1
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Jian X, Pang F, Hobson C, Jenner M, Alkhalaf LM, Challis GL. Antibiotic Skeletal Diversification via Differential Enoylreductase Recruitment and Module Iteration in trans-Acyltransferase Polyketide Synthases. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:6114-6124. [PMID: 38389455 PMCID: PMC10921412 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Microorganisms are remarkable chemists capable of assembling complex molecular architectures that penetrate cells and bind biomolecular targets with exquisite selectivity. Consequently, microbial natural products have wide-ranging applications in medicine and agriculture. How the "blind watchmaker" of evolution creates skeletal diversity is a key question in natural products research. Comparative analysis of biosynthetic pathways to structurally related metabolites is an insightful approach to addressing this. Here, we report comparative biosynthetic investigations of gladiolin, a polyketide antibiotic from Burkholderia gladioli with promising activity against multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and etnangien, a structurally related antibiotic produced by Sorangium cellulosum. Although these metabolites have very similar macrolide cores, their C21 side chains differ significantly in both length and degree of saturation. Surprisingly, the trans-acyltransferase polyketide synthases (PKSs) that assemble these antibiotics are almost identical, raising intriguing questions about mechanisms underlying structural diversification in this important class of biosynthetic assembly line. In vitro reconstitution of key biosynthetic transformations using simplified substrate analogues, combined with gene deletion and complementation experiments, enabled us to elucidate the origin of all the structural differences in the C21 side chains of gladiolin and etnangien. The more saturated gladiolin side chain arises from a cis-acting enoylreductase (ER) domain in module 1 and in trans recruitment of a standalone ER to module 5 of the PKS. Remarkably, module 5 of the gladiolin PKS is intrinsically iterative in the absence of the standalone ER, accounting for the longer side chain in etnangien. These findings have important implications for biosynthetic engineering approaches to the creation of novel polyketide skeletons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyun Jian
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
- Warwick
Integrative Synthetic Biology Centre, University
of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- ARC
Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Protein and Peptide Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Fang Pang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Christian Hobson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Matthew Jenner
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
- Warwick
Integrative Synthetic Biology Centre, University
of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Lona M. Alkhalaf
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Gregory L. Challis
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
- Warwick
Integrative Synthetic Biology Centre, University
of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- ARC
Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Protein and Peptide Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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2
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Salama S, Habib MH, Hatti-Kaul R, Gaber Y. Reviewing a plethora of oxidative-type reactions catalyzed by whole cells of Streptomyces species. RSC Adv 2022; 12:6974-7001. [PMID: 35424663 PMCID: PMC8982256 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra08816e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective oxidation reactions represent a challenging task for conventional organic chemistry. Whole-cell biocatalysis provides a very convenient, easy to apply method to carry out different selective oxidation reactions including chemo-, regio-, and enantio-selective reactions. Streptomyces species are important biocatalysts as they can catalyze these selective reactions very efficiently owing to the wide diversity of enzymes and enzymatic cascades in their cell niche. In this review, we present and analyze most of the examples reported to date of oxidative reactions catalyzed by Streptomyces species as whole-cell biocatalysts. We discuss 33 different Streptomyces species and strains and the role they play in different oxidative reactions over the past five decades. The oxidative reactions have been classified into seven categories that include: hydroxylation of steroids/non-steroids, asymmetric sulfoxidations, oxidation of aldehydes, multi-step oxidations, oxidative cleavage, and N-oxidations. The role played by Streptomyces species as recombinant hosts catalyzing bio-oxidations has also been highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Salama
- Biotechnology and Life Sciences Department, Faculty of Postgraduate Studies for Advanced Sciences, Beni-Suef University Beni-Suef 62517 Egypt
| | - Mohamed H Habib
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University Cairo 11562 Egypt
| | - Rajni Hatti-Kaul
- Division of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University Sweden
| | - Yasser Gaber
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University Beni-Suef 62511 Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mutah University Al-Karak 61710 Jordan
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3
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Zhai G, Wang W, Xu W, Sun G, Hu C, Wu X, Cong Z, Deng L, Shi Y, Leadlay PF, Song H, Hong K, Deng Z, Sun Y. Cross-Module Enoylreduction in the Azalomycin F Polyketide Synthase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:22738-22742. [PMID: 32865309 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202011357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The colinearity of canonical modular polyketide synthases, which creates a direct link between multienzyme structure and the chemical structure of the biosynthetic end-product, has become a cornerstone of knowledge-based genome mining. Herein, we report genetic and enzymatic evidence for the remarkable role of an enoylreductase in the polyketide synthase for azalomycin F biosynthesis. This internal enoylreductase domain, previously identified as acting only in the second of two chain extension cycles on an initial iterative module, is shown to also catalyze enoylreduction in trans within the next module. The mechanism for this rare deviation from colinearity appears to involve direct cross-modular interaction of the reductase with the longer acyl chain, rather than back transfer of the substrate into the iterative module, suggesting an additional and surprising plasticity in natural PKS assembly-line catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guifa Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Wuhan University), Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, No. 185 East Lake Road, Wuhan, 430071, P. R. China
