1
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Barysaitė S, Chmeliov J, Valkunas L, Gelzinis A. Concentration Quenching of Fluorescence Decay Kinetics of Molecular Systems. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:4887-4897. [PMID: 38743921 PMCID: PMC11129314 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c08254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Fluorescence concentration quenching occurs when increasing molecular concentration of fluorophores results in a decreasing fluorescence quantum yield. Even though this phenomenon has been studied for decades, its mechanisms and signatures are not yet fully understood. The complexity of the problem arises due to energy migration and trapping in huge networks of molecules. Most of the available theoretical work focuses on integral quantities like fluorescence quantum yield and mean excitation lifetime. In this work, we present a numerical study of the fluorescence decay kinetics of three-dimensional and two-dimensional molecular systems. We investigate the differences arising from the variations in models of trap formations. We also analyze the influence of the molecular orientations to the fluorescence decay kinetics. We compare our results to the well-known analytical models and discuss their ranges of validity. Our findings suggest that the analytical models can provide inspiration for different ways of approximating the fluorescence kinetics, yet more detailed analysis of the experimental data should be done by comparison with numerical simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Barysaitė
- Institute
of Chemical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 9-III, 10222 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Department
of Molecular Compound Physics, Center for
Physical Sciences and Technology, Saulėtekio 3, 10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Jevgenij Chmeliov
- Institute
of Chemical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 9-III, 10222 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Department
of Molecular Compound Physics, Center for
Physical Sciences and Technology, Saulėtekio 3, 10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Leonas Valkunas
- Institute
of Chemical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 9-III, 10222 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Department
of Molecular Compound Physics, Center for
Physical Sciences and Technology, Saulėtekio 3, 10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Andrius Gelzinis
- Institute
of Chemical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 9-III, 10222 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Department
of Molecular Compound Physics, Center for
Physical Sciences and Technology, Saulėtekio 3, 10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
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2
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Gergely LP, Yüceel Ç, İşci Ü, Spadin FS, Schneider L, Spingler B, Frenz M, Dumoulin F, Vermathen M. Comparing PVP and Polymeric Micellar Formulations of a PEGylated Photosensitizing Phthalocyanine by NMR and Optical Techniques. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:4165-4183. [PMID: 37493236 PMCID: PMC10410667 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Phthalocyanines are ideal candidates as photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer due to their favorable chemical and photophysical properties. However, their tendency to form aggregates in water reduces PDT efficacy and poses challenges in obtaining efficient forms of phthalocyanines for therapeutic applications. In the current work, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and micellar formulations were compared for encapsulating and monomerizing a water-soluble zinc phthalocyanine bearing four non-peripheral triethylene glycol chains (Pc1). 1H NMR spectroscopy combined with UV-vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy revealed that Pc1 exists as a mixture of regioisomers in monomeric form in dimethyl sulfoxide but forms dimers in an aqueous buffer. PVP, polyethylene glycol castor oil (Kolliphor RH40), and three different triblock copolymers with varying proportions of polyethylene and polypropylene glycol units (termed P188, P84, and F127) were tested as micellar carriers for Pc1. 1H NMR chemical shift analysis, diffusion-ordered spectroscopy, and 2D nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy was applied to monitor the encapsulation and localization of Pc1 at the polymer interface. Kolliphor RH40 and F127 micelles exhibited the highest affinity for encapsulating Pc1 in the micellar core and resulted in intense Pc1 fluorescence emission as well as efficient singlet oxygen formation along with PVP. Among the triblock copolymers, efficiency in binding and dimer dissolution decreased in the order F127 > P84 > P188. PVP was a strong binder for Pc1. However, Pc1 molecules are rather surface-attached and exist as monomer and dimer mixtures. The results demonstrate that NMR combined with optical spectroscopy offer powerful tools to assess parameters like drug binding, localization sites, and dynamic properties that play key roles in achieving high host-guest compatibility. With the corresponding adjustments, polymeric micelles can offer simple and easily accessible drug delivery systems optimizing phthalocyanines' properties as efficient photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea P. Gergely
- Department
of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - Çiğdem Yüceel
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Gebze Technical
University, Gebze 41400 Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Ümit İşci
- Department
of Chemistry, Gebze Technical University, Gebze 41400 Kocaeli, Turkey
- Marmara
University, Faculty of Technology, Department
of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering, Istanbul 34722, Turkey
| | | | - Lukas Schneider
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Spingler
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Martin Frenz
- Institute
of Applied Physics, University of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - Fabienne Dumoulin
- Faculty
of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Biomedical Engineering Department, Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University, Ataşehir, Istanbul 34752, Turkey
| | - Martina Vermathen
- Department
of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland
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3
