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Domka W, Bartusik-Aebisher D, Mytych W, Myśliwiec A, Dynarowicz K, Cieślar G, Kawczyk-Krupka A, Aebisher D. Photodynamic Therapy for Eye, Ear, Laryngeal Area, and Nasal and Oral Cavity Diseases: A Review. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:645. [PMID: 38339396 PMCID: PMC10854993 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16030645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as a promising modality for the treatment of various diseases. This non-invasive approach utilizes photosensitizing agents and light to selectively target and destroy abnormal cells, providing a valuable alternative to traditional treatments. Research studies have explored the application of PDT in different areas of the head. Research is focusing on a growing number of new developments and treatments for cancer. One of these methods is PDT. Photodynamic therapy is now a revolutionary, progressive method of cancer therapy. A very important feature of PDT is that cells cannot become immune to singlet oxygen. With this therapy, patients can avoid lengthy and costly surgeries. PDT therapy is referred to as a safe and highly selective therapy. These studies collectively highlight the potential of PDT as a valuable therapeutic option in treating the head area. As research in this field progresses, PDT may become increasingly integrated into the clinical management of these conditions, offering a balance between effectiveness and minimal invasiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Domka
- Department of Otolaryngology, Medical College of The University of Rzeszów, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland;
| | - Dorota Bartusik-Aebisher
- Department of Biochemistry and General Chemistry, Medical College of the University of Rzeszów, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland;
| | - Wiktoria Mytych
- Students English Division Science Club, Medical College of The University of Rzeszów, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland;
| | - Angelika Myśliwiec
- Center for Innovative Research in Medical and Natural Sciences, Medical College of The University of Rzeszów, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland; (A.M.); (K.D.)
| | - Klaudia Dynarowicz
- Center for Innovative Research in Medical and Natural Sciences, Medical College of The University of Rzeszów, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland; (A.M.); (K.D.)
| | - Grzegorz Cieślar
- Department of Internal Diseases, Angiology and Physical Medicine, Centre for Laser Diagnostics and Therapy, Medical University of Silesia, Batorego 15, 41-902 Bytom, Poland;
| | - Aleksandra Kawczyk-Krupka
- Department of Internal Diseases, Angiology and Physical Medicine, Centre for Laser Diagnostics and Therapy, Medical University of Silesia, Batorego 15, 41-902 Bytom, Poland;
| | - David Aebisher
- Department of Photomedicine and Physical Chemistry, Medical College of the University of Rzeszów, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
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2
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Fullerene C60 derivatives as antimicrobial photodynamic agents. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C: PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2021.100471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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3
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Taniguchi M, Lindsey JS, Bocian DF, Holten D. Comprehensive review of photophysical parameters (ε, Φf, τs) of tetraphenylporphyrin (H2TPP) and zinc tetraphenylporphyrin (ZnTPP) – Critical benchmark molecules in photochemistry and photosynthesis. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2020.100401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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4
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Scanone AC, Gsponer NS, Alvarez MG, Durantini EN. Photodynamic properties and photoinactivation of microorganisms mediated by 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin covalently linked to silica-coated magnetite nanoparticles. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2017.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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5
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Gonca E. Metal-free and metallo-porphyrazines with eight [5-thiopentyl 2-methoxy-4,6-bis (trifluoromethyl) benzoate] substituent. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2017.1309253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ergün Gonca
- Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Terzioglu Campus, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Çanakkale, Turkey
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6
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Henriques MC, Faustino MAF, Silva AMS, Felgueiras J, Fardilha M, Braga SS. A ruthenium(II)-trithiacyclononane curcuminate complex: Synthesis, characterization, DNA-interaction, and cytotoxic activity. J COORD CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2017.1336232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Artur M. S. Silva
- Department of Chemistry, QOPNA Research Unit, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Juliana Felgueiras
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Medical Sciences Department, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Margarida Fardilha
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Medical Sciences Department, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Susana Santos Braga
- Department of Chemistry, QOPNA Research Unit, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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7
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Yang X, Fei J, Li Q, Li J. Covalently Assembled Dipeptide Nanospheres as Intrinsic Photosensitizers for Efficient Photodynamic Therapy in Vitro. Chemistry 2016; 22:6477-81. [PMID: 26934079 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201600536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Monodispersed diphenylalanine-based nanospheres with excellent biocompatibility are fabricated through a facile covalent reaction-induced assembly. Interestingly, the nanospheres exhibit red autofluorescence. Most importantly, such assembled dipeptide nanospheres can serve as intrinsic photosensitizer to convert O2 to singlet oxygen ((1) O2 ). Thus, photodynamic therapy in vitro can be achieved effectively. The versatile strategy could be extended to other biomolecules containing a primary amine group for the fabrication of potential intrinsic photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoke Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Lab of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhong Guan Cun, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Jinbo Fei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Lab of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhong Guan Cun, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Qi Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Lab of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhong Guan Cun, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Junbai Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Lab of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhong Guan Cun, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.
