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Mizuno A, Matsuoka R, Mibu T, Kusamoto T. Luminescent Radicals. Chem Rev 2024; 124:1034-1121. [PMID: 38230673 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Organic radicals are attracting increasing interest as a new class of molecular emitters. They demonstrate electronic excitation and relaxation dynamics based on their doublet or higher multiplet spin states, which are different from those based on singlet-triplet manifolds of conventional closed-shell molecules. Recent studies have disclosed luminescence properties and excited state dynamics unique to radicals, such as highly efficient electron-photon conversion in OLEDs, NIR emission, magnetoluminescence, an absence of heavy atom effect, and spin-dependent and spin-selective dynamics. These are difficult or sometimes impossible to achieve with closed-shell luminophores. This review focuses on luminescent organic radicals as an emerging photofunctional molecular system, and introduces the material developments, fundamental properties including luminescence, and photofunctions. Materials covered in this review range from monoradicals, radical oligomers, and radical polymers to metal complexes with radical ligands demonstrating radical-involved emission. In addition to stable radicals, transiently formed radicals generated in situ by external stimuli are introduced. This review shows that luminescent organic radicals have great potential to expand the chemical and spin spaces of luminescent molecular materials and thus broaden their applicability to photofunctional systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asato Mizuno
- Department of Life and Coordination-Complex Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Ryota Matsuoka
- Department of Life and Coordination-Complex Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
- SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Shonan Village, HayamaKanagawa 240-0193, Japan
| | - Takuto Mibu
- Department of Life and Coordination-Complex Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Kusamoto
- Department of Life and Coordination-Complex Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
- SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Shonan Village, HayamaKanagawa 240-0193, Japan
- JST-PRESTO, 4-1-8, Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
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Houard F, Cucinotta G, Guizouarn T, Suffren Y, Calvez G, Daiguebonne C, Guillou O, Artzner F, Mannini M, Bernot K. Metallogels: a novel approach for the nanostructuration of single-chain magnets. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:547-555. [PMID: 36426997 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh01158a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study we demonstrate that single-chain magnets (SCMs) can be assembled in gel phase and transferred intact on surface. We take advantage of a family of SCMs based on TbIII ions and nitronyl-nitroxides radicals functionalized with short alkyl chains known to form crystalline supramolecular nanotubes interacting with heptane acting as crystallizing solvent. When the radicals are functionalized with long aliphatic chains a robust gel is formed with similar structural and functional properties respect to its crystalline parent. Indeed, a small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) study unambiguously demonstrates that the gel is made of supramolecular nanotubes: the high stability of the gel allows the determination from SAXS data of precise nanotube metrics such as diameter, helical pitch and monoclinic cell of the folded 2D crystal lattice along the tube direction. Additionally, static and dynamic magnetic investigations show the persistence of the SCM behavior in the metallogel. Last, on-surface gelation provides thick films as well as sub-monolayer deposits of supramolecular nanotubes on surface as evidenced by atomic force microscopy (AFM) observations. This paves the road toward magnetic materials and devices made of SCMs profiting of their isolation on surface as individual chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Houard
- Univ Rennes, INSA Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), UMR 6226, Université de Rennes 1, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Guiseppe Cucinotta
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Ugo Schiff" (DICUS), Università degli Studi di Firenze, INSTM Research Unit of Firenze, Via della Lastruccia n.3-13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy.
| | - Thierry Guizouarn
- Univ Rennes, INSA Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), UMR 6226, Université de Rennes 1, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Yan Suffren
- Univ Rennes, INSA Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), UMR 6226, Université de Rennes 1, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Guillaume Calvez
- Univ Rennes, INSA Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), UMR 6226, Université de Rennes 1, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Carole Daiguebonne
- Univ Rennes, INSA Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), UMR 6226, Université de Rennes 1, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Olivier Guillou
- Univ Rennes, INSA Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), UMR 6226, Université de Rennes 1, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Franck Artzner
- CNRS, IPR (Institut de Physique de Rennes), UMR 6251, Université de Rennes 1, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Matteo Mannini
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Ugo Schiff" (DICUS), Università degli Studi di Firenze, INSTM Research Unit of Firenze, Via della Lastruccia n.3-13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy.
| | - Kevin Bernot
- Univ Rennes, INSA Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), UMR 6226, Université de Rennes 1, F-35000 Rennes, France.