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Barmin RA, Maksimova EA, Rudakovskaya PG, Gayer AV, Shirshin EA, Petrov KS, Terentyeva DA, Gusliakova OI, Sindeeva OA, Klimenko OA, Chuprov-Netochin RN, Solovev AA, Huang G, Ryabova AV, Loschenov VB, Gorin DA. Albumin microbubbles conjugated with zinc and aluminum phthalocyanine dyes for enhanced photodynamic activity. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 219:112856. [PMID: 36150237 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Gas-liquid interfaces are reaching a particular interest in biomedicine. Microbubbles, ultrasound contrast agents of clinical routine, gained increasing attention as theranostic platforms due to the preserved acoustic response, drug conjugation capabilities, and applicability in biological barrier opening. A combination of microbubbles and photodynamic therapy agents can enhance the photodynamic effect, yet the evaluation of agent conjugation on microbubble stabilization and photodynamic effect is needed. Hence, two commercially available phthalocyanine photosensitizers - Holosens® (ZnPc) and Photosens® (AlPc) - were coupled with bovine serum albumin before microbubble synthesis. We demonstrated an albumin: phthalocyanine ratio of 1:1 and covalent attachment for ZnPc, a ratio of 1:3 with electrostatic binding for AlPc. Submicron-sized microbubbles (air- and SF6- filled) had a diameter of 0.8 µm. Albumin-phthalocyanine conjugates increased the microbubble concentration and shelf-life stability compared to plain ones. We hypothesized that phthalocyanine fluorescence lifetime values decreased after conjugation with microbubbles due to narrow distance between conjugates in the shell. Agents based on AlPc demonstrated higher photodynamic activity than agents based on ZnPc, and microbubbles preserved acoustic stability in human blood plasma. The biodistribution of AlPc-conjugated microbubbles was evaluated. We conclude that our microbubble platforms demonstrate greater photodynamic activity and prolonged stability for further applications in photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman A Barmin
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 3 Nobelya Str., Moscow 121205, Russia.
| | | | | | - Alexey V Gayer
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1/2 Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Evgeny A Shirshin
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1/2 Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia; Institute of Spectroscopy of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 5 Fizicheskaya Str., Troitsk, Moscow 108840, Russia; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetskaya 8-2, Moscow 119048, Russia
| | - Kirill S Petrov
- Hadassah Medical Center, 46 Bolshoy Boulevard, Moscow 121205, Russia
| | - Daria A Terentyeva
- Department of Fine Organic Synthesis and Chemistry of Dyes, Dmitry Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Moscow 125047, Russia
| | - Olga I Gusliakova
- Remote Controlled Theranostic Systems Lab, Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya Str., Saratov 410012, Russia
| | - Olga A Sindeeva
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 3 Nobelya Str., Moscow 121205, Russia
| | - Oleg A Klimenko
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 3 Nobelya Str., Moscow 121205, Russia; P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Roman N Chuprov-Netochin
- School of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny 141700, Russia
| | | | - Gaoshan Huang
- Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Anastasia V Ryabova
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Victor B Loschenov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia; National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute MEPhI), Kashirskoye shosse 31, Moscow 115409, Russia
| | - Dmitry A Gorin
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 3 Nobelya Str., Moscow 121205, Russia.
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4
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Dubinina TV, Moiseeva EO, Astvatsaturov DA, Borisova NE, Tarakanov PA, Trashin SA, De Wael K, Tomilova LG. Novel 2-naphthyl substituted zinc naphthalocyanine: synthesis, optical, electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical properties. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj00987c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
New zinc naphthalocyanine with bulky 2-naphthyl groups was obtained. Aggregation drastically influences its optical and electrochemical behavior. Spectroelectrochemistry helps to establish the oxidation potential and reveals unusual color change.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. V. Dubinina
- Department of Chemistry
- Lomonosov Moscow State University
- 119991 Moscow
- Russian Federation
- Institiute of Physiologically Active Compounds
| | - E. O. Moiseeva
- Department of Chemistry
- Lomonosov Moscow State University
- 119991 Moscow
- Russian Federation
| | - D. A. Astvatsaturov
- Department of Chemistry
- Lomonosov Moscow State University
- 119991 Moscow
- Russian Federation
| | - N. E. Borisova
- Department of Chemistry
- Lomonosov Moscow State University
- 119991 Moscow
- Russian Federation
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds Russian Academy of Science
| | - P. A. Tarakanov
- Institiute of Physiologically Active Compounds
- Russian Academy of Science
- 142432 Chernogolovka
- Russian Federation
| | - S. A. Trashin
- AXES Research Group
- Groenenborgerlaan 171
- University of Antwerp
- 2020 Antwerp
- Belgium
| | - K. De Wael
- AXES Research Group
- Groenenborgerlaan 171
- University of Antwerp
- 2020 Antwerp
- Belgium
| | - L. G. Tomilova
- Department of Chemistry
- Lomonosov Moscow State University
- 119991 Moscow
- Russian Federation
- Institiute of Physiologically Active Compounds
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5
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Gvozdev DA, Ramonova АА, Slonimskiy YB, Maksimov ЕG, Moisenovich ММ, Paschenko VZ. Modification by transferrin increases the efficiency of delivery and the photodynamic effect of the quantum dot-phthalocyanine complex on A431 cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 678:108192. [PMID: 31733214 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2019.108192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Hybrid complexes of fluorescent nanoparticles and tetrapyrrole dyes are currently considered as promising third-generation photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy, including cancer treatment. Using nanoparticles as a platform for delivery of photosensitizers to target cells can increase the efficiency of photodynamic action. In this work, we synthesized a complex of polymer-coated CdSe/ZnS quantum dots, substituted phthalocyanines and human transferrin. Such complexes effectively enter human epidermoid carcinoma cells (A431) due to transferrin-mediated endocytosis and are localized in the perinuclear compartment. We observed an efficient excitation energy transfer from the quantum dot to phthalocyanine in the cells, which indicates stability of the complex upon its internalization. It was shown that the photodynamic activity of hybrid complexes covalently bonded to transferrin is 15% higher than the activity of unmodified hybrid complexes. Our results confirm the feasibility of using fluorescent nanoparticles to enhance the photodynamic properties of photosensitizers based on tetrapyrrole dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Gvozdev
- Department of Biophysics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992, Moscow, Russia.
