , Istituto Nazionale di Ottica , Via Carrara 1 , 50019 Sesto F.no, Firenze , Italy
| | - Pietro Lombardi
- CNR-INO , Istituto Nazionale di Ottica , Via Carrara 1 , 50019 Sesto F.no, Firenze , Italy
- LENS and Università di Firenze , Via Carrara 1 , 50019 Sesto F.no, Firenze , Italy
| | - Daniele Martella
- LENS and Università di Firenze , Via Carrara 1 , 50019 Sesto F.no, Firenze , Italy
| | - Maja Colautti
- LENS and Università di Firenze , Via Carrara 1 , 50019 Sesto F.no, Firenze , Italy
| | - Bruno Tiribilli
- CNR-ISC Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi , Via Madonna del Piano 10 , I-50019 Sesto F.no, Firenze , Italy
| | - Francesco Saverio Cataliotti
- Dipartimento di Fisica ed Astronomia , Università di Firenze , Via Sansone 1 , I-50019 Sesto F.no, Firenze , Italy
- CNR-INO , Istituto Nazionale di Ottica , Via Carrara 1 , 50019 Sesto F.no, Firenze , Italy
- LENS and Università di Firenze , Via Carrara 1 , 50019 Sesto F.no, Firenze , Italy
- QSTAR , Largo Fermi 2 , I-50125 Firenze , Italy
| | - Costanza Toninelli
- CNR-INO , Istituto Nazionale di Ottica , Via Carrara 1 , 50019 Sesto F.no, Firenze , Italy
- LENS and Università di Firenze , Via Carrara 1 , 50019 Sesto F.no, Firenze , Italy
- QSTAR , Largo Fermi 2 , I-50125 Firenze , Italy
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16
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Abstract
Single-photon nanoantennas are broadband strongly scattering nanostructures placed in the near field of a single quantum emitter, with the goal to enhance the coupling between the emitter and far-field radiation channels. Recently, great strides have been made in the use of nanoantennas to realize fluorescence brightness enhancements, and Purcell enhancements, of several orders of magnitude. This perspective reviews the key figures of merit by which single-photon nanoantenna performance is quantified and the recent advances in measuring these metrics unambiguously. Next, this perspective discusses what the state of the art is in terms of fluoresent brightness enhancements, Purcell factors, and directivity control on the level of single photons. Finally, I discuss future challenges for single-photon nanoantennas.
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17
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Berhane AM, Jeong KY, Bodrog Z, Fiedler S, Schröder T, Triviño NV, Palacios T, Gali A, Toth M, Englund D, Aharonovich I. Bright Room-Temperature Single-Photon Emission from Defects in Gallium Nitride. Adv Mater 2017; 29:1605092. [PMID: 28181313 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201605092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Room-temperature quantum emitters in gallium nitride (GaN) are reported. The emitters originate from cubic inclusions in hexagonal lattice and exhibit narrowband luminescence in the red spectral range. The sources are found in different GaN substrates, and therefore are promising for scalable quantum technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanuel M Berhane
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
| | - Kwang-Yong Jeong
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Zoltán Bodrog
- Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Wigner RCP of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, POB 49, H-1525, Hungary
| | - Saskia Fiedler
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
| | - Tim Schröder
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Noelia Vico Triviño
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Tomás Palacios
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Adam Gali
- Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Wigner RCP of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, POB 49, H-1525, Hungary
| | - Milos Toth
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
| | - Dirk Englund
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Igor Aharonovich
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
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