- Institut Universitaire de France, 1 rue Descartes, 75005, Paris, France
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Tretyakov EV, Ovcharenko VI, Terent'ev AO, Krylov IB, Magdesieva TV, Mazhukin DG, Gritsan NP. Conjugated nitroxide radicals. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr5025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Houard F, Gendron F, Suffren Y, Guizouarn T, Dorcet V, Calvez G, Daiguebonne C, Guillou O, Le Guennic B, Mannini M, Bernot K. Single-chain magnet behavior in a finite linear hexanuclear molecule. Chem Sci 2021; 12:10613-10621. [PMID: 34447554 PMCID: PMC8356920 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02033a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The careful monitoring of crystallization conditions of a mixture made of a TbIII building block and a substituted nitronyl-nitroxide that typically provides infinite coordination polymers (chains), affords a remarkably stable linear hexanuclear molecule made of six TbIII ions and five NIT radicals. The hexanuclear units are double-bridged by water molecules but ab initio calculations demonstrate that this bridge is inefficient in mediating any magnetic interaction other than a small dipolar antiferromagnetic coupling. Surprisingly the hexanuclears, despite being finite molecules, show a single-chain magnet (SCM) behavior. This results in a magnetic hysteresis at low temperature whose coercive field is almost doubled when compared to the chains. We thus demonstrate that finite linear molecules can display SCM magnetic relaxation, which is a strong asset for molecular data storage purposes because 1D magnetic relaxation is more robust than the relaxation mechanisms observed in single-molecule magnets (SMMs) where under-barrier magnetic relaxation can operate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Houard
- Univ Rennes, INSA Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), UMR 6226 F 35000 Rennes France
| | - Frederic Gendron
- Univ Rennes, INSA Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), UMR 6226 F 35000 Rennes France
| | - Yan Suffren
- Univ Rennes, INSA Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), UMR 6226 F 35000 Rennes France
| | - Thierry Guizouarn
- Univ Rennes, INSA Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), UMR 6226 F 35000 Rennes France
| | - Vincent Dorcet
- Univ Rennes, INSA Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), UMR 6226 F 35000 Rennes France
| | - Guillaume Calvez
- Univ Rennes, INSA Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), UMR 6226 F 35000 Rennes France
| | - Carole Daiguebonne
- Univ Rennes, INSA Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), UMR 6226 F 35000 Rennes France
| | - Olivier Guillou
- Univ Rennes, INSA Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), UMR 6226 F 35000 Rennes France
| | - Boris Le Guennic
- Univ Rennes, INSA Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), UMR 6226 F 35000 Rennes France
| | - Matteo Mannini
- LAboratory for Molecular Magnetism (LA.M.M.), Dipartimento di Chimica "Ugo Schiff"(DICUS), Università degli Studi di Firenze, INSTM, UdR Firenze Via della Lastruccia n. 3, Sesto Fiorentino (FI) 50019 Italy
| | - Kevin Bernot
- Univ Rennes, INSA Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), UMR 6226 F 35000 Rennes France
- Institut Universitaire de France 1 rue Descartes 75005 Paris France
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Evrard Q, Houard F, Daiguebonne C, Calvez G, Suffren Y, Guillou O, Mannini M, Bernot K. Sonocrystallization as an Efficient Way to Control the Size, Morphology, and Purity of Coordination Compound Microcrystallites: Application to a Single-Chain Magnet. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:9215-9226. [PMID: 32521161 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The size, morphology, and purity control of coordination compound powders is a key stage for their conversion into materials and devices. In particular, surface science techniques require highly pure bulk materials with a narrow crystallite-size distribution together with straightforward, scalable, and reproducible crystallization procedures. In this work we demonstrate how sonocrystallization, i.e. the application of ultrasound during the crystallization process, can afford very quickly powders made of crystallites with controlled size, morphology, and purity. We show that this process drastically diminishes the crystallite-size distribution (low polydispersity indexes, PDI) and crystallite aspect ratio. By comparing sonicated samples with samples obtained by various silent crystallization conditions, we unambiguously show that the improvement in the crystallite morphology and size distribution is not due to any thermal effect but to the sonication of the crystallizing media. The application of sonocrystallization on crystallization batches of single-chain magnets (SCMs) maintains the chemical integrity of the SCMs together with their original magnetic behavior. Moreover, luminescent measurements show that sonocrystallization induces an efficient micromixing that drastically enhances the purity of the SCM powders. We thus propose that sonocrystallization, which is already used on organic or MOF compounds, can be applied to (magnetic) coordination compounds to readily afford bulk powders for characterization or shaping techniques that require pure, morphology- and crystallite-size-controlled powder samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Evrard
