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Doran MM, Bermingham KP, Tricklebank MD, Lowry JP. Characterisation of a microelectrochemical biosensor for real-time detection of brain extracellular d-serine. Talanta 2024; 278:126458. [PMID: 38955102 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
A modified development protocol and concomitant characterisation of a first generation biosensor for the detection of brain extracellular d-serine is reported. Functional parameters important for neurochemical monitoring, including sensor sensitivity, O2 interference, selectivity, shelf-life and biocompatibility were examined. Construction and development involved the enzyme d-amino acid oxidase (DAAO), utilising a dip-coating immobilisation method employing a new extended drying approach. The resultant Pt-based polymer enzyme composite sensor achieved high sensitivity to d-serine (0.76 ± 0.04 nA mm-2. μM-1) and a low μM limit of detection (0.33 ± 0.02 μM). The in-vitro response time was within the solution stirring time, suggesting potential sub-second in-vivo response characteristics. Oxygen interference studies demonstrated a 1 % reduction in current at 50 μM O2 when compared to atmospheric O2 levels (200 μM), indicating that the sensor can be used for reliable neurochemical monitoring of d-serine, free from changes in current associated with physiological O2 fluctuations. Potential interference signals generated by the principal electroactive analytes present in the brain were minimised by using a permselective layer of poly(o-phenylenediamine), and although several d-amino acids are possible substrates for DAAO, their physiologically relevant signals were small relative to that for d-serine. Additionally, changing both temperature and pH over possible in vivo ranges (34-40 °C and 7.2-7.6 respectively) resulted in no significant effect on performance. Finally, the biosensor was implanted in the striatum of freely moving rats and used to monitor physiological changes in d-serine over a two-week period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Doran
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Maynooth University Department of Chemistry, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland.
| | - Kobi P Bermingham
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Maynooth University Department of Chemistry, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Mark D Tricklebank
- Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - John P Lowry
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Maynooth University Department of Chemistry, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland.
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2
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Engel JA, Pålsson E, Vallöf D, Jerlhag E. Ghrelin activates the mesolimbic dopamine system via nitric oxide associated mechanisms in the ventral tegmental area. Nitric Oxide 2023; 131:1-7. [PMID: 36513266 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2022.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Besides enhanced feeding, the orexigenic peptide ghrelin activates the mesolimbic dopamine system to cause reward as measured by locomotor stimulation, dopamine release in nucleus accumbens shell (NAcS), and conditioned place preference. Although the ventral tegmental area (VTA) appears to be a central brain region for this ghrelin-reward, the underlying mechanisms within this area are unknown. The findings that the gaseous neurotransmitter nitric oxide (NO) modulate the ghrelin enhanced feeding, led us to hypothesize that ghrelin increases NO levels in the VTA, and thereby stimulates reward-related behaviors. We initially demonstrated that inhibition of NO synthesis blocked the ghrelin-induced activation of the mesolimbic dopamine system. We then established that antagonism of downstream signaling of NO in the VTA, namely sGC, prevents the ability of ghrelin to stimulate the mesolimbic dopamine system. The association of ghrelin to NO was further strengthened by in vivo electrochemical recordings showing that ghrelin enhances the NO release in the VTA. Besides a GABAB -receptor agonist, known to reduce NO and cGMP, blocks the stimulatory properties of ghrelin. The present series of experiments reveal that ablated NO signaling, through pharmacologically inhibiting the production of NO and/or cGMP, prevents the ability of ghrelin to induced reward-related behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörgen A Engel
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Pharmacology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Erik Pålsson
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Neurochemistry and Psychiatry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Daniel Vallöf
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Pharmacology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Elisabet Jerlhag
