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Ramamoorthy RK, Yildirim E, Rodriguez-Ruiz I, Roblin P, Lacroix LM, Diaz A, Parmar R, Teychené S, Viau G. Sub-millisecond microfluidic mixers coupled to time-resolved in situ photonics to study ultra-fast reaction kinetics: the case of ultra-small gold nanoparticle synthesis. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:327-338. [PMID: 38088259 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00778b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
We report a continuous microreactor platform achieving sub-millisecond homogeneous reagent mixing (∼300 μs) for a time-resolved study on the synthesis of ultra-small gold nanoparticles (NPs). The microreactor (coupled with small angle X-ray scattering, UV-vis, and X-ray absorption spectroscopy for in situ and in operando characterizations), operates within mixing time frames below system characteristic times, providing a unique opportunity to deepen the comprehension of reaction and phase transition pathways with unprecedented details. The microreactor channel length can be approximated to a given reaction time when operated in continuous mode and steady state. As a result, the system can be statically investigated, eliminating technique-dependent probing time constraints and local inhomogeneities caused by mixing issues. We have studied Au(0) NP formation kinetics from Au(III) precursors complexed with oleylamine in organic media, using triisopropylsilane as a reducing agent. The existence of Au(III)/Au(I) prenucleation clusters and the formation of a transient Au(I) lamellar phase under certain conditions, before the onset of Au(0) formation, have been observed. Taking advantage of the high frequency time-resolved information, we propose and model two different reaction pathways associated with the presence or absence of the Au(I) lamellar phase. In both cases, non-classical pathways leading to the formation of NPs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Kumar Ramamoorthy
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-Objets UMR 5215 INSA, CNRS, UPS, Université de Toulouse, 135 avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse cedex 4, France.
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, CNRS, INP, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
- Fédération de Recherche FeRMAT, CNRS, INP, INSA, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Ezgi Yildirim
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-Objets UMR 5215 INSA, CNRS, UPS, Université de Toulouse, 135 avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse cedex 4, France.
| | - Isaac Rodriguez-Ruiz
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, CNRS, INP, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
| | - Pierre Roblin
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, CNRS, INP, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
| | - Lise-Marie Lacroix
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-Objets UMR 5215 INSA, CNRS, UPS, Université de Toulouse, 135 avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse cedex 4, France.
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 103 boulevard Saint Michel, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Ana Diaz
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Rohan Parmar
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, CNRS, INP, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
| | - Sébastien Teychené
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, CNRS, INP, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
| | - Guillaume Viau
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-Objets UMR 5215 INSA, CNRS, UPS, Université de Toulouse, 135 avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse cedex 4, France.
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Ran J, Wang X, Liu Y, Yin S, Li S, Zhang L. Microreactor-based micro/nanomaterials: fabrication, advances, and outlook. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023. [PMID: 37139613 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh00329a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Micro/nanomaterials are widely used in optoelectronics, environmental materials, bioimaging, agricultural industries, and drug delivery owing to their marvelous features, such as quantum tunneling, size, surface and boundary, and Coulomb blockade effects. Recently, microreactor technology has opened up broad prospects for green and sustainable chemical synthesis as a powerful tool for process intensification and microscale manipulation. This review focuses on recent progress in the microreactor synthesis of micro/nanomaterials. First, the fabrication and design principles of existing microreactors for producing micro/nanomaterials are summarized and classified. Afterwards, typical examples are shown to demonstrate the fabrication of micro/nanomaterials, including metal nanoparticles, inorganic nonmetallic nanoparticles, organic nanoparticles, Janus particles, and MOFs. Finally, the future research prospects and key issues of microreactor-based micro/nanomaterials are discussed. In short, microreactors provide new ideas and methods for the synthesis of micro/nanomaterials, which have huge potential and inestimable possibilities in large-scale production and scientific research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Ran
- Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650093, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Nonferrous Metal Resources Clean Utilization, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650093, China
- Key Laboratory of Unconventional Metallurgy, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, Yunnan, China
| | - Xuxu Wang
- Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650093, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Nonferrous Metal Resources Clean Utilization, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650093, China
- Key Laboratory of Unconventional Metallurgy, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, Yunnan, China
| | - Yuanhong Liu
- Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650093, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Nonferrous Metal Resources Clean Utilization, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650093, China
- Key Laboratory of Unconventional Metallurgy, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, Yunnan, China
| | - Shaohua Yin
- Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650093, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Nonferrous Metal Resources Clean Utilization, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650093, China
- Key Laboratory of Unconventional Metallurgy, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, Yunnan, China
| | - Shiwei Li
- Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650093, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Nonferrous Metal Resources Clean Utilization, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650093, China
- Key Laboratory of Unconventional Metallurgy, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, Yunnan, China
| | - Libo Zhang
- Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650093, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Nonferrous Metal Resources Clean Utilization, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650093, China
- Key Laboratory of Unconventional Metallurgy, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, Yunnan, China
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Saikia A, Newar R, Das S, Singh A, Deuri DJ, Baruah A. Scopes and Challenges of Microfluidic Technology for Nanoparticle Synthesis, Photocatalysis and Sensor Applications: A Comprehensive Review. Chem Eng Res Des 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2023.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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Onofri FRA, Rodriguez-Ruiz I, Lamadie F. Microfluidic lab-on-a-chip characterization of nano- to microparticles suspensions by light extinction spectrometry. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:2981-2990. [PMID: 35209427 DOI: 10.1364/oe.444044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of nano- and microparticle suspensions with micro systems affords improved space-time yields, selectivity, reaction residence times and conversions capabilities. These capabilities are of primary importance in various fields of research and industry. The few microfluidic lab-on-a-chip approaches that have been developed are essentially designed to analyse fluid phases or involve the use of benchtop particle sizing instruments. We report a novel microscale approach to characterize the particle size distribution and absolute concentration of colloidal suspensions. The method is based on a photonic lab-on-a-chip with three scale-specific detection channels to record simultaneous light extinction spectra. Experiments carried out on particle standards with sizes ranging from 30 nm to 0.5 µm and volume concentrations of 1 to 1000ppm, clearly demonstrate the value and potential of the proposed method.