| | - А А Ramonova
- Bioengineering Department, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992, Moscow, Russia
| | - Y B Slonimskiy
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Е G Maksimov
- Department of Biophysics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992, Moscow, Russia
| | - М М Moisenovich
- Bioengineering Department, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992, Moscow, Russia
| | - V Z Paschenko
- Department of Biophysics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992, Moscow, Russia
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6
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Phillips D, Dhami S, Ostler R, Petrasek Z. The Dimerisation of Phthalocyanines. PROGRESS IN REACTION KINETICS AND MECHANISM 2019. [DOI: 10.3184/007967403322807390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we have shown that the dimerisation of phthalocyanine compounds, notably here the sulphonated aluminium phthalocyanines, is dependent upon concentration, on the medium in which the dye is dissolved, and upon pH. Complex equilibria between various monomer and dimer species are observed as a function of pH, and the probable structures of the dimers elucidated by semi-empirical and ab initio calculations. The formation of a red-shifted dimer leads to the quenching of monomer singlet state in concentrated solution, in reverse micelles, and in lipid vesicles, and this behaviour can account for the fluorescence intensity distributions and decay characteristics of phthalocyanine dyes in living cells as a function of irradiation time.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Phillips
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 1AZ, UK
| | - Suman Dhami
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 1AZ, UK
| | - Richard Ostler
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 1AZ, UK
| | - Zdenek Petrasek
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 1AZ, UK
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7
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Dube E, Oluwole DO, Njemuwa N, Prinsloo E, Nyokong T. Photophysicochemical and photodynamic therapy properties of metallophthalocyanines linked to gold speckled silica nanoparticles. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2019; 25:325-333. [PMID: 30658105 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This work reports on the linkage of 2(3),9(10),16(17),23(24) tetrakis [(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl phenoxy) phthalocyaninato] zinc(II) (1) and indium(III) chloride (2) to gold speckled silica (GSS) nanoparticles via gold to sulphur (Au-S) and gold to nitrogen (Au-N) self-assembly to form the conjugates: 1-GSS and 2-GSS. The formed conjugates were characterized using microscopic and spectroscopic techniques, and the photophysicochemical properties and photodynamic therapy (PDT) activity against human breast adenocarcinoma cell line (MCF-7 cells) were studied. The conjugates afforded decrease in fluorescence quantum yields with corresponding increase in triplet and singlet oxygen quantum yields when compared to phthalocyanines alone. Singlet oxygen is cytotoxic to cancer cells hence it is important for PDT. The in vitro dark toxicity of complex 2 and 2-GSS against MCF-7 cells showed ≥93% viable cells within concentration ranges of 10-160 μg/mL. 2-GSS showed enhanced PDT activity with less than 50% viable cells at 80 μg/mL as compared to 2 and GSS alone which showed >60% viable cells within 10-160 μg/mL. The observed improvements in the PDT activity of 2-GSS could be attributed to the high singlet oxygen generation of 2-GSS compared to 2 alone in addition to the phototoxicity of GSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Dube
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, South Africa
| | - David O Oluwole
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, South Africa
| | - Nwaji Njemuwa
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, South Africa
| | - Earl Prinsloo
- Biotechnology Innovation Centre, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Tebello Nyokong
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, South Africa.