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Pharmacology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Hassan S, Schreib CC, Zhao X, Duret G, Roman DS, Nair V, Cohen-Karni T, Veiseh O, Robinson JT. Real-Time In Vivo Sensing of Nitric Oxide Using Photonic Microring Resonators. ACS Sens 2022; 7:2253-2261. [PMID: 35938877 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c00756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Real-time in vivo detection of biomarkers, particularly nitric oxide (NO), is of utmost importance for critical healthcare monitoring, therapeutic dosing, and fundamental understanding of NO's role in regulating many physiological processes. However, detection of NO in a biological medium is challenging due to its short lifetime and low concentration. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that photonic microring resonators (MRRs) can provide real-time, direct, and in vivo detection of NO in a mouse wound model. The MRR encodes the NO concentration information into its transfer function in the form of a resonance wavelength shift. We show that these functionalized MRRs, fabricated using complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) compatible processes, can achieve sensitive detection of NO (sub-μM) with excellent specificity and no apparent performance degradation for more than 24 h of operation in biological medium. With alternative functionalizations, this compact lab-on-chip optical sensing platform could support real-time in vivo detection of myriad of biochemical species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakib Hassan
- Electrical & Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Christian C Schreib
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Xuan Zhao
- Applied Physics Graduate Program, Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Guillaume Duret
- Electrical & Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Daniel S Roman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Vishnu Nair
- Rice Neuroengineering Initiative, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Tzahi Cohen-Karni
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Omid Veiseh
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Jacob T Robinson
- Electrical & Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States.,Rice Neuroengineering Initiative, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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4
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Design optimisation and characterisation of an amperometric glutamate oxidase-based composite biosensor for neurotransmitter l-glutamic acid. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1224:340205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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5
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Shrivastava UN, Fritzsche H, Karan K. Interfacial and Bulk Water in Ultrathin Films of Nafion, 3M PFSA, and 3M PFIA Ionomers on a Polycrystalline Platinum Surface. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Udit N. Shrivastava
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Helmut Fritzsche
- Material Sciences Branch, Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, 286 Plant Road, Chalk River, ON K0J 10J, Canada
| | - Kunal Karan
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
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Teles-Grilo Ruivo LM, Baker KL, Conway MW, Kinsley PJ, Gilmour G, Phillips KG, Isaac JTR, Lowry JP, Mellor JR. Coordinated Acetylcholine Release in Prefrontal Cortex and Hippocampus Is Associated with Arousal and Reward on Distinct Timescales. Cell Rep 2017; 18:905-917. [PMID: 28122241 PMCID: PMC5289927 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.12.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholinergic neurotransmission throughout the neocortex and hippocampus regulates arousal, learning, and attention. However, owing to the poorly characterized timing and location of acetylcholine release, its detailed behavioral functions remain unclear. Using electrochemical biosensors chronically implanted in mice, we made continuous measurements of the spatiotemporal dynamics of acetylcholine release across multiple behavioral states. We found that tonic levels of acetylcholine release were coordinated between the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus and maximal during training on a rewarded working memory task. Tonic release also increased during REM sleep but was contingent on subsequent wakefulness. In contrast, coordinated phasic acetylcholine release occurred only during the memory task and was strongly localized to reward delivery areas without being contingent on trial outcome. These results show that coordinated acetylcholine release between the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus is associated with reward and arousal on distinct timescales, providing dual mechanisms to support learned behavior acquisition during cognitive task performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonor M Teles-Grilo Ruivo
- Lilly Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Eli Lilly and Company Ltd., Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey GU20 6PH, UK; Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Keeley L Baker
- Department of Chemistry, Maynooth University, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Michael W Conway
- Lilly Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Eli Lilly and Company Ltd., Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey GU20 6PH, UK
| | - Peter J Kinsley
- Lilly Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Eli Lilly and Company Ltd., Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey GU20 6PH, UK
| | - Gary Gilmour
- Lilly Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Eli Lilly and Company Ltd., Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey GU20 6PH, UK
| | - Keith G Phillips
- Lilly Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Eli Lilly and Company Ltd., Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey GU20 6PH, UK
| | - John T R Isaac
- Lilly Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Eli Lilly and Company Ltd., Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey GU20 6PH, UK
| | - John P Lowry
- Department of Chemistry, Maynooth University, Co. Kildare, Ireland.
| | - Jack R Mellor
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK.