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Koryakina IG, Afonicheva PK, Arabuli KV, Evstrapov AA, Timin AS, Zyuzin MV. Microfluidic synthesis of optically responsive materials for nano- and biophotonics. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 298:102548. [PMID: 34757247 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2021.102548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recently, nanomaterials demonstrating optical response under illumination, the so-called optically responsive nanoparticles (NPs), have found their broad application as optical switchers, gas adsorbents, data storage devices, and optical and biological sensors. Unique optical properties of such nanomaterials are strongly related to their chemical composition, geometrical parameters and morphology. Microfluidic approaches for NPs' synthesis allow overcoming the known critical stages in conventional synthesis of NPs due to a high rate of heat/mass transfer and precise regulation of synthesis conditions, which results in reproducible synthesis outcomes with the desired physico-chemical properties. Here, we review the recent advances in microfluidic approach for synthesis of optically responsive nanomaterials (plasmonic, photoluminescent, shape-changeable NPs), highlighting the general background of microfluidics, common considerations in the design of microfluidic chips (MFCs), and theoretical models of the NPs' formation mechanisms. Comparative analysis of microfluidic synthesis with conventional synthesis methods is provided further, along with the recent applications of optically responsive NPs in nano- and biophotonics.
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Niculescu AG, Chircov C, Bîrcă AC, Grumezescu AM. Nanomaterials Synthesis through Microfluidic Methods: An Updated Overview. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:864. [PMID: 33800636 PMCID: PMC8066900 DOI: 10.3390/nano11040864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic devices emerged due to an interdisciplinary "collision" between chemistry, physics, biology, fluid dynamics, microelectronics, and material science. Such devices can act as reaction vessels for many chemical and biological processes, reducing the occupied space, equipment costs, and reaction times while enhancing the quality of the synthesized products. Due to this series of advantages compared to classical synthesis methods, microfluidic technology managed to gather considerable scientific interest towards nanomaterials production. Thus, a new era of possibilities regarding the design and development of numerous applications within the pharmaceutical and medical fields has emerged. In this context, the present review provides a thorough comparison between conventional methods and microfluidic approaches for nanomaterials synthesis, presenting the most recent research advancements within the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelina-Gabriela Niculescu
- Faculty of Engineering in Foreign Languages, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Cristina Chircov
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania; (C.C.); (A.C.B.)
| | - Alexandra Cătălina Bîrcă
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania; (C.C.); (A.C.B.)
| | - Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania; (C.C.); (A.C.B.)
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest—ICUB, University of Bucharest, 050657 Bucharest, Romania
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7
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Shen J, Shafiq M, Ma M, Chen H. Synthesis and Surface Engineering of Inorganic Nanomaterials Based on Microfluidic Technology. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E1177. [PMID: 32560284 PMCID: PMC7353232 DOI: 10.3390/nano10061177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The controlled synthesis and surface engineering of inorganic nanomaterials hold great promise for the design of functional nanoparticles for a variety of applications, such as drug delivery, bioimaging, biosensing, and catalysis. However, owing to the inadequate and unstable mass/heat transfer, conventional bulk synthesis methods often result in the poor uniformity of nanoparticles, in terms of microstructure, morphology, and physicochemical properties. Microfluidic technologies with advantageous features, such as precise fluid control and rapid microscale mixing, have gathered the widespread attention of the research community for the fabrication and engineering of nanomaterials, which effectively overcome the aforementioned shortcomings of conventional bench methods. This review summarizes the latest research progress in the microfluidic fabrication of different types of inorganic nanomaterials, including silica, metal, metal oxides, metal organic frameworks, and quantum dots. In addition, the surface modification strategies of nonporous and porous inorganic nanoparticles based on microfluidic method are also introduced. We also provide the readers with an insight on the red blocks and prospects of microfluidic approaches, for designing the next generation of inorganic nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Shen
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructures, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China; (J.S.); (H.C.)
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Muhammad Shafiq
- Department of Chemistry, Pakistan Institute of Engineering & Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Nilore, Islamabad 45650, Pakistan;
| | - Ming Ma
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructures, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China; (J.S.); (H.C.)
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hangrong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructures, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China; (J.S.); (H.C.)