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8
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Nwaji N, Dingiswayo S, Mack J, Nyokong T. Photophysical and enhanced nonlinear optical response in asymmetric benzothiazole substituted phthalocyanine covalently linked to semiconductor quantum dots. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 204:629-639. [PMID: 29980065 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.06.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of asymmetric benzothiazole substituted phthalocyanines (complexes 3 to 5) and their covalent attachment to glutathione (GSH) functionalized quantum dots (QDs) are reported in this work. Additionally, their photophysical and nonlinear optical properties were investigated. A decrease in the fluorescence quantum yield with corresponding increase in the triplet quantum yield was observed when the complexes were covalently linked to glutathione (GSH) functionalized cadmium telluride (CdTe) quantum dots. Reverse saturable absorption was found to be predominantly dominated by excited state absorption. The observed limiting threshold values range from 0.29-0.75 J/cm2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Njemuwa Nwaji
- Centre for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Somila Dingiswayo
- Centre for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - John Mack
- Centre for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Tebello Nyokong
- Centre for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa.
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9
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Nwaji N, Mack J, Nyokong T. Photophysical and strong optical limiting properties of ball-type phthalocyanines dimers and their monomeric analogues. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2017.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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10
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Li X, Schumann C, Albarqi HA, Lee CJ, Alani AWG, Bracha S, Milovancev M, Taratula O, Taratula O. A Tumor-Activatable Theranostic Nanomedicine Platform for NIR Fluorescence-Guided Surgery and Combinatorial Phototherapy. Am J Cancer Res 2018; 8:767-784. [PMID: 29344305 PMCID: PMC5771092 DOI: 10.7150/thno.21209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence image-guided surgery combined with intraoperative therapeutic modalities has great potential for intraoperative detection of oncologic targets and eradication of unresectable cancer residues. Therefore, we have developed an activatable theranostic nanoplatform that can be used concurrently for two purposes: (1) tumor delineation with real-time near infrared (NIR) fluorescence signal during surgery, and (2) intraoperative targeted treatment to further eliminate unresected disease sites by non-toxic phototherapy. Methods: The developed nanoplatform is based on a single agent, silicon naphthalocyanine (SiNc), encapsulated in biodegradable PEG-PCL (poly (ethylene glycol)-b-poly(ɛ-caprolactone)) nanoparticles. It is engineered to be non-fluorescent initially via dense SiNc packing within the nanoparticle's hydrophobic core, with NIR fluorescence activation after accumulation at the tumor site. The activatable nanoplatform was evaluated in vitro and in two different murine cancer models, including an ovarian intraperitoneal metastasis-mimicking model. Furthermore, fluorescence image-guided surgery mediated by this nanoplatform was performed on the employed animal models using a Fluobeam® 800 imaging system. Finally, the phototherapeutic efficacy of the developed nanoplatform was demonstrated in vivo. Results: Our in vitro data suggest that the intracellular environment of cancer cells is capable of compromising the integrity of self-assembled nanoparticles and thus causes disruption of the tight dye packing inside the hydrophobic cores and activation of the NIR fluorescence. Animal studies demonstrated accumulation of activatable nanoparticles at the tumor site following systemic administration, as well as release and fluorescence recovery of SiNc from the polymeric carrier. It was also validated that the developed nanoparticles are compatible with the intraoperative imaging system Fluobeam® 800, and nanoparticle-mediated image-guided surgery provides successful resection of cancer tumors. Finally, in vivo studies revealed that combinatorial phototherapy mediated by the nanoparticles could efficiently eradicate chemoresistant ovarian cancer tumors. Conclusion: The revealed properties of the activatable nanoplatform make it highly promising for further application in clinical image-guided surgery and combined phototherapy, facilitating a potential translation to clinical studies.
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11
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Dube E, Nwaji N, Mack J, Nyokong T. The photophysicochemical behavior of symmetric and asymmetric zinc phthalocyanines, surface assembled onto gold nanotriangles. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj02746c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of a novel asymmetric ZnPc, (4-(4-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)phenoxy)-2,10,17-tris(4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenoxy)phthalocyaninatol)zinc(ii), complex3, is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Dube
- Centre for Nanotechnology Innovation
- Department of Chemistry
- Rhodes University
- Grahamstown 6140
- South Africa
| | - Njemuwa Nwaji
- Centre for Nanotechnology Innovation
- Department of Chemistry
- Rhodes University
- Grahamstown 6140
- South Africa
| | - John Mack
- Centre for Nanotechnology Innovation
- Department of Chemistry
- Rhodes University
- Grahamstown 6140
- South Africa
| | - Tebello Nyokong
- Centre for Nanotechnology Innovation
- Department of Chemistry
- Rhodes University
- Grahamstown 6140
- South Africa
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12
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Chen JJ, Huang YZ, Song MR, Zhang ZH, Xue JP. Silicon Phthalocyanines Axially Disubstituted with Erlotinib toward Small-Molecular-Target-Based Photodynamic Therapy. ChemMedChem 2017; 12:1504-1511. [PMID: 28776965 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Small-molecular-target-based photodynamic therapy-a promising targeted anticancer strategy-was developed by conjugating zinc(II) phthalocyanine with a small-molecular-target-based anticancer drug. To prevent self-aggregation and avoid problems of phthalocyanine isomerization, two silicon phthalocyanines di-substituted axially with erlotinib have been synthesized and fully characterized. These conjugates are present in monomeric form in various solvents as well as culture media. Cell-based experiments showed that these conjugates localize in lysosomes and mitochondria, while maintaining high photodynamic activities (IC50 values as low as 8 nm under a light dose of 1.5 J cm-2 ). With erlotinib as the targeting moiety, two conjugates were found to exhibit high specificity for EGFR-overexpressing cancer cells. Various poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) linker lengths were shown to have an effect on the photophysical/photochemical properties and on in vitro phototoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Juan Chen