| | - Wenyan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, No. 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Wei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Wuhan University), Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, No. 185 East Lake Road, Wuhan, 430071, P. R. China.,Current address: Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Guo Sun
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Wuhan University), Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, No. 185 East Lake Road, Wuhan, 430071, P. R. China
| | - Chaoqun Hu
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Wuhan University), Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, No. 185 East Lake Road, Wuhan, 430071, P. R. China
| | - Xiangming Wu
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Wuhan University), Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, No. 185 East Lake Road, Wuhan, 430071, P. R. China
| | - Zisong Cong
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, No. 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Liang Deng
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Wuhan University), Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, No. 185 East Lake Road, Wuhan, 430071, P. R. China
| | - Yanrong Shi
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Wuhan University), Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, No. 185 East Lake Road, Wuhan, 430071, P. R. China
| | - Peter F Leadlay
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, No. 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Heng Song
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, No. 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Kui Hong
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Wuhan University), Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, No. 185 East Lake Road, Wuhan, 430071, P. R. China
| | - Zixin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Wuhan University), Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, No. 185 East Lake Road, Wuhan, 430071, P. R. China
| | - Yuhui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Wuhan University), Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, No. 185 East Lake Road, Wuhan, 430071, P. R. China
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4
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Zhai G, Wang W, Xu W, Sun G, Hu C, Wu X, Cong Z, Deng L, Shi Y, Leadlay PF, Song H, Hong K, Deng Z, Sun Y. Cross‐Module Enoylreduction in the Azalomycin F Polyketide Synthase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202011357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guifa Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery Wuhan University) Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Wuhan University No. 185 East Lake Road Wuhan 430071 P. R. China
| | - Wenyan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Wuhan University No. 299 Bayi Road Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
| | - Wei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery Wuhan University) Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Wuhan University No. 185 East Lake Road Wuhan 430071 P. R. China
- Current address: Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR) Singapore Singapore
| | - Guo Sun
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery Wuhan University) Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Wuhan University No. 185 East Lake Road Wuhan 430071 P. R. China
| | - Chaoqun Hu
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery Wuhan University) Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Wuhan University No. 185 East Lake Road Wuhan 430071 P. R. China
| | - Xiangming Wu
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery Wuhan University) Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Wuhan University No. 185 East Lake Road Wuhan 430071 P. R. China
| | - Zisong Cong
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Wuhan University No. 299 Bayi Road Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
| | - Liang Deng
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery Wuhan University) Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Wuhan University No. 185 East Lake Road Wuhan 430071 P. R. China
| | - Yanrong Shi
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery Wuhan University) Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Wuhan University No. 185 East Lake Road Wuhan 430071 P. R. China
| | - Peter F. Leadlay
- Department of Biochemistry University of Cambridge No. 80 Tennis Court Road Cambridge CB2 1GA UK
| | - Heng Song
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Wuhan University No. 299 Bayi Road Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
| | - Kui Hong
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery Wuhan University) Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Wuhan University No. 185 East Lake Road Wuhan 430071 P. R. China
| | - Zixin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery Wuhan University) Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Wuhan University No. 185 East Lake Road Wuhan 430071 P. R. China
| | - Yuhui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery Wuhan University) Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Wuhan University No. 185 East Lake Road Wuhan 430071 P. R. China
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5
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Zhou Z, Wu Q, Xie Q, Ling C, Zhang H, Sun C, Ju J. New Borrelidins from Onchidium sp. Associated Streptomyces olivaceus SCSIO LO13. Chem Biodivers 2019; 17:e1900560. [PMID: 31769919 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201900560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Borrelidins M-O (1-3), along with four previously known family members (4-7), were isolated from marine pulmonated mollusks Onchidium sp. associated Streptomyces olivaceus SCSIO LO13. The structures of 1-3 were elucidated by extensive spectral analyses of HR-ESI-MS, 1D and 2D NMR data. In addition, the cytotoxic and antibacterial activities of 1-7 were evaluated enabling us to propose some tentative structure-activity relationships (SARs), especially those involving modifications at C(22) and the moieties at C(7) and C(8) of the borrelidin scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenbin Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou, 510301, P. R. China.,College of Oceanography, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Qiaoling Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou, 510301, P. R. China.,College of Oceanography, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Qing Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, No. 1 Xincheng Road, Dongguan, 523808, P. R. China