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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8
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Suryawanshi PL, Gumfekar SP, Bhanvase BA, Sonawane SH, Pimplapure MS. A review on microreactors: Reactor fabrication, design, and cutting-edge applications. Chem Eng Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2018.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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9
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Yang F, Yang N, Huo X, Xu S. Thermal sensing in fluid at the micro-nano-scales. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2018; 12:041501. [PMID: 30867860 PMCID: PMC6404956 DOI: 10.1063/1.5037421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Temperature is one of the most fundamental parameters for the characterization of a physical system. With rapid development of lab-on-a-chip and biology at single cell level, a great demand has risen for the temperature sensors with high spatial, temporal, and thermal resolution. Nevertheless, measuring temperature in liquid environment is always a technical challenge. Various factors may affect the sensing results, such as the fabrication parameters of built-in sensors, thermal property of electrical insulating layer, and stability of fluorescent thermometers in liquid environment. In this review, we focused on different kinds of micro/nano-thermometers applied in the thermal sensing for microfluidic systems and cultured cells. We discussed the advantages and limitations of these thermometers in specific applications and the challenges and possible solutions for more accurate temperature measurements in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Nana Yang
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoye Huo
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Micro-and Nanofluidics Laboratory, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Shengyong Xu
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
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10
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Mosayebi J, Kiyasatfar M, Laurent S. Synthesis, Functionalization, and Design of Magnetic Nanoparticles for Theranostic Applications. Adv Healthc Mater 2017; 6. [PMID: 28990364 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In order to translate nanotechnology into medical practice, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have been presented as a class of non-invasive nanomaterials for numerous biomedical applications. In particular, MNPs have opened a door for simultaneous diagnosis and brisk treatment of diseases in the form of theranostic agents. This review highlights the recent advances in preparation and utilization of MNPs from the synthesis and functionalization steps to the final design consideration in evading the body immune system for therapeutic and diagnostic applications with addressing the most recent examples of the literature in each section. This study provides a conceptual framework of a wide range of synthetic routes classified mainly as wet chemistry, state-of-the-art microfluidic reactors, and biogenic routes, along with the most popular coating materials to stabilize resultant MNPs. Additionally, key aspects of prolonging the half-life of MNPs via overcoming the sequential biological barriers are covered through unraveling the biophysical interactions at the bio-nano interface and giving a set of criteria to efficiently modulate MNPs' physicochemical properties. Furthermore, concepts of passive and active targeting for successful cell internalization, by respectively exploiting the unique properties of cancers and novel targeting ligands are described in detail. Finally, this study extensively covers the recent developments in magnetic drug targeting and hyperthermia as therapeutic applications of MNPs. In addition, multi-modal imaging via fusion of magnetic resonance imaging, and also innovative magnetic particle imaging with other imaging techniques for early diagnosis of diseases are extensively provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jalal Mosayebi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Urmia University; Urmia 5756151818 Iran
| | - Mehdi Kiyasatfar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Urmia University; Urmia 5756151818 Iran
| | - Sophie Laurent
- Laboratory of NMR and Molecular Imaging; University of Mons; Mons Belgium
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Ma J, Lee SMY, Yi C, Li CW. Controllable synthesis of functional nanoparticles by microfluidic platforms for biomedical applications - a review. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:209-226. [PMID: 27991629 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc01049k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles have drawn significant attention in biomedicine due to their unique optical, thermal, magnetic and electrical properties which are highly related to their size and morphologies. Recently, microfluidic systems have shown promising potential to modulate critical stages in nanosynthesis, such as nucleation, growth and reaction conditions so that the size, size distribution, morphology, and reproducibility of nanoparticles are optimized in a high throughput manner. In this review, we put an emphasis on a decade of developments of microfluidic systems for engineering nanoparticles in various applications including imaging, biosensing, drug delivery, and theranostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junping Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China.
| | - Simon Ming-Yuen Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China.
| | - Changqing Yi
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instruments (Guangdong Province), School of Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China. and Research Institute of Sun Yat-Sen University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Cheuk-Wing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China.
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12
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Akdas T, Haderlein M, Walter J, Apeleo Zubiri B, Spiecker E, Peukert W. Continuous synthesis of CuInS2 quantum dots. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra27052b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of reactor type on synthesis parameters and disperse properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Akdas
- Institute of Particle Technology (LFG)
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
- Cluster of Excellence – Engineering of Advanced Materials (EAM)
| | - M. Haderlein
- Institute of Particle Technology (LFG)
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
- Cluster of Excellence – Engineering of Advanced Materials (EAM)
| | - J. Walter
- Institute of Particle Technology (LFG)
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
- Cluster of Excellence – Engineering of Advanced Materials (EAM)
| | - B. Apeleo Zubiri
- Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM)
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
- Cluster of Excellence – Engineering of Advanced Materials (EAM)
| | - E. Spiecker
- Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM)
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
- Cluster of Excellence – Engineering of Advanced Materials (EAM)
| | - W. Peukert
- Institute of Particle Technology (LFG)
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
- Cluster of Excellence – Engineering of Advanced Materials (EAM)
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14
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Cheung TL, Hong L, Rao N, Yang C, Wang L, Lai WJ, Chong PHJ, Law WC, Yong KT. The non-aqueous synthesis of shape controllable Cu(2-x)S plasmonic nanostructures in a continuous-flow millifluidic chip for the generation of photo-induced heating. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:6609-22. [PMID: 26940019 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr09144f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a new method for synthesizing non-aqueous copper sulfide nanocrystals with different shapes and sizes using a homemade continuous-flow millifluidic chip is presented. Conventionally, the shape control of nanocrystals was accomplished using a surfactant-controlled approach, where directional growth is facilitated by selective passivation of a particular facet of the nanocrystals using surfactants. We demonstrate a "surfactant-free" approach where different sizes and shapes (i.e. spherical, triangular prism and rod) of plasmonic copper sulfide (Cu(2-x)S) nanocrystals can be fabricated by adjusting the flow rate and precursor concentrations. As continuous-flow synthesis enables uniform heating and easy variation of precursors' stoichiometries, it serves as an excellent incubation platform for nanoparticles due to its simplicity and high reproducibility. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), fast Fourier transform (FFT) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques were used to characterize the as-synthesized nanocrystals and revealed structures ranging from copper-deficient covellite (CuS), spionkopite (Cu1.39S), roxbyite (Cu1.75S), to copper-rich djurleite (Cu1.94S). The localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) peak of the nanocrystals can be tuned from 1115 to 1644 nm by simply varying the copper to sulfur molar ratio and flow rate. Furthermore, photothermal effects of Cu(2-x)S nanocrystals were also demonstrated to annihilate the RAW264.7 cells upon near infra-red laser irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai-Lok Cheung
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China. and School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore. and State Key Laboratory in Ultra-precision Machining Technology, Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Liying Hong
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore.
| | - Nanxi Rao
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China.
| | - Chengbin Yang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore.
| | - Libo Wang
- Temasek Laboratories@NTU, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637553, Singapore
| | - Wenn Jing Lai
- Temasek Laboratories@NTU, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637553, Singapore
| | - Peter Han Joo Chong
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore. and Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand
| | - Wing-Cheung Law
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China.
| | - Ken-Tye Yong
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore.