- National & Local Joint Biomedical Engineering Research Center on Photodynamic Technologies, and Fujian Engineering Research Center of Functional Materials, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China
| | - Yi-Zhen Huang
- National & Local Joint Biomedical Engineering Research Center on Photodynamic Technologies, and Fujian Engineering Research Center of Functional Materials, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China
| | - Mei-Ru Song
- National & Local Joint Biomedical Engineering Research Center on Photodynamic Technologies, and Fujian Engineering Research Center of Functional Materials, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China
| | - Zhi-Hong Zhang
- Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Military Command, Fuzhou, 350005, China
| | - Jin-Ping Xue
- National & Local Joint Biomedical Engineering Research Center on Photodynamic Technologies, and Fujian Engineering Research Center of Functional Materials, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China
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13
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Nwaji N, Jones B, Mack J, Oluwole DO, Nyokong T. Nonlinear optical dynamics of benzothiazole derivatized phthalocyanines in solution, thin films and when conjugated to nanoparticles. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2017.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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14
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Nwaji N, Mack J, Britton J, Nyokong T. Synthesis, photophysical and nonlinear optical properties of a series of ball-type phthalocyanines in solution and thin films. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj03662g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Ball-type phthalocyanines containing heavy central metals show enhanced nonlinear optical behaviour in solution or when embedded in polymer thin films. Time dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations were used to explain the spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Njemuwa Nwaji
- Department of Chemistry
- Rhodes University
- Grahamstown 6140
- South Africa
| | - John Mack
- Department of Chemistry
- Rhodes University
- Grahamstown 6140
- South Africa
| | - Jonathan Britton
- Department of Chemistry
- Rhodes University
- Grahamstown 6140
- South Africa
| | - Tebello Nyokong
- Department of Chemistry
- Rhodes University
- Grahamstown 6140
- South Africa
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15
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Martynenko IV, Orlova AO, Maslov VG, Fedorov AV, Berwick K, Baranov AV. The influence of phthalocyanine aggregation in complexes with CdSe/ZnS quantum dots on the photophysical properties of the complexes. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 7:1018-27. [PMID: 27547619 PMCID: PMC4979882 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.7.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The formation of nonluminescent aggregates of aluminium sulfonated phthalocyanine in complexes with CdSe/ZnS quantum dots causes a decrease of the intracomplex energy transfer efficiency with increasing phthalocyanine concentration. This was confirmed by steady-state absorption and photoluminescent spectroscopy. A corresponding physical model was developed that describes well the experimental data. The results can be used at designing of QD/molecule systems with the desired spatial arrangement for photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina V Martynenko
- Department of optical physics and modern natural science, ITMO University, 197101 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna O Orlova
- Department of optical physics and modern natural science, ITMO University, 197101 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vladimir G Maslov
- Department of optical physics and modern natural science, ITMO University, 197101 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anatoly V Fedorov
- Department of optical physics and modern natural science, ITMO University, 197101 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Kevin Berwick
- Department of Electronic and Communications Engineering, Dublin Institute of Technology, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Alexander V Baranov
- Department of optical physics and modern natural science, ITMO University, 197101 Saint Petersburg, Russia
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16
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Phillips D. A lifetime in photochemistry; some ultrafast measurements on singlet states. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2016; 472:20160102. [PMID: 27436979 PMCID: PMC4950204 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2016.0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe here the development of time-correlated single-photon counting techniques from the early use of spark discharge lamps as light sources through to the use of femtosecond mode-locked lasers through the personal work of the author. We used laser-excited fluorescence in studies on energy migration and rotational relaxation in synthetic polymer solutions, in biological probe molecules and in supersonic jet expansions. Time-correlated single-photon counting was the first method used in early fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM), and we outline the development of this powerful technique, with a comparison of techniques including wide-field microscopy. We employed these modern forms of FLIM to study single biological cells, and applied FLIM also to gain an understanding the distribution in tissue, and fates of photosensitizer molecules used in photodynamic therapy. We also describe the uses and instrumental design of laser systems for the study of ultrafast time-resolved vibrational spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Phillips
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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17