- Univ Rennes, INSA Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Félix Houard
- Univ Rennes, INSA Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Carole Daiguebonne
- Univ Rennes, INSA Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Guillaume Calvez
- Univ Rennes, INSA Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Yan Suffren
- Univ Rennes, INSA Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Olivier Guillou
- Univ Rennes, INSA Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Matteo Mannini
- LAMM (Laboratory for Molecular Magnetism), Dipartimento di Chimica "Ugo Schiff" Università degli Studi di Firenze, INSTM, UdR Firenze Via della Lastruccia n. 3, Sesto Fiorentino (FI) 50019, Italy
| | - Kevin Bernot
- Univ Rennes, INSA Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France.,Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 1 rue Descartes, 75231 Paris, France
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Lecourt C, Izumi Y, Khrouz L, Toche F, Chiriac R, Bélanger-Desmarais N, Reber C, Fabelo O, Inoue K, Desroches C, Luneau D. Thermally-induced hysteretic valence tautomeric conversions in the solid state via two-step labile electron transfers in manganese-nitronyl nitroxide 2D-frameworks. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:15646-15662. [PMID: 33156311 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt03243c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Near room temperature hysteretic thermo-induced valence tautomerism was discovered in a layered 2D-coordination polymer of manganese(ii) with nitronyl nitroxide radicals separated by ClO4- anions (1). This opens a novel approach towards switchable materials with hysteresis and under ambient conditions with prospects for applications and for investigating solid-state intramolecular electron transfers. Herein, two new compounds with similar layered structures where the anions (X) are BF4- (2) or PF6- (3) are presented. Their magnetic behaviors also reveal hysteretic thermo-induced valence tautomeric conversions but in two steps and evidencing a strong effect of the anion. This occurs near room temperature (278-220 K) for 2 and higher for 3 (380-330 K). Their single crystal structures at different temperatures show that this involves two successive thermally-triggered electron transfers with switching between three redox tautomers formulated as {[MnII2-yMnIIIy(NITIm)3-y(NITRed)y]X}n, where y is temperature dependent. Upon cooling from the high-temperature redox-tautomer (y = 0) to the intermediate one (y = 1), half of the manganese(ii) centers are oxidized to manganese(iii) and 1/3 of the nitronyl nitroxide radicals (NITIm-) are reduced to the aminoxyl form (NITRed2-). On further cooling, the second half of the manganese(ii) centers are oxidized and another 1/3 of the radicals are reduced to reach the low-temperature redox-tautomer (y = 2). Upon reheating, reverse electron transfers occur. This is complementarily supported by X-ray powder measurements, differential scanning calorimetry, and electron paramagnetic resonance and Raman spectroscopies. These multi-stable compounds in which manganese ions exchange reversibly their electron with the nitronyl nitroxide radical are outstanding rare examples of two-step valence tautomerism in the solid state promoted by the polymeric structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance Lecourt
- Laboratoire des Multimatériaux et Interfaces, UMR CNRS 5615, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Yuuta Izumi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Chirality Research Center (CResCent), Hiroshima University, 1-3-1, Kagamiyama, Higashi Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Lhoussain Khrouz
- Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5182, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire de Chimie, F69342, Lyon, France
| | - François Toche
- Laboratoire des Multimatériaux et Interfaces, UMR CNRS 5615, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Rodica Chiriac
- Laboratoire des Multimatériaux et Interfaces, UMR CNRS 5615, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France.
| | | | - Christian Reber
- Département de chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Oscar Fabelo
- Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Katsuya Inoue
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Chirality Research Center (CResCent), Hiroshima University, 1-3-1, Kagamiyama, Higashi Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Cédric Desroches
- Laboratoire des Multimatériaux et Interfaces, UMR CNRS 5615, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Dominique Luneau
- Laboratoire des Multimatériaux et Interfaces, UMR CNRS 5615, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France.