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8
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Agazzi ML, Spesia MB, Gsponer NS, Milanesio ME, Durantini EN. Synthesis, spectroscopic properties and photodynamic activity of a fulleropyrrolidine bearing a basic amino group and its dicationic analog against Staphylococcus aureus. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2015.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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9
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Pogonin AE, Tverdova NV, Ischenko AA, Rumyantseva VD, Koifman OI, Giricheva NI, Girichev GV. Conformation analysis of copper(II) etioporphyrin-II by combined gas electron diffraction/mass-spectrometry methods and DFT calculations. J Mol Struct 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2014.12.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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10
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Guan M, Qin T, Ge J, Zhen M, Xu W, Chen D, Li S, Wang C, Su H, Shu C. Amphiphilic trismethylpyridylporphyrin-fullerene (C70) dyad: an efficient photosensitizer under hypoxia conditions. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:776-783. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tb01314j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Amphiphilic trismethylpyridylporphyrin-C70(PC70) dyad with improved photosensitization has been successfully prepared.
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11
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Riyad YM, Naumov S, Schastak S, Griebel J, Kahnt A, Häupl T, Neuhaus J, Abel B, Hermann R. Chemical Modification of a Tetrapyrrole-Type Photosensitizer: Tuning Application and Photochemical Action beyond the Singlet Oxygen Channel. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:11646-58. [DOI: 10.1021/jp507270k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasser M. Riyad
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institute
for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, University of Leipzig, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Chemistry
Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, 11884, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sergej Naumov
- Chemical
Department, Leibniz Institute of Surface Modification, Permoserstrasse
15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stanislaw Schastak
- Department
of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Univeristy of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse
10-14, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Laser-Medical Center e.V., Liebigstrasse
10-14, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan Griebel
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institute
for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, University of Leipzig, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Axel Kahnt
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular
Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tilmann Häupl
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institute
for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, University of Leipzig, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jochen Neuhaus
- Department
of Urology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bernd Abel
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institute
for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, University of Leipzig, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Chemical
Department, Leibniz Institute of Surface Modification, Permoserstrasse
15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ralf Hermann
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institute
for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, University of Leipzig, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Laser-Medical Center e.V., Liebigstrasse
10-14, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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12
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Synthesis, spectroscopic properties and photodynamic activity of porphyrin–fullerene C60 dyads with application in the photodynamic inactivation of Staphylococcus aureus. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 83:685-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.06.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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13
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Ferreyra DD, Spesia MB, Milanesio ME, Durantini EN. Synthesis and photodynamic properties of 5,10,15,20-tetrakis[3-(N-ethyl-N-methylcarbazoyl)]chlorin and its analogous porphyrin in solution and in human red blood cells. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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14
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Targeted Singlet Oxygen Generation Using Different DNA-Interacting Perylene Diimide Type Photosensitizers. J Fluoresc 2014; 24:917-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s10895-014-1372-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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15
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LALWANI GAURAV, SITHARAMAN BALAJI. MULTIFUNCTIONAL FULLERENE- AND METALLOFULLERENE-BASED NANOBIOMATERIALS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1142/s1793984413420038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in nanotechnology have enabled the synthesis and characterization of nanomaterials suitable for applications in the field of biology and medicine. Due to their unique physico-chemical properties, carbon-based nanomaterials such as fullerenes, metallofullerenes, carbon nanotubes and graphene have been widely investigated as multifunctional materials for applications in tissue engineering, molecular imaging, therapeutics, drug delivery and biosensing. In this review, we focus on the multifunctional capabilities of fullerenes and metallofullerenes for diagnosis and therapy. Specifically, we review recent advances toward the development of fullerene- and metallofullerene-based magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and X-ray imaging contrast agents, drug and gene delivery vehicles, and photodynamic therapy agents. We also discuss in vitro and in vivo toxicity, and biocompatibility issues associated with the use of fullerenes and metallofullerenes for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- GAURAV LALWANI