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7
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Doran MM, Finnerty NJ, Lowry JP. In-Vitro
Development and Characterisation of a Superoxide Dismutase-Based Biosensor. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201700793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M. Doran
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Maynooth University Department of Chemistry; Maynooth University; Maynooth Co. Kildare Ireland
| | - Niall J. Finnerty
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Maynooth University Department of Chemistry; Maynooth University; Maynooth Co. Kildare Ireland
| | - John P. Lowry
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Maynooth University Department of Chemistry; Maynooth University; Maynooth Co. Kildare Ireland
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8
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Ascorbic Acid Rejection Characteristics of Modified Platinum Electrodes: A Shelf Life Investigation. CHEMOSENSORS 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors3020055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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9
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Increased brain nitric oxide levels following ethanol administration. Nitric Oxide 2015; 47:52-7. [PMID: 25819134 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide is a ubiquitous messenger molecule, which at elevated concentrations has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several neurological disorders. Its role in oxidative stress, attributed in particular to the formation of peroxynitrite, proceeds through its high affinity for the superoxide radical. Alcoholism has recently been associated with the induction of oxidative stress, which is generally defined as a shift in equilibrium between pro-oxidant and anti-oxidant species in the direction of the former. Furthermore, its primary metabolite acetaldehyde, has been extensively associated with oxidative damage related toxic effects following alcohol ingestion. The principal objective of this study was the application of long term in vivo electrochemistry (LIVE) to investigate the effect of ethanol (0.125, 0.5 and 2.0 g kg(-1)) and acetaldehyde (12.5, 50 and 200 mg kg(-1)) on NO levels in the nucleus accumbens of freely moving rats. Systemic administrations of ethanol and acetaldehyde resulted in a dose-dependent increases in NO levels, albeit with very differing time courses. Subsequent to this the effect on accumbal NO levels, of subjecting the animal to different drug combinations, was also elucidated. The nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-NAME (20 mg kg(-1)) and acetaldehyde sequestering agent D-penicillamine (50 mg kg(-1)) both attenuated the increase in NO levels following ethanol (1 g kg(-1)) administration. Conversely, the alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor 4-methylpyrazole (25 mg kg(-1)) and catalase inhibitor sodium azide (10 mg kg(-1)) potentiated the increase in NO levels following ethanol administration. Finally, dual inhibition of aldehyde dehydrogenase and catalase by cyanamide (25 mg kg(-1)) caused an attenuation of ethanol effects on NO levels. Taken together these data highlight a robust increase in brain NO levels following systemic alcohol administration which is dependent on NO synthase activity and may involve both alcohol- and acetaldehyde-dependent mechanisms.
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10
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Baker KL, Bolger FB, Lowry JP. A microelectrochemical biosensor for real-time in vivo monitoring of brain extracellular choline. Analyst 2015; 140:3738-45. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an02027h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A first generation Pt-based polymer enzyme composite biosensor developed for real-time neurochemical monitoring was characterised in vivo for sensitive and selective detection of choline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keeley L. Baker
- Neurochemistry Research Unit
- BioAnalytics Laboratory
- Maynooth University Department of Chemistry
- Maynooth University
- Maynooth
| | - Fiachra B. Bolger
- Neurochemistry Research Unit
- BioAnalytics Laboratory
- Maynooth University Department of Chemistry
- Maynooth University
- Maynooth
| | - John P. Lowry
- Neurochemistry Research Unit
- BioAnalytics Laboratory
- Maynooth University Department of Chemistry
- Maynooth University
- Maynooth
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11
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Liu X, Dumitrescu E, Andreescu S. Electrochemical Biosensors for Real-Time Monitoring of Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species. ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2015-1200.ch013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Liu
- Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, New York 13699-5810
| | - Eduard Dumitrescu
- Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, New York 13699-5810
| | - Silvana Andreescu
- Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, New York 13699-5810
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12
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Wynne AM, Reid CH, Finnerty NJ. In vitro characterisation of ortho phenylenediamine and Nafion®-modified Pt electrodes for measuring brain nitric oxide. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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13
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Wu Q, Wu D, Guan Y. In Vivo Fast Equilibrium Microextraction by Stable and Biocompatible Nanofiber Membrane Sandwiched in Microfluidic Device. Anal Chem 2013; 85:11524-31. [DOI: 10.1021/ac4028438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wu
- Key Laboratory