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Hattori Y, Michail E, Schmiedel A, Moos M, Holzapfel M, Krummenacher I, Braunschweig H, Müller U, Pflaum J, Lambert C. Luminescent Mono-, Di-, and Triradicals: Bridging Polychlorinated Triarylmethyl Radicals by Triarylamines and Triarylboranes. Chemistry 2019; 25:15463-15471. [PMID: 31478580 PMCID: PMC6916318 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Up to three polychlorinated pyridyldiphenylmethyl radicals bridged by a triphenylamine carrying electron withdrawing (CN), neutral (Me), or donating (OMe) groups were synthesized and analogous radicals bridged by tris(2,6-dimethylphenyl)borane were prepared for comparison. All compounds were as stable as common closed-shell organic compounds and showed significant fluorescence upon excitation. Electronic, magnetic, absorption, and emission properties were examined in detail, and experimental results were interpreted using DFT calculations. Oxidation potentials, absorption and emission energies could be tuned depending on the electron density of the bridges. The triphenylamine bridges mediated intramolecular weak antiferromagnetic interactions between the radical spins, and the energy difference between the high spin and low spin states was determined by temperature dependent ESR spectroscopy and DFT calculations. The fluorescent properties of all radicals were examined in detail and revealed no difference for high and low spin states which facilitates application of these dyes in two-photon absorption spectroscopy and OLED devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Hattori
- Institute of Organic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-University WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Evripidis Michail
- Institute of Organic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-University WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Alexander Schmiedel
- Institute of Organic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-University WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Michael Moos
- Institute of Organic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-University WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Marco Holzapfel
- Institute of Organic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-University WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Ivo Krummenacher
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-University WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Holger Braunschweig
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-University WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Ulrich Müller
- Institute of PhysicsJulius-Maximilians-University WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Jens Pflaum
- Institute of PhysicsJulius-Maximilians-University WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Christoph Lambert
- Institute of Organic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-University WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
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Lecourt C, Madanamoothoo W, Ferreol V, Bélanger-Desmarais N, Khrouz L, Tommasino JB, Reber C, Desroches C, Luneau D. Mononuclear manganese(iii) complexes with reduced imino nitroxide radicals by single-electron transfer and intermolecular hydrogen bonds as an intramolecular structural driving force. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:13378-13387. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt02158b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
One-electron transfer from Mn(ii) ions to an imino nitroxide radical gives mononuclear Mn(iii) complexes of the reduced amino imine-oxide form for which crystal structures evidence hydrogen bonds networks acting as a stabilizing driving-force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance Lecourt
- Univ Lyon
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1
- CNRS
- Laboratoire des Multimatériaux et Interfaces
- F-69622 Villeurbanne
| | - Warren Madanamoothoo
- Univ Lyon
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1
- CNRS
- Laboratoire des Multimatériaux et Interfaces
- F-69622 Villeurbanne
| | - Vivian Ferreol
- Univ Lyon
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1
- CNRS
- Laboratoire des Multimatériaux et Interfaces
- F-69622 Villeurbanne
| | | | - Lhoussain Khrouz
- Univ Lyon
- ENS de Lyon
- CNRS UMR 5182
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1
- Laboratoire de Chimie
| | - Jean-Bernard Tommasino
- Univ Lyon
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1
- CNRS
- Laboratoire des Multimatériaux et Interfaces
- F-69622 Villeurbanne
| | | | - Cédric Desroches
- Univ Lyon
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1
- CNRS
- Laboratoire des Multimatériaux et Interfaces
- F-69622 Villeurbanne
| | - Dominique Luneau
- Univ Lyon
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1
- CNRS
- Laboratoire des Multimatériaux et Interfaces
- F-69622 Villeurbanne
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Heil A, Marian CM. DFT/MRCI-R2018 study of the photophysics of the zinc(ii) tripyrrindione radical: non-Kasha emission? Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:19857-19867. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp04244j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The fluorescence of a radical-based emitter has been theoretically investigated after measurements had shown absorption bands to lie below the emission energy. The results of the all-multiplicity DFT/MRCI-R2018 study indicate D3 emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Heil
- Institut für Theoretische Chemie und Computerchemie
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf
- 40225 Düsseldorf
- Germany
| | - Christel M. Marian
- Institut für Theoretische Chemie und Computerchemie
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf
- 40225 Düsseldorf
- Germany
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Kimura S, Tanushi A, Kusamoto T, Kochi S, Sato T, Nishihara H. A luminescent organic radical with two pyridyl groups: high photostability and dual stimuli-responsive properties, with theoretical analyses of photophysical processes. Chem Sci 2018; 9:1996-2007. [PMID: 29675247 PMCID: PMC5892406 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc04034b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased photostability and a theoretical estimation of the radiative and non-radiative rates of luminescent organic radicals were achieved.