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-5281, USA
| | - BALAJI SITHARAMAN
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-5281, USA
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16
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Rumie Vittar NB, Lamberti MJ, Pansa MF, Vera RE, Rodriguez ME, Cogno IS, Milla Sanabria LN, Rivarola VA. Ecological photodynamic therapy: new trend to disrupt the intricate networks within tumor ecosystem. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2012; 1835:86-99. [PMID: 23127970 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2012.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2012] [Revised: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
As with natural ecosystems, species within the tumor microenvironment are connected by pairwise interactions (e.g. mutualism, predation) leading to a strong interdependence of different populations on each other. In this review we have identified the ecological roles played by each non-neoplastic population (macrophages, endothelial cells, fibroblasts) and other abiotic components (oxygen, extracellular matrix) directly involved with neoplastic development. A way to alter an ecosystem is to affect other species within the environment that are supporting the growth and survival of the species of interest, here the tumor cells; thus, some features of ecological systems could be exploited for cancer therapy. We propose a well-known antitumor therapy called photodynamic therapy (PDT) as a novel modulator of ecological interactions. We refer to this as "ecological photodynamic therapy." The main goal of this new strategy is the improvement of therapeutic efficiency through the disruption of ecological networks with the aim of destroying the tumor ecosystem. It is therefore necessary to identify those interactions from which tumor cells get benefit and those by which it is impaired, and then design multitargeted combined photodynamic regimes in order to orchestrate non-neoplastic populations against their neoplastic counterpart. Thus, conceiving the tumor as an ecological system opens avenues for novel approaches on treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Belén Rumie Vittar
- Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Biología Molecular, Ruta 36 Km 601, Río Cuarto (5800), Córdoba, Argentina
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Caminos DA, Durantini EN. Synthesis of asymmetricallymeso-substituted porphyrins bearing amino groups as potential cationic photodynamic agents. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424605000423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Novel asymmetrically meso-substituted porphyrins bearing amino groups have been synthesized as precursors of cationic photodynamic agents. The amphiphilic character of these porphyrins was increased by the presence of a high lipophilic trifluoromethyl group. Different patterns of porphyrin structures were obtained from meso-4-[(3- N , N -dimethylaminopropoxy)phenyl] dipyrromethane 1, which was formed by the condensation of 4-(3- N , N -dimethylaminopropoxy) benzaldehyde with a large excess of pyrrole. This reaction takes place at high temperature with a yield of 59%. This reaction was also attempted under acid-catalyzed condensation at room temperature. However, under these conditions, the amino group reduces the catalyst and the reaction does not take place. To obtain porphyrins, dipyrromethane 1 was condensed with aldehydes in the presence of trifluoroacetic acid ( TFA ) under different conditions. First, 1 reacted with 4-(3- N , N -dimethylaminopropoxy)benzaldehyde in dichloromethane catalyzed by TFA (∼4 times TFA /1 molar ratio) to obtain 6.2% of 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-[3- N , N -dimethylaminopropoxy]phenyl)porphyrin ( A4-porphyrin). Under similar conditions, reaction of 1 with 4-(trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde produces 5,15-di(4-[3- N , N -dimethylaminopropoxy]phenyl)-10,20-di(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)porphyrin ( A2B2- porphyrin ) with a 4.8% yield. This procedure also yields a mixture of porphyrins, which were formed due to acidolysis of 1. When a minor amount of TFA was used in acetonitrile, the yield of A2B2-porphyrin was very poor (∼0.4%). On the other hand, condensation of 1 with 4-trifluoromethylbenzaldehyde and 4-(3- N , N -dimethylaminopropoxy)benzaldehyde catalyzed by TFA (∼2 times TFA /1 molar ratio) in acetonitrile yields 9.3% of 5-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-10,15,20-tris(4-[3- N , N -dimethylaminopropoxy]phenyl)porphyrin ( A3B-porphyrin ). A2B2and A4porphyrins were also isolated with 6.0 and 2.0%, respectively. Finally, exhaustive methylation of amino porphyrins produces cationic sensitizers (>94% yield). Absorption and fluorescence spectroscopic studies of these sensitizers were compared in N , N -dimethylformamide. In these porphyrins, the cationic centers are isolated from the porphyrin ring by a propoxy bridge. Thus, the cationic charges have minimal influence on the photophysical properties of the sensitizers. In addition, this chain provides a higher mobility of the charge, which could facilitate interaction with the outer membrane of the Gram-negative bacteria. These amphiphilic cationic porphyrins are promising photosensitizers with potential applications in bacterial inactivation by photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Caminos
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Agencia Postal Nro 3, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Edgardo N. Durantini
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Agencia Postal Nro 3, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Argentina
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18
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Machado AE, Gomes WR, Araújo DM, Miglio HS, Ueno LT, Paula RD, Cavaleiro JA, Neto NMB. Synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of two tetrasubstituted cationic porphyrin derivatives. Molecules 2011; 16:5807-21. [PMID: 21743388 PMCID: PMC6264253 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16075807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2011] [Revised: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An imidazolium tetrasubstituted cationic porphyrin derivative (the free base and its Zn(II) complex) with five-membered heterocyclic groups in the meso-positions were synthesized using microwave irradiation, and the compounds obtained characterized by 1H-NMR and mass spectrometry. We observed that under microwave irradiation the yield is similar to when the synthesis is performed under conventional heating, however, the time required to prepare the porphyrins decreases enormously. In order to investigate the electronic state of these compounds, we employed UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy combined with quantum chemical calculations. The results reveal the presence, in both compounds, of a large number of electronic states involving the association between the Soret and a blue-shifted band. The Soret band in both compounds also shows a considerable solvent dependence. As for emission, these compounds present low quantum yield at room temperature and no solvent influence on the fluorescence spectra was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio E.H. Machado