of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of
Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
- Dalian Institute
of Chemical Physics, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, P. R. China
| | - Dapeng Wu
- Key Laboratory
of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of
Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Yafeng Guan
- Key Laboratory
of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of
Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
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14
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Miniaturised enzymatic conductometric biosensor with Nafion membrane for the direct determination of formaldehyde in water samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 406:1039-48. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7197-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Ferreira NR, Santos RM, Laranjinha J, Barbosa RM. Real Time In Vivo Measurement of Ascorbate in the Brain Using Carbon Nanotube-Modified Microelectrodes. ELECTROANAL 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201300053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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16
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Finnerty NJ, Bolger FB, Pålsson E, Lowry JP. An investigation of hypofrontality in an animal model of schizophrenia using real-time microelectrochemical sensors for glucose, oxygen, and nitric oxide. ACS Chem Neurosci 2013; 4:825-31. [PMID: 23578219 DOI: 10.1021/cn4000567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose, O2, and nitric oxide (NO) were monitored in real time in the prefrontal cortex of freely moving animals using microelectrochemical sensors following phencyclidine (PCP) administration. Injection of saline controls produced a decrease in glucose and increases in both O2 and NO. These changes were short-lived and typical of injection stress, lasting ca. 30 s for glucose and between 2 and 6 min for O2 and NO, respectively. Subchronic PCP (10 mg/kg) resulted in increased motor activity and increases in all three analytes lasting several hours: O2 and glucose were uncoupled with O2 increasing rapidly following injection reaching a maximum of 70% (ca. 62 μM) after ca. 15 min and then slowly returning to baseline over a period of ca. 3 h. The time course of changes in glucose and NO were similar; both signals increased gradually over the first hour post injection reaching maxima of 55% (ca. 982 μM) and 8% (ca. 31 nM), respectively, and remaining elevated to within 1 h of returning to baseline levels (after ca. 5 and 7 h, respectively). While supporting increased utilization of glucose and O2 and suggesting overcompensating supply mechanisms, this neurochemical data indicates a hyperfrontal effect following acute PCP administration which is potentially mediated by NO. It also confirms that long-term in vivo electrochemical sensors and data offer a real-time biochemical perspective of the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niall J. Finnerty
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Ireland Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Fiachra B. Bolger
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Ireland Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Erik Pålsson
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience
and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, PO Box 431, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - John P. Lowry
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Ireland Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
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Brain nitric oxide: Regional characterisation of a real-time microelectrochemical sensor. J Neurosci Methods 2012; 209:13-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2012.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Periasamy AP, Yang S, Chen SM. Preparation and characterization of bismuth oxide nanoparticles-multiwalled carbon nanotube composite for the development of horseradish peroxidase based H2O2 biosensor. Talanta 2011; 87:15-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2011] [Revised: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Chitosan coated carbon fiber microelectrode for selective in vivo detection of neurotransmitters in live zebrafish embryos. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 695:89-95. [PMID: 21601035 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2010] [Revised: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report the development of a chitosan modified carbon fiber microelectrode for in vivo detection of serotonin. We find that chitosan has the ability to reject physiological levels of ascorbic acid interferences and facilitate selective and sensitive detection of in vivo levels of serotonin, a common catecholamine neurotransmitter. Presence of chitosan on the microelectrode surface was investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The electrode was characterized using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). A detection limit of 1.6 nM serotonin with a sensitivity of 5.12 nA/μM, a linear range from 2 to 100 nM and a reproducibility of 6.5% for n=6 electrodes were obtained. Chitosan modified microelectrodes selectively measure serotonin in presence of physiological levels of ascorbic acid. In vivo measurements were performed to measure concentration of serotonin in the live embryonic zebrafish intestine. The sensor quantifies in vivo intestinal levels of serotonin while successfully rejecting ascorbic acid interferences. We demonstrate that chitosan can be used as an effective coating to reject ascorbic acid interferences at carbon fiber microelectrodes, as an alternative to Nafion, and that chitosan modified microelectrodes are reliable tools for in vivo monitoring of changes in neurotransmitter levels.