Luminescent monoradicals are expected to show unique properties based on their doublet state, where establishing a method to improve their photostability is an important issue for expanding their photofunctionality. We synthesized a highly photostable luminescent organic radical, the bis(3,5-dichloro-4-pyridyl)(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)methyl radical (bisPyTM), containing two pyridyl groups on a tris(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)methyl radical (TTM) skeleton. bisPyTM in dichloromethane exhibited fluorescence with an emission peak wavelength, λem, of 650 nm. We visually detected an emission (λem = 712 nm) from crystalline bisPyTM at 77 K, which is the first example of definite solid-state emission in a radical. Introducing the two nitrogen atoms into the TTM skeleton was shown to lower the energies of the frontier orbitals. The oscillator strength, f, of the electronic transition between the lowest excited state and the ground state, and the off-diagonal vibronic coupling constants (VCCs) were calculated theoretically for bisPyTM and the (3,5-dichloro-4-pyridyl)bis(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)methyl radical (PyBTM). The calculated PyBTM to bisPyTM ratios for f or VCC agreed well with experimental radiative and non-radiative rate constants (kr and knr) ratios, respectively. This study shows that scaled kr and knr can be estimated and compared in this class of radicals using theoretical calculations, greatly advancing the prediction and design of their photofunctionality. The half-life of bisPyTM upon continuous UV light irradiation in dichloromethane was 47 or 3000 times longer those that of PyBTM (which contains one pyridyl group) and TTM (which has no pyridyl rings), respectively. The electrochemical and luminescent properties of bisPyTM were modulated in two stages using protons or B(C6F5)3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Kimura
- Department of Chemistry , Graduate School of Science , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku , Tokyo 113-0033 , Japan . ;
| | - Akira Tanushi
- Department of Chemistry , Graduate School of Science , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku , Tokyo 113-0033 , Japan . ;
| | - Tetsuro Kusamoto
- Department of Chemistry , Graduate School of Science , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku , Tokyo 113-0033 , Japan . ;
| | - Shuntaro Kochi
- Department of Molecular Engineering , Graduate School of Engineering , Kyoto University , Nishikyo-ku , Kyoto , 615-8510 , Japan
| | - Tohru Sato
- Department of Molecular Engineering , Graduate School of Engineering , Kyoto University , Nishikyo-ku , Kyoto , 615-8510 , Japan.,Unit of Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts & Batteries , Kyoto University , Nishikyo-ku , Kyoto , 615-8510 , Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishihara
- Department of Chemistry , Graduate School of Science , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku , Tokyo 113-0033 , Japan . ;
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Tretyakov E, Keerthi A, Baumgarten M, Veber S, Fedin M, Gorbunov D, Shundrina I, Gritsan N. The Design of Radical Stacks: Nitronyl-Nitroxide-Substituted Heteropentacenes. ChemistryOpen 2017; 6:642-652. [PMID: 29046859 PMCID: PMC5641907 DOI: 10.1002/open.201700110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The first alkyl chain-anchored heteropentacene, dithieno[2,3-d;2',3'-d']benzo-[1,2-b;3,4-b']dithiophene (DTmBDT), mono- or disubstituted with a nitronyl nitroxide group has been prepared through a cross-coupling synthetic procedure of the corresponding dibromo-derivative (Br2-DTmBDT) with a nitronyl nitroxide-2-ide gold(I) complex. The synthesized nitroxides possess high kinetic stability, which allowed us to investigate their structure and thermal, optical, electrochemical, and magnetic properties. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction of both mono- and diradicals revealed that the nitronyl nitroxide group lies almost in the same plane as the nearest side thiophene ring. Such arrangement favors formation of edge-to-edge dimers, which then form close π-stacks surrounded by interdigitating alkyl chains. Before melting, these nitronyl nitroxide radical substituted molecules undergo at least two different phase transitions (PTs): for the monoradical, PTs are reversible, accompanied by hysteresis, and occur near 13 and 83 °C; the diradical upon heating shows a reversible PT with hysteresis in the temperature range 2-11 °C and an irreversible PT near 135 °C. PTs of this type are absent in Br2-DTmBDT. Therefore, the step-by-step substitution of bromine atoms by nitronyl nitroxide groups changes the structural organization of DTmBDT and induces the emergence of PTs. This knowledge may facilitate crystal engineering of π-stacked paramagnets and related molecular spin devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny Tretyakov
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Institute of Organic Chemistry9 Ac. Lavrentiev AvenueNovosibirsk630090Russia
- Novosibirsk State University2 Pirogova Str.Novosibirsk630090Russia
| | - Ashok Keerthi
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 10Mainz55128Germany
| | - Martin Baumgarten
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 10Mainz55128Germany
| | - Sergey Veber
- Novosibirsk State University2 Pirogova Str.Novosibirsk630090Russia
- International Tomography Center3a Institutskaya Str.Novosibirsk630090Russia
| | - Matvey Fedin
- Novosibirsk State University2 Pirogova Str.Novosibirsk630090Russia
- International Tomography Center3a Institutskaya Str.Novosibirsk630090Russia
| | - Dmitry Gorbunov
- Novosibirsk State University2 Pirogova Str.Novosibirsk630090Russia
- V. V. Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion3 Institutskaya Str.Novosibirsk630090Russia