- Laboratório de Fotoquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, P.O. Box 593, CEP 38400-902 Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +55-34-3239-4428; Fax: +55-34-3239-4208
| | - Weverson R. Gomes
- Laboratório de Fotoquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, P.O. Box 593, CEP 38400-902 Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Diesley M.S. Araújo
- Laboratório de Fotoquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, P.O. Box 593, CEP 38400-902 Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Hércules S. Miglio
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Alegre, Espírito Santo, Brazil;
| | - Leonardo T. Ueno
- Faculdade de Ciências Integradas do Pontal, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Ituiutaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil;
| | - Rodrigo De Paula
- Centro de Formação de Professores, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Amargosa, Bahia, Brazil;
- Departamento de Química, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal;
| | | | - Newton M. Barbosa Neto
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, P.O. Box 593; CEP 38400-902 Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil;
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Costa L, Carvalho CMB, Faustino MAF, Neves MGPMS, Tomé JPC, Tomé AC, Cavaleiro JAS, Cunha A, Almeida A. Sewage bacteriophage inactivation by cationic porphyrins: influence of light parameters. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2010; 9:1126-33. [PMID: 20563346 DOI: 10.1039/c0pp00051e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy has been used to inactivate microorganisms through the use of targeted photosensitizers. Although the photoinactivation of microorganisms has already been studied under different conditions, a systematic evaluation of irradiation characteristics is still limited. The goal of this study was to test how the light dose, fluence rate and irradiation source affect the viral photoinactivation of a T4-like sewage bacteriophage. The experiments were carried out using white PAR light delivered by fluorescent PAR lamps (40 W m(-2)), sun light (600 W m(-2)) and an halogen lamp (40-1690 W m(-2)). Phage suspensions and two cationic photosensitizers (Tetra-Py(+)-Me, Tri-Py(+)-Me-PF) at concentrations of 0.5, 1.0 and 5.0 microM were used. The results showed that the efficacy of the bacteriophage photoinactivation is correlated not only with the sensitizer and its concentration but also with the light source, energy dose and fluence rate applied. Both photosensitizers at 5.0 microM were able to inactivate the T4-like phage to the limit of detection for each light source and fluence rate. However, depending of the light parameters, different irradiation times are required. The efficiency of photoinactivation is dependent on the spectral emission distribution of the light sources used. Considering the same light source and a fixed light dose applied at different fluence rates, phage inactivation was significantly higher when low fluence rates were used. In this way, the light source, fluence rate and total light dose play an important role in the effectiveness of the antimicrobial photodynamic therapy and should always be considered when establishing an optimal antimicrobial protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Costa
- CESAM and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
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Mroz P, Bhaumik J, Dogutan DK, Aly Z, Kamal Z, Khalid L, Kee HL, Bocian DF, Holten D, Lindsey JS, Hamblin MR. Imidazole metalloporphyrins as photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy: role of molecular charge, central metal and hydroxyl radical production. Cancer Lett 2009; 282:63-76. [PMID: 19346065 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2009.02.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2008] [Revised: 02/26/2009] [Accepted: 02/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro photodynamic therapy activity of four imidazole-substituted metalloporphyrins has been studied using human (HeLa) and mouse (CT26) cancer cell lines: an anionic Zn porphyrin and a homologous series of three cationic Zn, Pd or InCl porphyrins. A dramatic difference in phototoxicity was found: Pd cationic>InCl cationic>Zn cationic>Zn anionic. HeLa cells were more susceptible than CT26 cells. Induction of apoptosis was demonstrated using a fluorescent caspase assay. The anionic Zn porphyrin localized in lysosomes while the cationic Zn porphyrin localized in lysosomes and mitochondria, as assessed by fluorescence microscopy. Studies using fluorescent probes suggested that the cationic Pd porphyrin produced more hydroxyl radicals as the reactive oxygen species. Thus, the cationic Pd porphyrin has high potential as a photosensitizer and gives insights into characteristics for improved molecular designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Mroz
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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21
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Pharmacokinetic, toxicological and phototherapeutic studies of phthalocyanine ZnPcCF3. Biomed Pharmacother 2009; 63:209-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2008.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2007] [Accepted: 01/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Kee HL, Bhaumik J, Diers JR, Mroz P, Hamblin MR, Bocian DF, Lindsey JS, Holten D. Photophysical Characterization of Imidazolium-Substituted Pd(II), In(III), and Zn(II) Porphyrins as Photosensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2008; 200:346-355. [PMID: 20016663 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2008.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hooi Ling Kee