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Zhang QC, Cheng KP, Wen LX, Guo K, Chen JF. A study on the precipitating and aging processes of CuO/ZnO/Al2O3 catalysts synthesized in micro-impinging stream reactors. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra02512a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Precipitating and aging processes of CuO/ZnO/Al2O3 catalysts were performed more uniformly in micro-impinging stream reactors than in stirred reactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Cheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
| | - Kun-Peng Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
| | - Li-Xiong Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
- Research Center of the Ministry of Education for High Gravity Engineering and Technology
| | - Kai Guo
- Research Center of the Ministry of Education for High Gravity Engineering and Technology
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
| | - Jian-Feng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
- Research Center of the Ministry of Education for High Gravity Engineering and Technology
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Hu MZ, Zhu T. Semiconductor Nanocrystal Quantum Dot Synthesis Approaches Towards Large-Scale Industrial Production for Energy Applications. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2015; 10:469. [PMID: 26637261 PMCID: PMC4670437 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-015-1166-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This paper reviews the experimental synthesis and engineering developments that focused on various green approaches and large-scale process production routes for quantum dots. Fundamental process engineering principles were illustrated. In relation to the small-scale hot injection method, our discussions focus on the non-injection route that could be scaled up with engineering stir-tank reactors. In addition, applications that demand to utilize quantum dots as "commodity" chemicals are discussed, including solar cells and solid-state lightings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Z Hu
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN37831-6181, USA.
| | - Ting Zhu
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN37831-6181, USA
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Zhang QC, Liu ZW, Zhu XH, Wen LX, Zhu QF, Guo K, Chen JF. Application of Microimpinging Stream Reactors in the Preparation of CuO/ZnO/Al2O3 Catalysts for Methanol Synthesis. Ind Eng Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.5b01775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Cheng Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Organic−Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Organic−Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiao-Hua Zhu
- State
Key Laboratory of Organic−Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Li-Xiong Wen
- State
Key Laboratory of Organic−Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Research
Center of the Ministry of Education for High Gravity Engineering and
Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Qiu-Feng Zhu
- School
of Food and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Kai Guo
- Research
Center of the Ministry of Education for High Gravity Engineering and
Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jian-Feng Chen
- State
Key Laboratory of Organic−Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Research
Center of the Ministry of Education for High Gravity Engineering and
Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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18
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Shu Y, Jiang P, Pang DW, Zhang ZL. Droplet-based microreactor for synthesis of water-soluble Ag₂S quantum dots. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 26:275701. [PMID: 26067160 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/26/27/275701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A droplet-based microreactor was used for synthesis of water-soluble Ag2S quantum dots (QDs). Monodispersed Ag2S nanoparticles with a surface of carboxylic acid-terminated were synthesized in the droplet microreactor. The x-ray powder diffraction results indicated products were monoclinic Ag2S nanocrystals. Furthermore, different-sized Ag2S QDs that were near-infrared-emitting or visible-emitting were continuously stably synthesized in droplet microreactors at different temperatures. We believe we offer a new method for obtaining different-sized Ag2S nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Shu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China. Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan, 430075, People's Republic of China
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Gómez-de Pedro S, Salinas-Castillo A, Ariza-Avidad M, Lapresta-Fernández A, Sánchez-González C, Martínez-Cisneros CS, Puyol M, Capitan-Vallvey LF, Alonso-Chamarro J. Microsystem-assisted synthesis of carbon dots with fluorescent and colorimetric properties for pH detection. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:6018-24. [PMID: 24777567 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr00573b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The present paper describes the use of a microfluidic system to synthesize carbon dots (Cdots) and their use as optical pH sensors. The synthesis is based on the thermal decomposition of ascorbic acid in dimethyl sulfoxide. The proposed microsystem is composed of a fluidic and a thermal platform, which enable proper control of synthesis variables. Uniform and monodispersed 3.3 nm-sized Cdots have been synthesized, the optical characterization of which showed their down/upconversion luminescence and colorimetric properties. The obtained Cdots have been used for pH detection with down and upconverison fluorescent properties as excitation sources. The naked eye or a photographic digital camera has also been implemented as detection systems with the hue parameter showing a linear pH range from 3.5 to 10.2. On the other hand, experiments on the cytotoxicity and permeability of the Cdots on human embryonic kidney cells revealed their adsorption on cells without causing any impact on the cellular morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gómez-de Pedro
- Sensors & Biosensors Group, Departament of Chemistry, Auntonomus University, Edifici Cn., 08193 Bellatera, Catalonia, Spain