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Staniford MC, Lezhnina MM, Gruener M, Stegemann L, Kuczius R, Bleicher V, Strassert CA, Kynast UH. Photophysical efficiency-boost of aqueous aluminium phthalocyanine by hybrid formation with nano-clays. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc05352h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Aluminium phthalocyanines, solubilized by nano-clay shuttles, retain high fluorescence efficiencies and singlet oxygen generation capabilities in aqueous ambience, qualifying them for photodynamic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C. Staniford
- Münster University of Applied Sciences
- Institute for Optical Technologies
- 48565 Steinfurt
- Germany
| | - Marina M. Lezhnina
- Münster University of Applied Sciences
- Institute for Optical Technologies
- 48565 Steinfurt
- Germany
| | - Malte Gruener
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- Institute of Physics – Center for Nanotechnology
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
| | - Linda Stegemann
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- Institute of Physics – Center for Nanotechnology
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
| | - Rauni Kuczius
- Mikrobiologisches Labor Dr. Michael Lohmeyer GmbH
- Technologiehof Münster
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
| | - Vera Bleicher
- Mikrobiologisches Labor Dr. Michael Lohmeyer GmbH
- Technologiehof Münster
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
| | - Cristian A. Strassert
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- Institute of Physics – Center for Nanotechnology
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
| | - Ulrich H. Kynast
- Münster University of Applied Sciences
- Institute for Optical Technologies
- 48565 Steinfurt
- Germany
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18
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Liang X, Mack J, Zheng LM, Shen Z, Kobayashi N. Phosphorus(V)-Corrole: Synthesis, Spectroscopic Properties, Theoretical Calculations, and Potential Utility for in Vivo Applications in Living Cells. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:2797-802. [DOI: 10.1021/ic402347w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Liang
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School
of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People’s Republic of China
| | - John Mack
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School
of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Li-Min Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhen Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People’s Republic of China
| | - Nagao Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School
of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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19
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Spectral properties and photophysical behaviour of water soluble cationic Mg(II) and Al(III) phthalocyanines. OPEN CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.2478/s11532-013-0388-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractPeripherally and non-peripherally tetrasubstituted-[(N-methyl-2-pyridylthio)]phthalocyaninato magnesium (II) (5 and 6) and chloro aluminium (III) (7 and 8) tetraiodide have been synthesized and characterized. The photophysical properties of the complexes in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and aqueous medium in the presence and absence of cremophore EL have been studied. These complexes show high solubility in aqueous medium though they were aggregated. The triplet state quantum yields (FT) and the triplet lifetimes (tT) were found to be higher in DMSO with ΦT ranging from 0.32 to 0.51, while tT ranged from 282 to 622 ms in DMSO, compared to aqueous medium (pH 7.4 buffer) where ΦT ranged from 0.15 to 0.19 and tT from 26 to 35 ms. Addition of cremophore EL in aqueous solution resulted in partial disaggregation and increased photoactivity. The fluorescence lifetimes of the complexes showed strong dependence on their immediate environment. The ionic magnesium(II) and aluminium(III) phthalocyanines strongly bind to bovine serum albumin (BSA).
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20
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Saydan N, Durmuş M, Dizge MG, Yaman H, Gürek AG, Antunes E, Nyokong T, Ahsen V. Water-soluble phthalocyanines mediated photodynamic effect on mesothelioma cells. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424609000863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The new peripherally 2-mercaptopyridine tetrasubstituted zinc phthalocyanine (2) and its quaternized derivative (3) have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR, 1 H NMR spectroscopy, electronic spectroscopy and mass spectra. The quaternized compound (3) shows excellent solubility in water, which makes it a potential photosensitizer for use in photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer. Fluorescence and singlet oxygen quantum yield measurements were conducted on 2-mercaptopyridine appended zinc phthalocyanines in dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) for both the non-ionic (2) and quaternized (3) derivatives, and in aqueous media for the water-soluble complex 3. General trends are described for fluorescence and singlet oxygen quantum yields of these compounds. In this study, the cells were incubated with a novel water-soluble zinc phthalocyanine derivative (3) and thereafter the cells were illuminated using broad-band incoherent light source of various energy levels. Cytotoxicity of PDT on two pleural malign mesothelioma cell lines was determined by colorimetric proliferation assay. In addition, after PDT treatment, determination of activity matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) were evaluated using gelatine zymography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nil Saydan
- Gebze Institute of Technology, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology, PO Box 141, Gebze, 41400, Turkey
| | - Mahmut Durmuş
- Gebze Institute of Technology, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, PO Box 141, Gebze, 41400, Turkey
| | - Meltem G. Dizge
- Gebze Institute of Technology, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, PO Box 141, Gebze, 41400, Turkey
| | - Hanifi Yaman
- Gebze Institute of Technology, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, PO Box 141, Gebze, 41400, Turkey
| | - Ayşe G. Gürek
- Gebze Institute of Technology, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, PO Box 141, Gebze, 41400, Turkey
| | - Edith Antunes
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - Tebello Nyokong
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - Vefa Ahsen
- Gebze Institute of Technology, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, PO Box 141, Gebze, 41400, Turkey