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130-4889
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23
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Alves E, Carvalho CMB, Tomé JPC, Faustino MAF, Neves MGPMS, Tomé AC, Cavaleiro JAS, Cunha A, Mendo S, Almeida A. Photodynamic inactivation of recombinant bioluminescent Escherichia coli by cationic porphyrins under artificial and solar irradiation. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 35:1447-54. [PMID: 18712538 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-008-0446-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2008] [Accepted: 07/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A faster and simpler method to monitor the photoinactivation process of Escherichia coli involving the use of recombinant bioluminescent bacteria is described here. Escherichia coli cells were transformed with luxCDABE genes from the marine bioluminescent bacterium Vibrio fischeri and the recombinant bioluminescent indicator strain was used to assess, in real time, the effect of three cationic meso-substituted porphyrin derivatives on their metabolic activity, under artificial (40 W m(-2)) and solar irradiation (approximately 620 W m(-2)). The photoinactivation of bioluminescent E. coli is effective (>4 log bioluminescence decrease) with the three porphyrins used, the tricationic porphyrin Tri-Py+-Me-PF being the most efficient compound. The photoinactivation process is efficient both with solar and artificial light, for the three porphyrins tested. The results show that bioluminescence analysis is an efficient and sensitive approach being, in addition, more affordable, faster, cheaper and much less laborious than conventional methods. This approach can be used as a screening method for bacterial photoinactivation studies in vitro and also for the monitoring of the efficiency of novel photosensitizer molecules. As far as we know, this is the first study involving the use of bioluminescent bacteria to monitor the antibacterial activity of porphyrins under environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Alves
- Department of Biology, CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
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Interaction and photodynamic activity of cationic porphyrin derivatives bearing different patterns of charge distribution with GMP and DNA. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2008.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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25
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Milanesio ME, Alvarez MG, Bertolotti SG, Durantini EN. Photophysical characterization and photodynamic activity of metallo 5-(4-(trimethylammonium)phenyl)-10,15,20-tris(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)porphyrin in homogeneous and biomimetic media. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2008; 7:963-72. [DOI: 10.1039/b804848g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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Lazzeri D, Rovera M, Pascual L, Durantini EN. Photodynamic Studies and Photoinactivation of Escherichia coli Using meso-Substituted Cationic Porphyrin Derivatives with Asymmetric Charge Distribution¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2004.tb00085.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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27
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Milanesio ME, Alvarez MG, Rivarola V, Silber JJ, Durantini EN. Porphyrin-fullerene C60 Dyads with High Ability to Form Photoinduced Charge-separated State as Novel Sensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2005.tb01459.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Casas A, Batlle A. Photodynamic therapy in Argentina. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2006; 3:205-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2006.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2006] [Accepted: 06/14/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Caminos DA, Durantini EN. Photodynamic inactivation of Escherichia coli immobilized on agar surfaces by a tricationic porphyrin. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:4253-9. [PMID: 16481175 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2005] [Revised: 01/24/2006] [Accepted: 01/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The photodynamic activity of 5,10,15-tris[4-(3-N,N,N-trimethylammoniumpropoxy)phenyl]-20-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)porphyrin iodide (A3B3+) has been studied in vitro on a typical Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli immobilized on agar surfaces. The results obtained for the tricationic A3B3+ porphyrin were compared with those of 5,10,15,20-tetra(4-N,N,N-trimethylammoniumphenyl)porphyrin p-tosylate (TTAP4+), which is a standard active sensitizer established to eradicate E. coli in cellular suspension. The photobleaching of these porphyrins in solution was evaluated by decay in absorbance and in fluorescence. In both cases, a higher photostability was found for A3B3+ than for TTAP4+. Photodynamic inactivation capacities of these sensitizers were analyzed in E. coli cells immobilized on agar surfaces. Small colonies were treated with different amount of sensitizer (0-14 nmol) and irradiated with visible light for 3h. The light source used was either a projector or midday sun. The A3B3+ porphyrin produced a growth delay of E. coli colonies on agar surfaces. Similar result was obtained irradiating only one isolated colony through an optical fiber. Under these conditions, A3B3+ porphyrin shows a high activity to inactivate localized bacterial cells. The higher photodynamic activity of A3B3+ was confirmed by mechanical spreading of the colonies before treatment. This procedure produces complete inactivation of E. coli cells on the agar surface. Therefore, tricationic A3B3+ porphyrin is an interesting sensitizer with potential applications in photodynamic inactivation of bacteria growing as localized foci of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Caminos
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Agencia Postal Nro. 3, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