| | - Inna Shundrina
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Institute of Organic Chemistry9 Ac. Lavrentiev AvenueNovosibirsk630090Russia
| | - Nina Gritsan
- Novosibirsk State University2 Pirogova Str.Novosibirsk630090Russia
- V. V. Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion3 Institutskaya Str.Novosibirsk630090Russia
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Karecla G, Papagiorgis P, Panagi N, Zissimou GA, Constantinides CP, Koutentis PA, Itskos G, Hayes SC. Emission from the stable Blatter radical. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj00677b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Spectroscopic studies reveals broadband emission that spans the visible range originating from excited electronic states of the stable Blatter radical.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paris Papagiorgis
- Experimental Condensed Matter Physics Laboratory
- Department of Physics
- University of Cyprus
- Nicosia
- Cyprus
| | - Nasia Panagi
- Experimental Condensed Matter Physics Laboratory
- Department of Physics
- University of Cyprus
- Nicosia
- Cyprus
| | | | | | | | - Grigorios Itskos
- Experimental Condensed Matter Physics Laboratory
- Department of Physics
- University of Cyprus
- Nicosia
- Cyprus
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14
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Hattori Y, Kusamoto T, Sato T, Nishihara H. Synergistic luminescence enhancement of a pyridyl-substituted triarylmethyl radical based on fluorine substitution and coordination to gold. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:13393-13396. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc07898b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Introduction of fluorine atoms and coordination of gold(i) to a stable fluorescent radical synergistically contributed to increase its fluorescence efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Hattori
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- The University of Tokyo
- Bunkyo-ku
- Japan
| | - Tetsuro Kusamoto
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- The University of Tokyo
- Bunkyo-ku
- Japan
| | - Tohru Sato
- Department of Molecular Engineering
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Nishikyo-ku
- Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishihara
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- The University of Tokyo
- Bunkyo-ku
- Japan
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15
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Hattori Y, Kusamoto T, Nishihara H. Highly photostable luminescent open-shell (3,5-dihalo-4-pyridyl)bis(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)methyl radicals: significant effects of halogen atoms on their photophysical and photochemical properties. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra14268g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly photostable luminescent radicals, X2PyBTM (X = Br, Cl, F), were investigated. Br2PyBTM showed the highest photostability and F2PyBTM displayed the highest photoluminescence quantum yield of the three radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Hattori
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- The University of Tokyo
- Bunkyo-ku
- Japan
| | - Tetsuro Kusamoto
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- The University of Tokyo
- Bunkyo-ku
- Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishihara
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- The University of Tokyo
- Bunkyo-ku
- Japan
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16
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Lannes A, Intissar M, Suffren Y, Reber C, Luneau D. Terbium(III) and Yttrium(III) Complexes with Pyridine-Substituted Nitronyl Nitroxide Radical and Different β-Diketonate Ligands. Crystal Structures and Magnetic and Luminescence Properties. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:9548-60. [DOI: 10.1021/ic500779y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Lannes
- Laboratoire des
Multimatériaux et Interfaces (UMR 5616), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Campus de la Doua, 69622, Villeurbanne
Cedex, France
| | - Mourad Intissar
- Département de chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Yan Suffren
- Département de chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Christian Reber
- Département de chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Dominique Luneau
- Laboratoire des
Multimatériaux et Interfaces (UMR 5616), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Campus de la Doua, 69622, Villeurbanne
Cedex, France
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17
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Excited States and Optical Spectroscopy of Nitronyl Nitroxides and their Lanthanide and Transition Metal Complexes. TRANSITION METAL AND RARE EARTH COMPOUNDS 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/b96861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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18
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Vostrikova KE, Peresypkina EV, Drebushchak VA, Nadolinny VA. Tuning of the nitronyl nitroxide radical magnetic and electronic properties by inclusion in cucurbit[n]urils. Polyhedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2011.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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Peresypkina EV, Fedin VP, Maurel V, Grand A, Rey P, Vostrikova KE. Inclusion of a Nitronyl Nitroxyl Radical and Its Hydrochloride in Cucurbit[8]uril. Chemistry 2010; 16:12481-7. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201001194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia V. Peresypkina