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Sebastian V, Arruebo M, Santamaria J. Reaction engineering strategies for the production of inorganic nanomaterials. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2014; 10:835-53. [PMID: 24123934 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201301641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The rapid expansion of nanotechnology requires scaled-up production rates to cope with increased nanomaterials demand. However, in many cases, the final uses of nanomaterials impose strict requisites on their physical and chemical characteristics including size, shape, chemical composition and type of functional groups on their surface. Frequently, additional features such as a limited degree of agglomeration are also demanded. These requisites represent a serious challenge to present-day synthesis methods when nanomaterials must be produced in large amounts. Some of the possible solutions from the reaction engineering perspective are discussed in this work for both gas and liquid phase production processes. Special attention will be devoted to enabling technologies, which allow the production of engineered nanoparticles with limited aggregation and with a good control on their nano-scale characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Sebastian
- Aragon Institute of Nanoscience (INA) and Department of Chemical Engineering University of Zaragoza 50018 Zaragoza, Spain, Networking Research Center in Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), E-50018, Zaragoza, Spain
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21
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Hu S, Zeng S, Zhang B, Yang C, Song P, Hang Danny TJ, Lin G, Wang Y, Anderson T, Coquet P, Liu L, Zhang X, Yong KT. Preparation of biofunctionalized quantum dots using microfluidic chips for bioimaging. Analyst 2014; 139:4681-90. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an00773e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Biofunctionalized quantum dots were prepared using microfluidic chips and were used as optical probes for imaging live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyi Hu
- School of Science
- Changchun University of Science and Technology
- Changchun 130022, China
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
| | - Shuwen Zeng
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 639798, Singapore
- CINTRA CNRS/NTU/THALES
- UMI 3288
| | - Butian Zhang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Chengbin Yang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Peiyi Song
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Tng Jian Hang Danny
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Guimiao Lin
- The Engineering Lab of Synthetic Biology and the Key Lab of Biomedical Engineering
- School of Medicine
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yucheng Wang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Tommy Anderson
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | | | - Liwei Liu
- School of Science
- Changchun University of Science and Technology
- Changchun 130022, China
- International Joint Research Center for Nanophotonics and Biophotonics
- Changchun University of Science and Technology
| | - Xihe Zhang
- School of Science
- Changchun University of Science and Technology
- Changchun 130022, China
- International Joint Research Center for Nanophotonics and Biophotonics
- Changchun University of Science and Technology
| | - Ken-Tye Yong
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 639798, Singapore
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Krishna KS, Li Y, Li S, Kumar CS. Lab-on-a-chip synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials and quantum dots for biomedical applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:1470-95. [PMID: 23726944 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2013.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The past two decades have seen a dramatic raise in the number of investigations leading to the development of Lab-on-a-Chip (LOC) devices for synthesis of nanomaterials. A majority of these investigations were focused on inorganic nanomaterials comprising of metals, metal oxides, nanocomposites and quantum dots. Herein, we provide an analysis of these findings, especially, considering the more recent developments in this new decade. We made an attempt to bring out the differences between chip-based as well as tubular continuous flow systems. We also cover, for the first time, various opportunities the tools from the field of computational fluid dynamics provide in designing LOC systems for synthesis inorganic nanomaterials. Particularly, we provide unique examples to demonstrate that there is a need for concerted effort to utilize LOC devices not only for synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials but also for carrying out superior in vitro studies thereby, paving the way for faster clinical translation. Even though LOC devices with the possibility to carry out multi-step syntheses have been designed, surprisingly, such systems have not been utilized for carrying out simultaneous synthesis and bio-functionalization of nanomaterials. While traditionally, LOC devices are primarily based on microfluidic systems, in this review article, we make a case for utilizing millifluidic systems for more efficient synthesis, bio-functionalization and in vitro studies of inorganic nanomaterials tailor-made for biomedical applications. Finally, recent advances in the field clearly point out the possibility for pushing the boundaries of current medical practices towards personalized health care with a vision to develop automated LOC-based instrumentation for carrying out simultaneous synthesis, bio-functionalization and in vitro evaluation of inorganic nanomaterials for biomedical applications.
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Capretto L, Carugo D, Mazzitelli S, Nastruzzi C, Zhang X. Microfluidic and lab-on-a-chip preparation routes for organic nanoparticles and vesicular systems for nanomedicine applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:1496-532. [PMID: 23933616 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, advancements in the fields of microfluidic and lab-on-a-chip technologies have provided unique opportunities for the implementation of nanomaterial production processes owing to the miniaturisation of the fluidic environment. It has been demonstrated that microfluidic reactors offer a range of advantages compared to conventional batch reactors, including improved controllability and uniformity of nanomaterial characteristics. In addition, the fast mixing achieved within microchannels, and the predictability of the laminar flow conditions, can be leveraged to investigate the nanomaterial formation dynamics. In this article recent developments in the field of microfluidic production of nanomaterials for drug delivery applications are reviewed. The features that make microfluidic reactors a suitable technological platform are discussed in terms of controllability of nanomaterials production. An overview of the various strategies developed for the production of organic nanoparticles and colloidal assemblies is presented, focusing on those nanomaterials that could have an impact on nanomedicine field such as drug nanoparticles, polymeric micelles, liposomes, polymersomes, polyplexes and hybrid nanoparticles. The effect of microfluidic environment on nanomaterials formation dynamics, as well as the use of microdevices as tools for nanomaterial investigation is also discussed.