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Alvarez MG, Prucca C, Milanesio ME, Durantini EN, Rivarola V. Photodynamic activity of a new sensitizer derived from porphyrin-C60 dyad and its biological consequences in a human carcinoma cell line. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2006; 38:2092-101. [PMID: 16899389 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2006.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2006] [Revised: 05/12/2006] [Accepted: 05/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The photokilling activity of a porphyrin-C(60) (P-C(60)) dyad was evaluated on a Hep-2 human larynx-carcinoma cell line. This study represents the first evaluation of a dyad, with high capacity to form a photoinduced charge-separated state, to act as agent to inactivate cells by photodynamic therapy (PDT). Cell treatment was carried out with 1 microM P-C(60) incorporated into liposomal vesicles. No dark cytotoxicity was observed using 1 microM P-C(60) concentration and during long incubation time (24h). The uptake of sensitizer into Hep-2 was studied at different times of incubation. Under these conditions, a value of 1.5 nmol/10(6)cells was found after 4h of incubation showing practically no change even after 24h. The cell survival after irradiation of the cells with visible light was dependent upon light exposure level. A high photocytotoxic effect was observed for P-C(60), which inactivated 80% of the cells after 54 J/cm(2) of irradiation. Moreover, the dyad kept a high photoactivity even under argon atmosphere. Thus, depending on the microenvironment where the sensitizer is localized, this compound could produce a biological photodamage through either a (1)O(2)-mediated photoreaction process or a free radical mechanism under low oxygen concentration. The mechanism of cell death was analyzed by Hoechst-33258, toluidine blue staining, TUNEL and DNA fragmentation. Cell cultures treated for 24h with P-C(60) and irradiated with a dose of 54 J/cm(2) showed a great amount of apoptotic cells (58%). Moreover, changes in cell morphology were analyzed using fluorescence microscopy with Hoechst-33258 under low oxygen concentration. Under this anaerobic condition, necrotic cellular death predominated on apoptotic pathway. There were more apoptotic cells under air irradiation condition than under argon irradiation condition. To determine the apoptotic pathway, caspase-3 activation was studied by caspase-3 activity detection kits. The last results showed that P-C(60) induced apoptosis by caspase-3-dependent pathway. These results indicated that molecular dyad, which can form a photoinduced charge-separated state, is a promising model for phototherapeutic agents and they have potential application in cell inactivation by PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gabriela Alvarez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Agencia Postal Nro 3, 5800 Río Cuarto, Argentina
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31
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Alvarez MG, Príncipe F, Milanesio ME, Durantini EN, Rivarola V. Photodynamic damages induced by a monocationic porphyrin derivative in a human carcinoma cell line. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2005; 37:2504-12. [PMID: 16125432 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2005.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2004] [Revised: 04/05/2005] [Accepted: 06/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The photokilling activity of 5-(4-trimethylammoniumphenyl)-10,15,20-tris(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)porphyrin (CP) was evaluated on a Hep-2 human larynx-carcinoma cell line. Cell treatment was carried out with 5 microM CP incorporated into liposomal vesicles. Under violet-blue exciting light, the red fluorescence of CP was mainly detected as a filamentous pattern characteristic of mitochondrial localization. Similar pattern was also observed using rhodamine 123 in Hep-2 cells. No dark cytotoxicity was observed using 5 microM CP concentration and long incubation time (24 h). Using Hoechst-33258 and caspase-3 immunostaining methods, cell cultures treated for 24 h with CP and exposed to light for 7.5 min (27 J/cm2) showed a great amount of apoptotic cells (40%). In contrast, necrotic cells (58%) were observed using the same drug concentration but irradiated for 15 min (54 J/cm2). The results show that CP can induce different mechanisms of cell death depending on irradiation doses in the photodynamic treatments, which makes this agent an interesting sensitizer with potential application in photodynamic tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gabriela Alvarez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Agencia Postal Nro 3, 5800 Río Cuarto, Argentina
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Caminos DA, Spesia MB, Durantini EN. Photodynamic inactivation of Escherichia coli by novel meso-substituted porphyrins by 4-(3-N,N,N-trimethylammoniumpropoxy)phenyl and 4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl groups. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2005; 5:56-65. [PMID: 16395428 DOI: 10.1039/b513511g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The photodynamic effect of novel cationic porphyrins, with different pattern of meso-substitution by 4-(3-N,N,N-trimethylammoniumpropoxy)phenyl (A) and 4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl (B) groups, have been studied in both solution bearing photooxidizable substrates and in vitro on a typical Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli. In these sensitizers, the cationic groups are separated from the macrocycle ring by a propoxy spacer. Thus, the charges have a high mobility and a minimal influence on photophysical properties of the porphyrin. These compounds produce singlet molecular oxygen, O2(1Delta(g)), with quantum yields of approximately 0.41-0.53 in N,N-dimethylformamide. In methanol, the l-tryptophan photodecomposition increases with the number of cationic charges in the sensitizer. In vitro investigations show that cationic porphyrins are rapidly bound to E. coli cells in approximately 5 min. A higher binding was found for A3B3+ porphyrin, which is tightly bound to cells still after three washing steps. Photosensitized inactivation of E. coli cellular suspensions follows the order: A3B3+ > A44+>> ABAB2+ > AB3+. Under these conditions, a negligible effect was found for 5,10,15,20-tetra(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin (TPPS4(4-)) that characterizes an anionic sensitizer. Also, the results obtained for these new cationic porphyrins were compared with those of 5,10,15,20-tetra(4-N,N,N-trimethylammonium phenyl)porphyrin (TTAP4+), which is a standard active sensitizer established to eradicate E. coli. The photodynamic activity of TTAP4+ is quite similar to that produced by A4(4+). Studies in an anoxic condition indicate that oxygen is necessary for the mechanism of action of photodynamic inactivation of bacteria. The higher photodynamic activity of A3B3+ was confirmed by growth delay experiments. Photodynamic inactivation capacities of these sensitizers were also evaluated in E. coli cells immobilized on agar surfaces. Under these conditions, A3B3+ porphyrin retains a high activity to inactivate localized bacterial cells. Therefore, tricationic porphyrin A3B3+ is an interesting sensitizer with potential applications in photodynamic inactivation of bacteria in liquid suspensions or on surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Caminos