- Institution Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, 3 Lavrentiev avenue, Novosibirsk 630090 (Russia), Fax: (+7) 38‐3330‐9489
| | - Vladimir P. Fedin
- Institution Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, 3 Lavrentiev avenue, Novosibirsk 630090 (Russia), Fax: (+7) 38‐3330‐9489
| | - Vincent Maurel
- Department INAC‐Service de Chimie Inorganique et Biologique, Institution CEA‐Grenoble, 17 rue des Martyrs, Grenoble 38054 (France)
| | - André Grand
- Department INAC‐Service de Chimie Inorganique et Biologique, Institution CEA‐Grenoble, 17 rue des Martyrs, Grenoble 38054 (France)
| | - Paul Rey
- Department INAC‐Service de Chimie Inorganique et Biologique, Institution CEA‐Grenoble, 17 rue des Martyrs, Grenoble 38054 (France)
| | - Kira E. Vostrikova
- Institution Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, 3 Lavrentiev avenue, Novosibirsk 630090 (Russia), Fax: (+7) 38‐3330‐9489
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20
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Murata H, Miyazaki Y, Inaba A, Paduan-Filho A, Bindilatti V, Fernandes Oliveira N, Delen Z, Lahti PM. 2-(4,5,6,7-Tetrafluorobenzimidazol-2-yl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-4,5-dihydro-1- H-imidazole-3-oxide-1-oxyl, A Hydrogen-Bonded Organic Quasi-1D Ferromagnet. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 130:186-94. [DOI: 10.1021/ja074211g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Murata
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, Research Center for Molecular Thermodynamics, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan, and Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 66.318, 05315-970, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Yuji Miyazaki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, Research Center for Molecular Thermodynamics, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan, and Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 66.318, 05315-970, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Akira Inaba
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, Research Center for Molecular Thermodynamics, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan, and Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 66.318, 05315-970, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Armando Paduan-Filho
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, Research Center for Molecular Thermodynamics, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan, and Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 66.318, 05315-970, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Valdir Bindilatti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, Research Center for Molecular Thermodynamics, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan, and Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 66.318, 05315-970, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Nei Fernandes Oliveira
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, Research Center for Molecular Thermodynamics, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan, and Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 66.318, 05315-970, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Zeynep Delen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, Research Center for Molecular Thermodynamics, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan, and Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 66.318, 05315-970, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Paul M. Lahti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, Research Center for Molecular Thermodynamics, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan, and Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 66.318, 05315-970, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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21
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Roques N, Perruchas S, Maspoch D, Datcu A, Wurst K, Sutter JP, Rovira C, Veciana J. Europium (III) complexes derived from carboxylic-substituted polychlorotriphenylmethyl radicals. Inorganica Chim Acta 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2007.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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22
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Kaizaki S. Coordination effects of nitroxide radicals in transition metal and lanthanide complexes. Coord Chem Rev 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2006.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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23
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Kaizaki S, Shirotani D, Tsukahara Y, Nakata H. First Observation of NIR 4f-4f Luminescence through the Energy Transfer from the SOMO π* Doublet in Nitronyl Nitroxide Radical Lanthanide(III) Complexes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200500061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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25
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Tsukuda T, Ogita M, Suzuki T, Kaizaki S. Anomalous Diamagnetic Behaviour of the
1
H NMR Spectra of a Coordinated Imino Nitroxide Radical in Diamagnetic and Paramagnetic Lanthanide(
III
) Complexes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200400259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Tsukuda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560‐0043, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ogita
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560‐0043, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560‐0043, Japan
| | - Sumio Kaizaki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560‐0043, Japan
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