- TUBITAK-Marmara Research Center, Materials Institute, PO Box 21, Gebze, 41470, Turkey
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21
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López SG, Worringer G, Rodríguez HB, San Román E. Trapping of Rhodamine 6G excitation energy on cellulose microparticles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:2246-53. [DOI: 10.1039/b919583a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Synthesis, photophysical and photochemical studies of water soluble cationic zinc phthalocyanine derivatives. Polyhedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2008.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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23
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Zhao P, Niu L, Zhong C, Dong S, Zhang F. Synthesis, spectral properties of aluminum polymeric phthalocyanine carboxyl with low aggregation in aqueous solution. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-008-0458-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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24
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Noiseux I, Mermut O, Bouchard JP, Cormier JF, Desroches P, Fortin M, Gallant P, Leclair S, Vernon ML, Diamond KR, Patterson MS. Effect of liposomal confinement on photochemical properties of photosensitizers with varying hydrophilicity. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2008; 13:041313. [PMID: 19021321 DOI: 10.1117/1.2950309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Preferential tumor localization and the aggregation state of photosensitizers (PSs) can depend on the hydrophilic/hydrophobic nature of the molecule and affect their phototoxicity. In this study, three PSs of different hydrophilicity are introduced in liposomes to understand the structure-photochemistry relationship of PSs in this cellular model system. Absorbance and fluorescence spectra of amphiphilic aluminum (III) phthalocyanine disulfonate chloride adjacent isomer (Al-2), hydrophilic aluminum (III) phthalocyanine chloride tetrasulfonic acid (Al-4), and lipophilic 2-(1-hexyloxyethyl)-2-devinyl pyropheophorbide (HPPH) are compared in a liposomal confined state with free PS in bulk solution. For fluorescence measurements, a broad range of concentrations of both bulk and liposomal confined PSs are examined to track the transition from monomers to dimers or higher order aggregates. Epifluorescence microscopy, absorbance, and fluorescence measurements all confirm different localization of the PSs in liposomes, depending on their hydrophilicity. In turn, the localization affects the aggregation of molecules inside the liposome cell model. Data obtained with such cellular models could be useful in optimizing the photochemical properties of photosensitizing drugs based on their structure-dependent interactions with cellular media and subcellular organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Noiseux
- INO (National Optics Institute), Department of Biophotonics, 2740 Einstein Street, Quebec G1P 4S4, Canada
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25
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Palewska K, Sujka M, Urasińska-Wójcik B, Sworakowski J, Lipiński J, Nešpůrek S, Rakušan J, Karásková M. Light-induced effects in sulfonated aluminum phthalocyanines — potential photosensitizers in the photodynamic therapy. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2007.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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26
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Laia CAT, Costa SMB. Interaction of Zinc Tetrasulfonated Phthalocyanine with Cytochromecin Water and Triton-X 100 Micelles. J Phys Chem B 2008; 112:4276-82. [DOI: 10.1021/jp076100+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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27
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Abstract
Effect of diffusion on excitation energy transfer and migration in a dye pair sodium fluorescein (donor) and Rhodamine-6G (acceptor) has been studied for different viscosities by both steady state and time domain fluorescence spectroscopic measurements. The donor-donor interaction appears to be weaker as compared to donor-acceptor interaction and thus favors direct Forster-type energy transfer. Interestingly, at low viscosity (water in this case) transfer appears to be controlled by material diffusion/energy migration. Further, acceptor dynamics reveals the fact that direct Forster transfer dominates in viscous media.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Misra
- Photophysics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kumaon University, Nainital 263 001, India
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28
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Durmuş M, Nyokong T. Synthesis, photophysical and photochemical studies of new water-soluble indium(iii) phthalocyanines. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2007; 6:659-68. [PMID: 17549268 DOI: 10.1039/b618478b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The preparation of water-soluble indium(III)phthalocyanine complexes is described for the first time in this study. Peripherally and non-peripherally 3-hydroxypyridine tetrasubstituted indium(III) phthalocyanines (5a, 6a) and their quaternarized derivatives (5b, 6b) have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR, 1H NMR spectroscopy, electronic spectroscopy and mass spectra. The quaternarized compounds (5b, 6b) show excellent solubility in water, which makes them potential photosensitizers for use in photodynamic therapy (PDT) applications. Photochemical and photophysical measurements were conducted on 3-pyridyloxy appended indium(III) phthalocyanines in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) for non-ionic (5a, 6a) and in both DMSO and water for quaternarized (5b, 6b) derivatives. General trends are described for quantum yields of photodegradation, fluorescence lifetimes, fluorescence quantum yields, triplet lifetimes and triplet quantum yields as well as singlet oxygen quantum yields of these compounds. The singlet oxygen quantum yields (Phi(Delta)), which give an indication of the potential of the complexes as photosensitizers in applications where singlet oxygen is required (Type II mechanism) are very high (Phi(Delta) > 0.55). Thus, these complexes may be useful as Type II photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmut Durmuş
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
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29
