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Babikir AH, Mao X, Du A, Riches JD, Ostrikov KK, O'Mullane AP. Electrochemical Nitrate-to-Ammonia Conversion Enabled by Carbon-Decoration of Ni─GaOOH Synthesized via Plasma-Assisted CO 2 Reduction. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2311302. [PMID: 38429242 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202311302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
The release of nitrates into the environment leads to contaminated soil and water that poses a health risk to humans and animals. Due to the transition to renewable energy-based technologies, an electrochemical approach is an emerging option that can selectively produce valuable ammonia from nitrate sources. However, traditional metal-based electrocatalysts often suffer from low nitrate adsorption that reduces NH3 production rates. Here, a Ni-GaOOH-C/Ga electrocatalyst for electrochemical nitrate conversion into NH3 is synthesized via a low energy atmospheric-pressure plasma process that reduces CO2 into highly dispersed activated carbon on dispersed Ni─GaOOH particles produced from a liquid metal Ga─Ni alloy precursor. Nitrate conversion rates of up to 26.3 µg h-1 mg-1 cat are achieved with good stability of up to 20 h. Critically, the presence of carbon centers is central to improved performance where both Ni─C and NiO─C interfaces act as NO3- adsorption and reduction centers during the reaction. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicate that the NiO─C and Ni─C reaction sites reduce the Gibbs free energy required for NO3- reduction to NH3 compared to NiO and Ni. Importantly, catalysts without carbon centers do not produce NH3, emphasizing the unique effects of incorporating carbon nanoparticles into the electrocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abd H Babikir
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George St, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Center for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George St, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Xin Mao
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George St, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Center for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George St, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Aijun Du
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George St, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Center for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George St, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - James D Riches
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George St, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Center for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George St, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Kostya Ken Ostrikov
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George St, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Center for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George St, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Anthony P O'Mullane
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George St, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Center for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George St, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
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Chen B, Zhu Z, Ma J, Yang M, Hong J, Hu X, Qiu Y, Chen J. One-pot, solid-phase synthesis of magnetic multiwalled carbon nanotube/iron oxide composites and their application in arsenic removal. J Colloid Interface Sci 2014; 434:9-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2014.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Bae JH, Choi JH, Shin WH, Lee JW, Choi YJ, Kang JK. Selective synthesis of diameter- and interlayer-controlled carbon nitride nanotubes with hydrogen ensnaring nanopores. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:7461-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c003397a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ouyang Y, Chen L, Liu QX, Fang Y. A temperature window for the synthesis of single-walled carbon nanotubes by catalytic chemical vapor deposition of CH4 over Mo-Fe/MgO catalyst. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2008; 71:317-320. [PMID: 18249582 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2007.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2007] [Accepted: 12/19/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A temperature window of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) growth has been studied by Raman spectroscopy. The results presented when temperature lower than 750 degrees C, there were few SWCNTs formed, and when temperature higher than 900 degrees C, mass amorphous carbons were formed in the SWCNTs bundles due to the self-decomposition of CH4. The temperature window of SWCNTs efficiently growth is between 800 and 900 degrees C, and the optimum growth temperature is about 850 degrees C. These results were supported by transmission electron microscope images of samples formed under different temperature. The temperature window is important for large-scale production of SWCNTs by catalytic chemical vapor deposition method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ouyang
- Department of Physics, Lin Yi Normal University, 276005, China.
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Lamouroux E, Serp P, Kalck P. Catalytic Routes Towards Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes. CATALYSIS REVIEWS-SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/01614940701313200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Ha B, Park J, Kim SY, Lee CJ. Investigation of Field Emission and Photoemission Properties of High-Purity Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Synthesized by Hydrogen Arc Discharge. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:23742-9. [PMID: 17125335 DOI: 10.1021/jp0634407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) were directly synthesized by a hydrogen arc-discharge method by using only Fe catalyst. The synthesized carbon materials indicated high-purity SWCNTs without amorphous carbon materials from SEM observation. The SWCNTs had diameters of 1.5-2.0 nm from TEM and Raman observation. After a simple purification, TGA indicated that SWCNTs had a purity of ca. 90.1 wt %. Field emission from the SWCNT emitters which were fabricated by using a spray method was measured by a diode structure. The vertically aligned SWCNT emitters showed the low turn-on voltage of 0.86 V/microm and a high emission-current density of 3 mA/cm2 at an applied field of about 3 V/microm. From a Fowler-Nordheim plot, the vertically aligned SWCNT revealed a high field enhancement factor of 2.35 x 10(4). The photoemission measurements, excited by a photon energy of 360 eV, showed significantly delocalized graphite-pi states at the purified SWCNTs. Here, we investigated that the field-emission properties of SWCNTs would be attributed to the high electronic density of states near Fermi energy, including the delocalized graphite-pi states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeongchul Ha
- Department of Nano Science, Cheongju University, Cheongju 360-764, Korea
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Shen G, Bando Y, Zhi C, Golberg D. Tubular Carbon Nano-/Microstructures Synthesized from Graphite Powders by an in Situ Template Process. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:10714-9. [PMID: 16771318 DOI: 10.1021/jp0618274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Through the use of commercial graphite powders as the carbon sources, a variety of interesting tubular carbon nano- and microstructures, such as networked carbon nanotubes, aligned carbon microtubes with hexagonal cross-sections, aligned tapered carbon tubes, and hollow carbon microhorns, have been successfully synthesized. As-grown tubular carbon structures were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopy. An in situ template mechanism was proposed to explain the possible growth process. The vibrational properties of the synthesized tubular carbon structures were also studied by Raman spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozhen Shen
- Advanced Materials Laboratory, National Institute for Materials Science, Namiki 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 304-0044, Japan.