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Yao H, Shum AJ, Cowan M, Lähdesmäki I, Parviz BA. A contact lens with embedded sensor for monitoring tear glucose level. Biosens Bioelectron 2010; 26:3290-6. [PMID: 21257302 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2010.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2010] [Revised: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We report the design, construction, and testing of a contact lens with an integrated amperometric glucose sensor, proposing the possibility of in situ human health monitoring simply by wearing a contact lens. The glucose sensor was constructed by creating microstructures on a polymer substrate, which was subsequently shaped into a contact lens. Titania sol-gel film was applied to immobilize glucose oxidase, and Nafion® was used to decrease several potential interferences (ascorbic acid, lactate, and urea) present in the tear film. The sensor exhibits a fast response (20s), a high sensitivity (240 μA cm(-2) mM(-1)) and a good reproducibility after testing a number of sensors. It shows good linearity for the typical range of glucose concentrations in the tear film (0.1-0.6 mM), and acceptable accuracy in the presence of interfering agents. The sensor can attain a minimum detection of less than 0.01 mM glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanfen Yao
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Information processing deficits and nitric oxide signalling in the phencyclidine model of schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2010; 212:643-51. [PMID: 20802999 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-010-1992-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Schizophrenia-like cognitive deficits induced by phencyclidine (PCP), a drug commonly used to model schizophrenia in experimental animals, are attenuated by nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitors. Furthermore, PCP increases NO levels and sGC/cGMP signalling in the prefrontal cortex in rodents. Hence, a cortical NO/sGC/cGMP signalling pathway may constitute a target for novel pharmacological therapies in schizophrenia. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to further investigate the role of NO signalling for a PCP-induced deficit in pre-attentive information processing. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were surgically implanted with NO-selective amperometric microsensors aimed at the prefrontal cortex, ventral hippocampus or nucleus accumbens, and NO levels and prepulse inhibition (PPI) were simultaneously assessed. RESULTS PCP treatment increased NO levels in the prefrontal cortex and ventral hippocampus, but not in the nucleus accumbens. The increase in NO levels was not temporally correlated to the deficit in PPI induced by PCP. Furthermore, pretreatment with the neuronal NO synthase inhibitor N-propyl-L-arginine dose-dependently attenuated both the increase in prefrontal cortex NO levels and the deficit in PPI. CONCLUSIONS These findings support a demonstrated role of NO in the behavioural and neurochemical effects of PCP. Furthermore, this effect is brain region-specific and mainly involves the neuronal isoform of NOS. However, a temporal correlation between a PCP-induced disruption of PPI and an increase in prefrontal cortex NO levels was not demonstrated, suggesting that the interaction between PCP and the NO system is more complex than previously thought.
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Jin J, Muroga M, Takahashi F, Nakamura T. Enzymatic flow injection method for rapid determination of choline in urine with electrochemiluminescence detection. Bioelectrochemistry 2010; 79:147-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2009.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2009] [Revised: 11/03/2009] [Accepted: 12/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ye X, Xie F, Romanova EV, Rubakhin SS, Sweedler JV. PRODUCTION OF NITRIC OXIDE WITHIN THE APLYSIA CALIFORNICA NERVOUS SYSTEM. ACS Chem Neurosci 2010; 1:182-193. [PMID: 20532188 DOI: 10.1021/cn900016z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO), an intercellular signaling molecule, helps coordinate neuronal network activity. Here we examine NO generation in the Aplysia central nervous system using 4,5-diaminofluorescein diacetate (DAF-2 DA), a fluorescent reagent that forms 4,5-diaminofluorescein triazole (DAF-2T) upon reaction with NO. Recognizing that other fluorescence products are formed within the biochemically complex intracellular environment, we validate the observed fluorescence as being from DAF-2T; using both capillary electrophoresis and mass spectrometry we confirm that DAF-2T is formed from tissues and cells exposed to DAF-2 DA. We observe three distinct subcellular distributions of fluorescence in neurons exposed to DAF-2 DA. The first shows uniform fluorescence inside the cell, with these cells being among previously confirmed NOS-positive regions in the Aplysia cerebral ganglion. The second, seen inside buccal neurons, exhibits point sources of fluorescence, 1.5 ± 0.7 µm in diameter. Interestingly, the number of fluorescence puncta increases when the tissue is preincubated with the NOS substrate L-arginine, and they disappear when cells are preexposed to the NOS inhibitor L-NAME, demonstrating that the fluorescence is connected to NOS-dependent NO production. The third distribution type, seen in the R2 neuron, also exhibits fluorescent puncta, but only on the cell surface. Fluorescence is also observed in the terminals of cultured bag cell neurons loaded with DAF-2 DA. Surprisingly, fluorescence at the R2 surface and bag cell neuron terminals is not modulated by L-arginine or L-NAME, suggesting it has a source distinct from the buccal and cerebral ganglion DAF 2T-positive tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Ye