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Agencia Postal Nro 3, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
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Spesia MB, Lazzeri D, Pascual L, Rovera M, Durantini EN. Photoinactivation ofEscherichia coliusing porphyrin derivatives with different number of cationic charges. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 44:289-95. [PMID: 15907451 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsim.2004.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2004] [Revised: 09/16/2004] [Accepted: 12/21/2004] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The photodynamic effect of meso-substituted cationic porphyrins, 5-[4-(trimethylammonium)phenyl]-10,15,20-tris(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)porphyrin iodide 1, 5,10-di(4-methylphenyl)-15,20-di(4-trimethylammoniumphenyl)porphyrin iodide 2 and 5-(4-trifluorophenyl)-10,15,20-tris(4-trimethylammoniumphenyl)porphyrin iodide 3, have been investigated in both homogeneous medium bearing photooxidizable substrates and in vitro on a typical gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli. Absorption and fluorescence spectroscopic studies were compared in N,N-dimethylformamide. Fluorescence quantum yields (varphiF) of 0.10, 0.06 and 0.08 were calculated for porphyrins 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The singlet molecular oxygen, O2(1Deltag), production was evaluated using 9,10-dimethylanthracene yielding values of 0.66, 0.36 and 0.42 for porphyrins 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Guanosine 5'-monophosphate was used as biological substrate model. Similar decomposition of guanosine 5'-monophosphate was obtained using these cationic porphyrins as sensitizer. In biological medium, photosensitized inactivation of E. coli was analyzed using cells without and with one washing step. E. coli cultures were treated with sensitizer at 37 degrees C for 30 min in dark. In both procedures, a higher photoinactivation of cells (>99.999%) was found for cells treated with 10 microM of tricationic porphyrin 3 and irradiated for 5 min with visible light. Porphyrins 1 and 2 only show an important photodamage when the cells are irradiated without washing step. These results indicated that the tetracationic porphyrin 3 could be a promising sensitizer with potential applications in the photoinactivation of bacterial cells by photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana B Spesia
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Agencia Postal Nro 3, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
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Scalise I, Durantini EN. Synthesis, properties, and photodynamic inactivation of Escherichia coli using a cationic and a noncharged Zn(II) pyridyloxyphthalocyanine derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:3037-45. [PMID: 15781413 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.01.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2004] [Accepted: 01/28/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The photodynamic effect of a cationic Zn(II) N-methylpyridyloxyphthalocyanine (ZnPc 2) and a noncharged Zn(II) pyridyloxyphthalocyanine (ZnPc 1) has been compared in both homogeneous media bearing photooxidizable substrates and in vitro using a typical Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli. Absorption and fluorescence spectroscopic studies were analyzed in different media. Fluorescence quantum yields (varphiF) of 0.23 for ZnPc 1 and 0.22 for ZnPc 2 were calculated in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF). The singlet molecular oxygen, O2(1Deltag), production was evaluated using 9,10-dimethylanthracene (DMA) in DMF yielding values of PhiDelta=0.56 for ZnPc 1 and 0.59 for ZnPc 2. A faster decomposition of L-tryptophan (Trp), which was used as biological substrate model, was obtained using ZnPc 2 as a sensitizer with respect to ZnPc 1. In biological medium, the E. coli cultures were treated with 10 microM of sensitizer for different times at 37 degrees C in the dark. Both ZnPcs 1 and 2 are rapidly bound to E. coli cells in 5 min and the amount of cell-bound sensitizer is not appreciably changed incubating the cultures for longer times. The recovered ZnPc 2 after one washing step is approximately 3 times higher than 1, reaching a value of approximately 3 nmol/10(6) cells. After irradiation with visible light, a higher photoinactivation of cells was found for ZnPc 2. Thus, a approximately 4.5 log (99.997%) decrease of cell survival was obtained after 30 min of irradiation. On the other hand, a very low photodamage was found for cells treated with ZnPc 1 (approximately 0.5 log). Also, these results were established by stopping of growth curves for E. coli. In the structure of ZnPc 2, the cationic centers are isolated from the phthalocyanine ring by an ether bridge, which also provides a higher mobility of the charges facilitating the interaction with the outer membrane of the Gram-negative bacteria. These studies show that cationic ZnPc 2 is an efficient phototherapeutic agent with potential applications in photodynamic inactivation of bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Scalise
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Agencia Postal Nro. 3, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
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35