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Zhou LP, Ohta K, Kuroda K, Lei N, Matsuishi K, Gao L, Matsumoto T, Nakamura J. Catalytic Functions of Mo/Ni/MgO in the Synthesis of Thin Carbon Nanotubes. J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:4439-47. [PMID: 16851515 DOI: 10.1021/jp045284e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The functions and structures of Mo/Ni/MgO catalysts in the synthesis of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Raman spectroscopy. Thin 2-5-walled CNTs with high purities (over 90%) have been successfully synthesized by catalytic decomposition of CH(4) over Mo/Ni/MgO catalysts at 1073 K. It has been found that the yield of CNTs as well as the outer diameter or thickness correlates well with the contents of these three elements. The three components Mo, Ni, and MgO are all necessary to synthesize the thin CNTs at high yields since no catalytic activity was observed for CNT synthesis when one of these components was not present. The outer diameter of the CNTs increases from 4 to 13 nm and the thickness of graphene layers also increases with increasing Mo content at a fixed Ni content, while the inner diameter stays at 2-3 nm regardless of their contents. Furthermore, the average outer diameter is in good agreement with the average particle size of metal catalyst. That is, the thickness or the outer diameter can be controlled by selecting the composition of the Mo/Ni/MgO catalysts. XRD analyses have shown that Mo and Ni form a Mo-Ni alloy before CNT synthesis, while the Mo-Ni alloy phase is separated into Mo carbide and Ni. These alloy particles are supported on MgO cubic particles 15-20 nm in width. It has been found that only small Mo-Ni alloy particles 2-16 nm in size catalyze CNT synthesis, with larger particles over 15 nm exhibiting no activity. Mo carbide and Ni should play different roles in the synthesis of the thin CNTs, in which Ni is responsible for the dissociation of CH(4) into carbon and Mo(2)C works as a carbon reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Ping Zhou
- Materials Science, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
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Lyu SC, Liu BC, Lee SH, Park CY, Kang HK, Yang CW, Lee CJ. Large-Scale Synthesis of High-Quality Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes by Catalytic Decomposition of Ethylene. J Phys Chem B 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp030661t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. C. Lyu
- Department of Nanotechnology, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea, Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea, Department of Advanced Materials Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea, and Center for Nanotubes and Nanostructured Composites, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - B. C. Liu
- Department of Nanotechnology, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea, Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea, Department of Advanced Materials Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea, and Center for Nanotubes and Nanostructured Composites, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - S. H. Lee
- Department of Nanotechnology, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea, Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea, Department of Advanced Materials Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea, and Center for Nanotubes and Nanostructured Composites, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - C. Y. Park
- Department of Nanotechnology, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea, Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea, Department of Advanced Materials Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea, and Center for Nanotubes and Nanostructured Composites, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - H. K. Kang
- Department of Nanotechnology, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea, Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea, Department of Advanced Materials Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea, and Center for Nanotubes and Nanostructured Composites, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - C. W. Yang
- Department of Nanotechnology, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea, Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea, Department of Advanced Materials Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea, and Center for Nanotubes and Nanostructured Composites, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - C. J. Lee
- Department of Nanotechnology, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea, Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea, Department of Advanced Materials Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea, and Center for Nanotubes and Nanostructured Composites, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
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Liu B, Lyu S, Jung S, Kang H, Yang CW, Park J, Park C, Lee C. Single-walled carbon nanotubes produced by catalytic chemical vapor deposition of acetylene over Fe–Mo/MgO catalyst. Chem Phys Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2003.10.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Liu B, Lyu S, Lee T, Choi S, Eum S, Yang C, Park C, Lee C. Synthesis of single- and double-walled carbon nanotubes by catalytic decomposition of methane. Chem Phys Lett 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(03)00636-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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