- Department of Chemistry and the Beckman Institute. University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Fang Xie
- Department of Chemistry and the Beckman Institute. University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Elena V. Romanova
- Department of Chemistry and the Beckman Institute. University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Stanislav S. Rubakhin
- Department of Chemistry and the Beckman Institute. University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Jonathan V. Sweedler
- Department of Chemistry and the Beckman Institute. University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801
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Pålsson E, Finnerty N, Fejgin K, Klamer D, Wass C, Svensson L, Lowry J. Increased cortical nitric oxide release after phencyclidine administration. Synapse 2009; 63:1083-8. [DOI: 10.1002/syn.20690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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25
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Prefrontal GABA(B) receptor activation attenuates phencyclidine-induced impairments of prepulse inhibition: involvement of nitric oxide. Neuropsychopharmacology 2009; 34:1673-84. [PMID: 19145229 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2008.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Recent theories propose that both GABA and glutamate signaling are compromised in patients with schizophrenia. These deficits can be observed in several brain regions including the prefrontal cortex (PFC), an area extensively linked to the cognitive dysfunction in this disease and notably affected by NMDA receptor antagonists such as phencyclidine (PCP). We have previously demonstrated that inhibition of the nitric oxide (NO) pathways in the brain, particularly in the PFC, prevents a wide range of PCP-induced behavioral deficits including disruption of prepulse inhibition (PPI). This study investigated the role of GABA(B) receptor signaling and NO in the effects of PCP on PPI. Mice received systemic or prefrontal injections of the GABA(B) receptor agonist baclofen (2.5-5 mg/kg and 1 mM) before PCP treatment (5 mg/kg) and were thereafter tested for PPI. GABA/NO interactions were studied by combining baclofen and the NO synthase inhibitor L-NAME (20 mg/kg) in subthreshold doses. The role of GABA(B) receptors for NO production in vivo was assessed using NO-sensors implanted into the rat PFC. PCP-induced PPI deficits were attenuated in an additive manner by systemic baclofen treatment, whereas prefrontal microinjections of baclofen completely blocked the effects of PCP, without affecting PPI per se. The combination of baclofen and L-NAME was more effective in preventing the effects of PCP than any compound by itself. Additionally, baclofen decreased NO release in the PFC in a dose-related manner. This study proposes a role for GABA(B) receptor signaling in the effects of PCP, with altered NO levels as a downstream consequence. Thus, prefrontal NO signaling mirrors an altered level of cortical inhibition that may be of importance for information processing deficits in schizophrenia.
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26
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Redox cycling in nanofluidic channels using interdigitated electrodes. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 394:447-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2575-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2008] [Revised: 12/01/2008] [Accepted: 12/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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27
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Trouillon R, Cheung C, Patel BA, O'Hare D. Comparative study of poly(styrene-sulfonate)/poly(L-lysine) and fibronectin as biofouling-preventing layers in dissolved oxygen electrochemical measurements. Analyst 2009; 134:784-93. [DOI: 10.1039/b811958a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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28
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Brown FO, Finnerty NJ, Lowry JP. Nitric oxide monitoring in brain extracellular fluid: characterisation of Nafion®-modified Pt electrodes in vitro and in vivo. Analyst 2009; 134:2012-20. [DOI: 10.1039/b909005c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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29
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Fejgin K, Pålsson E, Wass C, Svensson L, Klamer D. Nitric oxide signaling in the medial prefrontal cortex is involved in the biochemical and behavioral effects of phencyclidine. Neuropsychopharmacology 2008; 33:1874-83. [PMID: 17895915 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1301587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is believed to play an important role in the cognitive impairments observed in schizophrenia and has also been shown to be involved in the modulation of prepulse inhibition (PPI), a measure of preattentive information processing that is impaired in schizophrenic individuals. Phencyclidine (PCP), a noncompetitive inhibitor of the NMDA receptor, exerts psychotomimetic effects in humans, disrupts PPI, and causes hypofrontality in rodents and monkeys. We have previously demonstrated that interfering with the production of nitric oxide (NO) can prevent a wide range of PCP-induced behavioral deficits, including PPI disruption. In the present study, the role of NO signaling for the behavioral and biochemical effects of PCP was further investigated. Dialysate from the medial PFC of mice receiving systemic treatment with PCP and/or the NO synthase inhibitor, N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 40 