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Wang CW, Bains A, Sinton D, Moffitt MG. Flow-directed loading of block copolymer micelles with hydrophobic probes in a gas-liquid microreactor. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:8385-8394. [PMID: 23738688 DOI: 10.1021/la400011n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the loading efficiencies of two chemically distinct hydrophobic fluorescent probes, pyrene and naphthalene, for self-assembly and loading of polystyrene-block-poly(acrylic acid) (PS-b-PAA) micelles in gas-liquid segmented microfluidic reactors under different chemical and flow conditions. On-chip loading efficiencies are compared to values obtained via off-chip dropwise water addition to a solution of copolymer and probe. On-chip, probe loading efficiencies depend strongly on the chemical probe, initial solvent, water content, and flow rate. For pyrene and naphthalene probes, maximum on-chip loading efficiencies of 73 ± 6% and 11 ± 3%, respectively, are obtained, in both cases using the more polar solvent (DMF), an intermediate water content (2 wt % above critical), and a low flow rate (∼5 μL/min); these values are compared to 81 ± 6% and 48 ± 2%, respectively, for off-chip loading. On-chip loading shows a significant improvement over the off-chip process where shear-induced formation of smaller micelles enables increased encapsulation of probe. As well, we show that on-chip loading allows off-chip release kinetics to be controlled via flow rate: compared to vehicles produced at ∼5 μL/min, pyrene release kinetics from vehicles produced at ∼50 μL/min showed a longer initial period of burst release, followed by slow release over a longer total period. These results demonstrate the necessity to match probes, solvents, and running conditions to achieve effective loading, which is essential information for further developing these on-chip platforms for manufacturing drug delivery formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Wei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3065, Victoria, BC, Canada V8W 3V6
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25
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Maki T, Kitada JI, Mae K. Preparation and Control of the Size Distribution of Zirconia Nanoparticles in a Concentric-Axle Dual-Pipe Microreactor. Chem Eng Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201200627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Nightingale AM, Demello JC. Segmented flow reactors for nanocrystal synthesis. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2013; 25:1813-1821. [PMID: 23135743 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201203252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade microreactors have emerged as a compelling technology for the highly controlled synthesis of colloidal nanocrystals, offering multiple advantages over conventional batch synthesis methods (including improved levels of control, reproducibility, and automation). Initial work in the field employed simple continuous phase reactors that manipulate miscible streams of a single reagent phase. Recently, however, there has been increasing interest in segmented flow reactors that use an immiscible fluid to divide the reagent phase into discrete slugs or droplets. Key advantages of segmented flow include the elimination of velocity dispersion (a significant cause of polydispersity) and greatly reduced susceptibility to reactor fouling. In this progress report we review the operation of segmented flow microreactors, their application to the controlled synthesis of nanocrystals, and some of the principal challenges that must be addressed before they can become a mainstream technology for the controlled production of nanomaterials.
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Kwon BH, Lee KG, Park TJ, Kim H, Lee TJ, Lee SJ, Jeon DY. Continuous in situ synthesis of ZnSe/ZnS core/shell quantum dots in a microfluidic reaction system and its application for light-emitting diodes. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2012; 8:3257-3262. [PMID: 22888060 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201200773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Byoung-Hwa Kwon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 335 Gwahangno, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
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Gómez-de Pedro S, Martínez-Cisneros CS, Puyol M, Alonso-Chamarro J. Microreactor with integrated temperature control for the synthesis of CdSe nanocrystals. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:1979-1986. [PMID: 22538460 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc00011c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The recent needs in the nanosciences field have promoted the interest towards the development of miniaturized and highly integrated devices able to improve and automate the current processes associated with efficient nanomaterials production. Herein, a green tape based microfluidic system to perform high temperature controlled synthetic reactions of nanocrystals is presented. The device, which integrates both the microfluidics and a thermally controlled platform, was applied to the automated and continuous synthesis of CdSe quantum dots. Since temperature can be accurately regulated as required, size-controlled and reproducible quantum dots could be obtained by regulating this parameter and the molar ratio of precursors. The obtained nanocrystals were characterized by UV-vis and fluorescence spectrophotometry. The band width of the emission peaks obtained indicates a narrow size distribution of the nanocrystals, which confirms the uniform temperature profile applied for each synthetic process, being the optimum temperature at 270 °C (full width at half maximum = 40 nm). This approach allows a temperature controlled, easy, low cost and automated method to produce quantum dots in organic media, enhancing its application from laboratory-scale to pilot-line scale processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gómez-de Pedro
- Sensors & Biosensors Group, Department of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Edifici Cn, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
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Gómez-de Pedro S, Puyol M, Izquierdo D, Salinas I, de la Fuente JM, Alonso-Chamarro J. A ceramic microreactor for the synthesis of water soluble CdS and CdS/ZnS nanocrystals with on-line optical characterization. NANOSCALE 2012; 4:1328-1335. [PMID: 22262053 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr11525e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a computer controlled microreactor to synthesize water soluble CdS and CdS/ZnS nanocrystals with in situ monitoring of the reaction progress is developed. It is based on ceramic tapes and the Low-Temperature Co-fired Ceramics technology (LTCC). As well the microsystem set-up, the microreactor fluidic design has also been thoroughly optimized. The final device is based on a hydrodynamic focusing of the reagents followed by a three-dimensional micromixer. This generates monodispersed and stable CdS and core-shell CdS/ZnS nanocrystals of 4.5 and 4.2 nm, respectively, with reproducible optical properties in terms of fluorescence emission wavelengths, bandwidth, and quantum yields, which is a key requirement for their future analytical applications. The synthetic process is also controlled in real time with the integration of an optical detection system for absorbance and fluorescence measurements based on commercial miniaturized optical components. This makes possible the efficient managing of the hydrodynamic variables to obtain the desired colloidal suspension. As a result, a simple, economic, robust and portable microsystem for the well controlled synthesis of CdS and CdS/ZnS nanocrystals is presented. Moreover, the reaction takes place in aqueous medium, thus allowing the direct modular integration of this microreactor in specific analytical microsystems, which require the use of such quantum dots as labels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gómez-de Pedro
- Grup de Sensors i Biosensors, Departament de Química, Univ. Autonoma Barcelona, Edifici Cn, 08193, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
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Gomez L, Arruebo M, Sebastian V, Gutierrez L, Santamaria J. Facile synthesis of SiO2–Au nanoshells in a three-stage microfluidic system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm34206e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Vannoy CH, Tavares AJ, Noor MO, Uddayasankar U, Krull UJ. Biosensing with quantum dots: a microfluidic approach. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2011; 11:9732-63. [PMID: 22163723 PMCID: PMC3231262 DOI: 10.3390/s111009732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Revised: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) have served as the basis for signal development in a variety of biosensing technologies and in applications using bioprobes. The use of QDs as physical platforms to develop biosensors and bioprobes has attracted considerable interest. This is largely due to the unique optical properties of QDs that make them excellent choices as donors in fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and well suited for optical multiplexing. The large majority of QD-based bioprobe and biosensing technologies that have been described operate in bulk solution environments, where selective binding events at the surface of QDs are often associated with relatively long periods to reach a steady-state signal. An alternative approach to the design of biosensor architectures may be provided by a microfluidic system (MFS). A MFS is able to integrate chemical and biological processes into a single platform and allows for manipulation of flow conditions to achieve, by sample transport and mixing, reaction rates that are not entirely diffusion controlled. Integrating assays in a MFS provides numerous additional advantages, which include the use of very small amounts of reagents and samples, possible sample processing before detection, ultra-high sensitivity, high throughput, short analysis time, and in situ monitoring. Herein, a comprehensive review is provided that addresses the key concepts and applications of QD-based microfluidic biosensors with an added emphasis on how this combination of technologies provides for innovations in bioassay designs. Examples from the literature are used to highlight the many advantages of biosensing in a MFS and illustrate the versatility that such a platform offers in the design strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles H. Vannoy
- Chemical Sensors Group, Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Rd. North, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada; E-Mails: (C.H.V.); (A.J.T.); (M.O.N.); (U.U.)