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Alvarez MG, Vittar NBR, Principe F, Bergesse J, Romanini MC, Romanini S, Bertuzzi M, Durantini EN, Rivarola V. Pharmacokinetic and phototherapeutic studies of monocationic methoxyphenylporphyrin derivative. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2005; 1:335-44. [PMID: 25048437 DOI: 10.1016/s1572-1000(04)00068-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2004] [Revised: 12/08/2004] [Accepted: 12/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJETIVE Photodynamic therapy, a novel treatment for cancer, works through photoactivation of a tumor-localized photosensitive drug, and localized through oxidative damage to kill cells and ablate tumors. Pharmacokinetic and phototherapeutic properties of a cationic porphyrin were assayed in a Balb/c mouse cancer model in order to evaluate its efficiency as photosensitizer. METHODS Biodistribution studies were carried out by intraperitoneal injection of 5mg/kg CP incorporated into a liposome solution. CP was recovered from serum and organs at various times after treatment. The serum biochemical parameters and histological studies were used to test hepatic and renal functionality. For phototherapeutic studies, the light source used was a slide projector (360J/cm(2)). The efficiency of CP was evaluated by following tumor growth curves for 10 days after PDT doses. Immunohistochemical detection was carried out to evaluate caspase-3 activation in CP-PDT-treated tumors. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The photosensitizer distribution suggests that CP is mainly eliminated from the organism via the bile-gut pathway, and that neurotoxic and cutaneous photosensitivity effects are reduced or absent. The porphyrin distribution from bloodstream to tissue began at 24h of drug administration. CP did not affect the hepatic and renal functionality, as was demonstrated by the physiological parameters. PDT-treated tumors showed delay in growth rate as compared to untreated control mice. Biochemical studies showed that the efficient tumor regression is dependent on caspase-3 activity signaling response associated with apoptosis. The results obtained suggest that the porphyrin CP may be a promising candidate for further use in PDT treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gabriela Alvarez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Agencia Postal No. 3, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - N Belén Rumie Vittar
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Agencia Postal No. 3, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Fernando Principe
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Agencia Postal No. 3, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Jorge Bergesse
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Agencia Postal No. 3, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - M Cristina Romanini
- Departamento de Anatomía Animal, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Agencia Postal No. 3, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Silvia Romanini
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Agencia Postal No. 3, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Mabel Bertuzzi
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Agencia Postal No. 3, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Edgardo N Durantini
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Agencia Postal No. 3, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Viviana Rivarola
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Agencia Postal No. 3, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
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Milanesio ME, Alvarez MG, Rivarola V, Silber JJ, Durantini EN. Porphyrin-fullerene C60 Dyads with High Ability to Form Photoinduced Charge-separated State as Novel Sensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy¶. Photochem Photobiol 2005. [DOI: 10.1562/2005-01-24-ra-426r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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37
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Yslas EI, Rivarola V, Durantini EN. Synthesis and photodynamic activity of zinc(II) phthalocyanine derivatives bearing methoxy and trifluoromethylbenzyloxy substituents in homogeneous and biological media. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:39-46. [PMID: 15582450 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2004] [Revised: 10/01/2004] [Accepted: 10/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Two zinc(II) phthalocyanines bearing either four methoxy (ZnPc 3) or trifluoromethylbenzyloxy (ZnPc 4) substituents have been synthesized by a two-step procedure starting from 4-nitrophthalonitrile. Absorption and fluorescence spectroscopic studies were analyzed in different media. These compounds are essentially non-aggregated in the organic solvent. Fluorescence quantum yields (phi(F)) of 0.26 for ZnPc 3 and 0.25 for ZnPc 4 were calculated in tetrahydrofuran (THF). The photodynamic activity of these compounds was compared in both THF containing photooxidizable substrates and in vitro on Hep-2 human larynx-carcinoma cell line. The production of singlet molecular oxygen, O(2)((1)Delta(g)), was determined using 9,10-dimethylanthracene yielding values of approximately 0.56 for both sensitizers. Under these conditions, the addition of beta-carotene (Car) suppresses the O(2)((1)Delta(g))-mediated photooxidation. In biological medium, no dark cytotoxicity was found for cells incubated with 0.1 microM of phthalocyanines 3 and 4 for 24 h. However, under similar conditions 0.5 microM of ZnPc 4 was toxic (70% cell survival). The uptake into Hep-2 cells was evaluated using 0.1muM of sensitizer, reaching values of approximately 0.05 nmol/10(6) cells after 3h of incubation at 37 degrees C. The cell survival after irradiation of the cultures with visible light was dependent upon both light exposure level and intracellular sensitizer concentration. A higher photocytotoxic effect was found for ZnPc 3 with respect to 4 (32%/70% cell survival after 15 min of irradiation). Also, these studies were performed treating the cells with 0.5 microM of ZnPc 3. In this case, an increase in the uptake (approximately 0.28 nmol/10(6) cells) was observed, which is accompanied by a higher photocytotoxic activity (20% cell survival). These results show that even though both sensitizer present similar photophysical properties in homogeneous medium, the photodynamic behavior in cellular media can significantly be changed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Inés Yslas
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Agencia Postal Nro 3, X580BYA Río Cuarto, Argentina
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38
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Lazzeri D, Rovera M, Pascual L, Durantini EN. Photodynamic Studies and Photoinactivation of Escherichia coli Using meso-Substituted Cationic Porphyrin Derivatives with Asymmetric Charge Distribution¶. Photochem Photobiol 2004. [DOI: 10.1562/2004-03-08-ra-105.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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