mg/kg), was analyzed for cGMP content. Furthermore, a specific inhibitor of NO-sensitive soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC), 1H-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ, 0.01-1 mM), was administered into the medial PFC of mice in combination with systemic injections of PCP, followed by PPI and locomotor activity testing. PCP (5 mg/kg) caused an increase in prefrontal cGMP that could be attenuated by pretreatment with the NO synthase inhibitor, L-NAME. Moreover, bilateral microinjection of the sGC inhibitor, ODQ, into the medial PFC of mice attenuated the disruption of PPI, but not the hyperlocomotion, caused by PCP. The present study shows that NO/sGC/cGMP signaling pathway in the medial PFC is involved in specific behavioral effects of PCP that may have relevance for the disabling cognitive dysfunction found in patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Fejgin
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
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30
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Nitric oxide synthase inhibition attenuates phencyclidine-induced disruption of cognitive flexibility. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2008; 89:352-9. [PMID: 18321564 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2008.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2007] [Revised: 01/07/2008] [Accepted: 01/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia encompasses, amongst other symptoms, a heavy load of cognitive dysfunctionality. Using the psychotomimetic agent, phencyclidine (PCP), we have previously found that PCP-induced disruptions of cognitive function in translational rodent models of schizophrenia are dependent on nitric oxide (NO) production. In the present study, male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to a Morris water maze task designed to assess cognitive flexibility (i.e. the ability to cope with an increasingly demanding cognitive task) by means of a "constant reversal learning paradigm". Experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of the NO synthase inhibitor, L-NAME (10 mg/kg), on PCP-induced (2 mg/kg) impairments. Control animals significantly improved their learning over the first 3 consecutive days, whereas PCP-treated animals failed to show any significant learning. Pretreatment with L-NAME normalized the PCP-induced disruption of learning to control levels. These findings suggest that PCP-induced disruptions of cognitive flexibility (i.e. ability to modify behaviour according to an increasingly demanding cognitive task) are dependent upon NO production. These observations, together with accumulated clinical findings, suggest that the NO system is a potential treatment target for cognitive dysfunctions in schizophrenia.
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31
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Hrbác J, Gregor C, Machová M, Králová J, Bystron T, Cíz M, Lojek A. Nitric oxide sensor based on carbon fiber covered with nickel porphyrin layer deposited using optimized electropolymerization procedure. Bioelectrochemistry 2007; 71:46-53. [PMID: 17084679 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2006.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2006] [Revised: 09/11/2006] [Accepted: 09/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Electropolymerization regime of meso-tetrakis(3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl) porphyrin is optimized to yield films possessing both electrocatalytical and permselective properties towards nitric oxide oxidation. The sensor composed of electrochemically oxidized carbon fiber, covered solely with nickel porphyrin derivative layer electropolymerized using our method, is characterized by high selectivity towards nitrite (1:600), ascorbate (1:8000) and dopamine (>1:80), determined by constant potential amperometry at 830 mV (vs. Ag/AgCl). Selectivity for ascorbate and dopamine as well as detection limit for NO (1.5 nM at S/N=3) is 5-10 times better than parameters usually reported for Nafion coated porphyrinic sensors. Nafion coating can further enhance selectivity properties as well as aids to the stability of the sensors' responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Hrbác
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Palacký University, Faculty of Science, tr. Svobody 26, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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32
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O'Brien KB, Killoran SJ, O'Neill RD, Lowry JP. Development and characterization in vitro of a catalase-based biosensor for hydrogen peroxide monitoring. Biosens Bioelectron 2007; 22:2994-3000. [PMID: 17258901 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2006.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2006] [Revised: 11/20/2006] [Accepted: 12/12/2006] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) may act as a neuromodulator in the brain, as well as contributing to neurodegeneration in diseased states, such as Parkinson's disease. The ability to monitor changes in endogenous H(2)O(2)in vivo with high temporal resolution is essential in order to further elucidate the roles of H(2)O(2) in the central nervous system. Here, we describe the in vitro characterization of an implantable catalase-based H(2)O(2) biosensor. The biosensor comprises two amperometric electrodes, one with catalase immobilized on the surface and one without enzyme (blank). The analytical signal is then the difference between the two electrodes. The H(2)O(2) sensitivity of various designs was compared, and ranged from 0 to 56+/-4 mA cm(-2)M(-1). The most successful design incorporated a Nafion layer followed by a poly-o-phenylenediamine (PPD) polymer layer. Catalase was adsorbed onto the PPD layer and then cross-linked with glutaraldehyde. The ability of the biosensors to exclude interference from ascorbic acid, and other interference species found in vivo, was also tested. A variety of the catalase-based biosensor designs described here show promise for in vivo monitoring of endogenous H(2)O(2) in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- K B O'Brien