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Kunz L, Connelly JP, Woodhams JH, MacRobert AJ. Photodynamic modification of disulfonated aluminium phthalocyanine fluorescence in a macrophage cell line. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2007; 6:940-8. [PMID: 17721592 DOI: 10.1039/b708456k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Disulfonated aluminium phthalocyanine (AlS(2)Pc) is used experimentally as a photosensitiser for both photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photochemical internalisation (PCI). In this study we have focused on modifications in intracellular photosensitiser localisation and fluorescence intensity in macrophages during and after photoirradiation. Since macrophages are highly abundant in tumour tissue and readily accumulate AlS(2)Pc both in vivo and in vitro, we investigated PDT-induced changes of AlS(2)Pc fluorescence in the murine macrophage cell line J774A.1 using CCD fluorescence imaging microscopy. The distinct intracellular localization disappeared upon red laser irradiation and was replaced by a uniform distribution accompanied by a transient fluorescence intensity increase using higher AlS(2)Pc concentrations, followed by photobleaching after further irradiation. A short period of irradiation was sufficient to induce the intracellular redistribution and intensity increase, which then continued in the dark without further laser irradiation. However in the absence of oxygen no fluorescence intensity increase or redistribution was observed. This finding favours the general assumption of photodynamic destruction of organelle membranes resulting in the observed redistribution of the phthalocyanine. No other long-lived fluorescent photoproducts were observed during irradiation. Under deoxygenated conditions slower photobleaching was observed, and photobleaching quantum yields were estimated under aerated and deoxygenated conditions. The participation of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROS) generated during irradiation was indicated by intracellular oxidation of 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein to the fluorescent 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein in macrophages. The oxygen dependence of these photomodification processes is relevant to the application of AlS(2)Pc to photochemical internalisation which relies on photosensitiser redistribution in cells upon light exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Kunz
- National Medical Laser Centre, University College London, Charles Bell House, 67-73 Riding House St., London, UK
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30
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Juzenas P, Juzeniene A, Rotomskis R, Moan J. Spectroscopic evidence of monomeric aluminium phthalocyanine tetrasulphonate in aqueous solutions. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2005; 75:107-10. [PMID: 15246357 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2004.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2004] [Revised: 05/29/2004] [Accepted: 05/30/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Aqueous solutions of aluminium phthalocyanine tetrasulphonate (AlPcS(4)) were investigated by means of absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. The absorption spectrum of AlPcS(4) is independent of concentration in a wide range (from 10(-8) to 10(-4) M). The fluorescence spectrum measured with a standard setup is strongly dependent on AlPcS(4) concentration, and the fluorescence maximum is gradually red-shifted with increasing concentration. Calculations that take into account reabsorption of fluorescence (inner-filter effect) fit the experimental observations at low concentrations (up to 10(-6) M). Disagreement between the calculations and spectra recorded at higher concentrations (above 10(-5) M) shows that the reabsorbed light may be reemitted as fluorescence. The influence of inner-filter effects on the spectral shape was demonstrated by the experiments where a fibre-optic front-face fluorescence setup was applied: Under such conditions the shape of the fluorescence spectra for a high concentration (10(-3) M) coincided with that of a low concentration (10(-8) M). In conclusion, the present spectroscopic results show that AlPcS(4) does not form aggregates and is a very stable compound in aqueous solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petras Juzenas
- Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Biology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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31
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Pant D, Girault HH. Time-resolved total internal reflection fluorescence spectroscopy : Part I. Photophysics of Coumarin 343 at liquid/liquid interface. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2005; 7:3457-63. [PMID: 16273146 DOI: 10.1039/b507830j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pico-second time-resolved time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) technique under the total internal reflection (TIR) condition has been used to study the photophysical properties of Coumarin 343 (C343) dye molecules adsorbed at the water/1,2-dichloroethane (DCE) interface. The fluorescence decay profile of C343 under TIR condition at the water/DCE interface was non-exponential and fitted to the double exponential decay function with the fluorescence lifetimes 0.3 and 3.6 ns, which proved the existence of two different forms of C343 species having largely different lifetimes at the interface. The longer fluorescence lifetime component of C343 at the interface is attributed to the emission from the monomeric form of the dye molecules and the shorter lifetime component is due to the aggregation of dye molecules. The penetration depth dependence of decay curves indicated no change in the fluorescence lifetime components, however, the amplitude corresponding to the lifetime of aggregate increased and the amplitude corresponding to the lifetime of monomer decreased with the decrease in penetration depth of the aqueous phase from the interface. Aggregation is significant in the interfacial layer. The decrease in monomer lifetime at the interface compared to that in the bulk solution is interpreted in terms of excitation energy migration between the dye molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debi Pant
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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32
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Chibisov AK, Slavnova TD, Görner H. Electron transfer reactions induced by the triplet state of thiacarbocyanine dimers. Chem Phys 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2003.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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