| | | | | | | | - Ulrich J. Krull
- Chemical Sensors Group, Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Rd. North, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada; E-Mails: (C.H.V.); (A.J.T.); (M.O.N.); (U.U.)
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Liu K, Wang MW, Lin WY, Phung DL, Girgis MD, Wu AM, Tomlinson JS, Shen CKF. Molecular Imaging Probe Development using Microfluidics. Curr Org Synth 2011; 8:473-487. [PMID: 22977436 DOI: 10.2174/157017911796117205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In this manuscript, we review the latest advancement of microfluidics in molecular imaging probe development. Due to increasing needs for medical imaging, high demand for many types of molecular imaging probes will have to be met by exploiting novel chemistry/radiochemistry and engineering technologies to improve the production and development of suitable probes. The microfluidic-based probe synthesis is currently attracting a great deal of interest because of their potential to deliver many advantages over conventional systems. Numerous chemical reactions have been successfully performed in micro-reactors and the results convincingly demonstrate with great benefits to aid synthetic procedures, such as purer products, higher yields, shorter reaction times compared to the corresponding batch/macroscale reactions, and more benign reaction conditions. Several 'proof-of-principle' examples of molecular imaging probe syntheses using microfluidics, along with basics of device architecture and operation, and their potential limitations are discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Liu
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430073, China
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Shao P, Zhang Q, Li Y, Wang H. Aqueous synthesis of color-tunable and stable Mn2+-doped ZnSe quantum dots. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm01878c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abdelhady AL, Afzaal M, Malik MA, O'Brien P. Flow reactor synthesis of CdSe, CdS, CdSe/CdS and CdSeS nanoparticles from single molecular precursor(s). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1jm13590b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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38
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Shao P, Wang H, Zhang Q, Li Y. White light emission from Mn-doped ZnSe d-dots synthesized continuously in microfluidic reactors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1jm12128f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
The application of microfluidics in chemistry has gained significant importance in the recent years. Miniaturized chemistry platforms provide controlled fluid transport, rapid chemical reactions, and cost-saving advantages over conventional reactors. The advantages of microfluidics have been clearly established in the field of analytical and bioanalytical sciences and in the field of organic synthesis. It is less true in the field of inorganic chemistry and materials science; however in inorganic chemistry it has mostly been used for the separation and selective extraction of metal ions. Microfluidics has been used in materials science mainly for the improvement of nanoparticle synthesis, namely metal, metal oxide, and semiconductor nanoparticles. Microfluidic devices can also be used for the formulation of more advanced and sophisticated inorganic materials or hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Abou-Hassan
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7195 PECSA, Physicochimie des Electrolytes, Colloïdes, Sciences Analytiques, 75005 Paris, France.