- Sensors Development Unit, BioAnalytics Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Co, Kildare, Ireland
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33
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Pejcic B, De Marco R, Parkinson G. The role of biosensors in the detection of emerging infectious diseases. Analyst 2006; 131:1079-90. [PMID: 17003853 DOI: 10.1039/b603402k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Global biosecurity threats such as the spread of emerging infectious diseases (i.e., avian influenza, SARS, Hendra, Nipah, etc.) and bioterrorism have generated significant interest in recent years. There is considerable effort directed towards understanding and negating the proliferation of infectious diseases. Biosensors are an attractive tool which have the potential to detect the outbreak of a virus and/or disease. Although there is a host of technologies available, either commercially or in the scientific literature, the development of biosensors for the detection of emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) is still in its infancy. There is no doubt that the glucose biosensor, the gene chip, the protein chip, etc. have all played and are still playing a significant role in monitoring various biomolecules. Can biosensors play an important role for the detection of emerging infectious diseases? What does the future hold and which biosensor technology platform is suitable for the real-time detection of infectious diseases? These and many other questions will be addressed in this review. The purpose of this review is to present an overview of biosensors particularly in relation to EIDs. It provides a synopsis of the various types of biosensor technologies that have been used to detect EIDs, and describes some of the technologies behind them in terms of transduction and bioreceptor principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobby Pejcic
- Nanochemistry Research Institute, Department of Applied Chemistry, Curtin University of Technology, GPO Box U 1987, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia
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34
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Brown FO, Finnerty NJ, Bolger FB, Millar J, Lowry JP. Calibration of NO sensors for in-vivo voltammetry: laboratory synthesis of NO and the use of UV?visible spectroscopy for determining stock concentrations. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005; 381:964-71. [PMID: 15726338 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-004-2964-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2004] [Revised: 11/01/2004] [Accepted: 11/05/2004] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The increasing scientific interest in nitric oxide (NO) necessitates the development of novel and simple methods of synthesising NO on a laboratory scale. In this study we have refined and developed a method of NO synthesis, using the neutral Griess reagent, which is inexpensive, simple to perform, and provides a reliable method of generating NO gas for in-vivo sensor calibration. The concentration of the generated NO stock solution was determined using UV-visible spectroscopy to be 0.28+/-0.01 mmol L(-1). The level of NO(2) (-) contaminant, also determined using spectroscopy, was found to be 0.67+/-0.21 mmol L(-1). However, this is not sufficient to cause any considerable increase in oxidation current when the NO stock solution is used for electrochemical sensor calibration over physiologically relevant concentrations; the NO sensitivity of bare Pt-disk electrodes operating at +900 mV (vs. SCE) was 1.08 nA micromol(-1) L, while that for NO(2) (-) was 5.9 x 10(-3) nA micromol(-1) L. The stability of the NO stock solution was also monitored for up to 2 h after synthesis and 30 min was found to be the time limit within which calibrations should be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Finbar O Brown
- Sensors Development Unit, Bioelectroanalysis Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Co, Kildare, Ireland
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35
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Wilson GS, Gifford R. Biosensors for real-time in vivo measurements. Biosens Bioelectron 2005; 20:2388-403. [PMID: 15854814 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2004.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2004] [Revised: 11/01/2004] [Accepted: 12/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The current status of sensors capable of continuous measurement of analytes in biological media is reviewed. This review containing 173 references deals with devices whose use in single cells, tissue slices, animal models and humans has been demonstrated. In addition to sensors specific for glucose, lactate, glutamate, pyruvate, choline and acetylcholine, insights obtained from monitoring nitric oxide, Na(+), K(+), Ca(2+), and dopamine are presented. Performance criteria for sensor performance are described as is the subject of biosensor calibration. Biocompatibility issues are dealt with in some detail as is the status of continuous blood glucose monitoring in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- George S Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Malott Hall, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
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