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Jin HD, Garrison A, Tseng T, Paul BK, Chang CH. High-rate synthesis of phosphine-stabilized undecagold nanoclusters using a multilayered micromixer. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 21:445604. [PMID: 20935355 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/21/44/445604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Growth in the potential applications of nanomaterials has led to a focus on the development of new manufacturing approaches for these materials. In particular, an increased demand due to the unique properties of nanomaterials requires a substantial yield of high-performance materials and a simultaneous reduction in the environmental impact of these processes. In this paper, a high-rate production of phosphine-stabilized undecagold nanoclusters was achieved using a layer-up strategy which involves the use of microlamination architectures; the patterning and bonding of thin layers of material (laminae) to create a multilayered micromixer in the range of 25-250 µm thick was used to step up the production of phosphine-stabilized undecagold nanoclusters. The continuous production of highly monodispersed phosphine-stabilized undecagold nanoclusters at a rate of about 11.8 (mg s(-1)) was achieved using a microreactor with a size of 1.687 cm(3). This result is about 500 times over conventional batch syntheses based on the production rate per reactor volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Dae Jin
- School of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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Liu K, Wang H, Chen KJ, Guo F, Lin WY, Chen YC, Phung DL, Tseng HR, Shen CKF. A digital microfluidic droplet generator produces self-assembled supramolecular nanoparticles for targeted cell imaging. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 21:445603. [PMID: 20935351 PMCID: PMC3744236 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/21/44/445603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the size distribution of polymer-based nanoparticles is a challenging task due to their flexible core and surface structures. To accomplish such as task requires very precise control at the molecular level. Here we demonstrate a new approach whereby uniform-sized supramolecular nanoparticles (SNPs) can be reliably generated using a digital microfluidic droplet generator (DMDG) chip. A microfluidic environment enabled precise control over the processing parameters, and therefore high batch-to-batch reproducibility and robust production of SNPs with a very narrow size distribution could be realized. Digitally adjustment of the mixing ratios of the building blocks on the DMDG chip allowed us to rapidly scan a variety of synthesis conditions without consuming significant amounts of reagents. Nearly uniform SNPs with sizes ranging from 35 to 350 nm were obtained and characterized by transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering. In addition, we could fine-tune the surface chemistry of the SNPs by incorporating an additional building block functionalized with specific ligands for targeting cells. The sizes and surface properties of these SNPs correlated strongly with their cell uptake efficiencies. This study showed a feasible method for microfluidic-assisted SNP production and provided a great means for preparing size-controlled SNPs with desired surface ligand coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Liu
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430073, China
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, 23-120 Center for Health Science, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
- California Nanosystems Institute, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, 23-120 Center for Health Science, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
- California Nanosystems Institute, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kuan-Ju Chen
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, 23-120 Center for Health Science, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
- California Nanosystems Institute, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Feng Guo
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, 23-120 Center for Health Science, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
- California Nanosystems Institute, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Wei-Yu Lin
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, 23-120 Center for Health Science, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
- California Nanosystems Institute, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yi-Chun Chen
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, 23-120 Center for Health Science, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
- California Nanosystems Institute, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Duy Linh Phung
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, 23-120 Center for Health Science, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
- California Nanosystems Institute, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Hsian-Rong Tseng
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, 23-120 Center for Health Science, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
- California Nanosystems Institute, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Clifton K.-F. Shen
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, 23-120 Center for Health Science, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
- California Nanosystems Institute, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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Krishnadasan S, Yashina A, deMello A, deMello J. Microfluidic Reactors for Nanomaterial Synthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2377(10)38004-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
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Marre S, Jensen KF. Synthesis of micro and nanostructures in microfluidic systems. Chem Soc Rev 2010; 39:1183-202. [DOI: 10.1039/b821324k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 547] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Zhu X, Zhang Q, Li Y, Wang H. Facile crystallization control of LaF3/LaPO4:Ce, Tb nanocrystals in a microfluidic reactor using microwave irradiation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/b922873j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Wan Z, Yang H, Luan W, Tu ST, Zhou X. Facile Synthesis of Monodisperse CdS Nanocrystals via Microreaction. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2009; 5:130-137. [PMID: 20651917 PMCID: PMC2893710 DOI: 10.1007/s11671-009-9454-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2009] [Accepted: 09/25/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
CdS-based nanocrystals (NCs) have attracted extensive interest due to their potential application as key luminescent materials for blue and white LEDs. In this research, the continuous synthesis of monodisperse CdS NCs was demonstrated utilizing a capillary microreactor. The enhanced heat and mass transfer in the microreactor was useful to reduce the reaction temperature and residence time to synthesize monodisperse CdS NCs. The superior stability of the microreactor and its continuous operation allowed the investigation of synthesis parameters with high efficiency. Reaction temperature was found to be a key parameter for balancing the reactivity of CdS precursors, while residence time was shown to be an important factor that governs the size and size distribution of the CdS NCs. Furthermore, variation of OA concentration was demonstrated to be a facile tuning mechanism for controlling the size of the CdS NCs. The variation of the volume percentage of OA from 10.5 to 51.2% and the variation of the residence time from 17 to 136 s facilitated the synthesis of monodisperse CdS NCs in the size range of 3.0-5.4 nm, and the NCs produced photoluminescent emissions in the range of 391-463 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Safety Science of Pressurized System, School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongwei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Safety Science of Pressurized System, School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiling Luan
- State Key Laboratory of Safety Science of Pressurized System, School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, China
| | - Shan-tung Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Safety Science of Pressurized System, School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinggui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, China
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Abou-Hassan A, Bazzi R, Cabuil V. Multistep Continuous-Flow Microsynthesis of Magnetic and Fluorescent γ-Fe2O3@SiO2Core/Shell Nanoparticles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200902181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Abou-Hassan A, Bazzi R, Cabuil V. Multistep Continuous-Flow Microsynthesis of Magnetic and Fluorescent γ-Fe2O3@SiO2Core/Shell Nanoparticles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:7180-3. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200902181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Song Y, Henry LL, Yang W. Stable amorphous cobalt nanoparticles formed by an in situ rapidly cooling microfluidic process. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:10209-10217. [PMID: 19601562 DOI: 10.1021/la9009866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The controlled synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) with stable crystal structures and stable physical and chemical properties is a key issue for commercial applications. The use of a microfluidic reactor (MR) process has proven to be a flexible approach to control the fine crystal structures and the magnetic properties during the ripening and aging of the NPs. We have developed an in situ rapidly cooling microfluidic process (IRCMP) in which Co NPs with stable crystal structures and magnetic properties are synthesized by using elevated reaction temperatures followed by rapid quenching of the colloids to reduced temperatures. The Co NPs that are obtained by this process demonstrate stable crystal structures and stable magnetic properties for a much longer period of time (at least 3 months) than for Co NPs obtained by performing the reaction and the quenching processes at room temperature or under sonication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Song
- Key State Laboratory of Aerospace Materials & Performance (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China.
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