| | - Chunyao Ling
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou, 510301, P. R. China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, No. 1 Xincheng Road, Dongguan, 523808, P. R. China
| | - Changli Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou, 510301, P. R. China
| | - Jianhua Ju
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou, 510301, P. R. China.,College of Oceanography, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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6
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Bilyk O, Samborskyy M, Leadlay PF. The biosynthetic pathway to ossamycin, a macrocyclic polyketide bearing a spiroacetal moiety. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215958. [PMID: 31039188 PMCID: PMC6490886 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ossamycin from Streptomyces hygroscopicus var. ossamyceticus is an antifungal and cytotoxic polyketide and a potent inhibitor of the mitochondrial ATPase. Analysis of a near-complete genome sequence of the ossamycin producer has allowed the identification of the 127-kbp ossamycin biosynthetic gene cluster. The presence in the cluster of a specific crotonyl-CoA carboxylase/reductase homologue suggests that the 5-methylhexanoate extension unit used in construction of the macrocyclic core is incorporated intact from the unusual precursor isobutyrylmalonyl-CoA. Surprisingly, the modular polyketide synthase uses only 14 extension modules to accomplish 15 cycles of polyketide chain extension, a rare example of programmed iteration on a modular polyketide synthase. Specific deletion of genes encoding cytochrome P450 enzymes has given insight into the late-stage tailoring of the ossamycin macrocycle required for the attachment of the unusual 2,3,4,6-deoxyaminohexose sugar l-ossamine to C-8 of the ossamycin macrocycle. The ossamycin cluster also encodes a putative spirocyclase enzyme, OssO, which may play a role in establishing the characteristic spiroketal moiety of the natural product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Bilyk
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Markiyan Samborskyy
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Peter F. Leadlay
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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7
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Hu C, Su H, Luo J, Han L, Liu Q, Wu W, Mu Y, Guan P, Sun T, Huang X. Design, synthesis and antifungal evaluation of borrelidin derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:6035-6049. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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8
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Curran SC, Hagen A, Poust S, Chan LJG, Garabedian BM, de Rond T, Baluyot MJ, Vu JT, Lau AK, Yuzawa S, Petzold CJ, Katz L, Keasling JD. Probing the Flexibility of an Iterative Modular Polyketide Synthase with Non-Native Substrates in Vitro. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:2261-2268. [PMID: 29912551 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the search for molecular machinery for custom biosynthesis of valuable compounds, the modular type I polyketide synthases (PKSs) offer great potential. In this study, we investigate the flexibility of BorM5, the iterative fifth module of the borrelidin synthase, with a panel of non-native priming substrates in vitro. BorM5 differentially extends various aliphatic and substituted substrates. Depending on substrate size and substitution BorM5 can exceed the three iterations it natively performs. To probe the effect of methyl branching on chain length regulation, we engineered a BorM5 variant capable of incorporating methylmalonyl- and malonyl-CoA into its intermediates. Intermediate methylation did not affect overall chain length, indicating that the enzyme does not to count methyl branches to specify the number of iterations. In addition to providing regulatory insight about BorM5, we produced dozens of novel methylated intermediates that might be used for production of various hydrocarbons or pharmaceuticals. These findings enable rational engineering and recombination of BorM5 and inform the study of other iterative modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel C. Curran
- Joint Bioenergy Institute, 5885 Hollis Street, Emeryville California 94608, United States
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Andrew Hagen
- Joint Bioenergy Institute, 5885 Hollis Street, Emeryville California 94608, United States
| | - Sean Poust
- Joint Bioenergy Institute, 5885 Hollis Street, Emeryville California 94608, United States
| | - Leanne Jade G. Chan
- Joint Bioenergy Institute, 5885 Hollis Street, Emeryville California 94608, United States
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Brett M. Garabedian
- Joint Bioenergy Institute, 5885 Hollis Street, Emeryville California 94608, United States
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Tristan de Rond
- Joint Bioenergy Institute, 5885 Hollis Street, Emeryville California 94608, United States
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Marian-Joy Baluyot
- Joint Bioenergy Institute, 5885 Hollis Street, Emeryville California 94608, United States
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jonathan T. Vu
- Joint Bioenergy Institute, 5885 Hollis Street, Emeryville California 94608, United States
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Andrew K. Lau
- Joint Bioenergy Institute, 5885 Hollis Street, Emeryville California 94608, United States
| | - Satoshi Yuzawa
- Joint Bioenergy Institute, 5885 Hollis Street, Emeryville California 94608, United States
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Christopher J. Petzold
- Joint Bioenergy Institute, 5885 Hollis Street, Emeryville California 94608, United States
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Leonard Katz
- Joint Bioenergy Institute, 5885 Hollis Street, Emeryville California 94608, United States
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jay D. Keasling
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Hørsholm, Denmark
- Center for Synthetic Biochemistry, Institute for Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes for Advanced Technologies, Shenzhen, China
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9
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Identification of a biosynthetic gene cluster for the polyene macrolactam sceliphrolactam in a Streptomyces strain isolated from mangrove sediment. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1594. [PMID: 29371699 PMCID: PMC5785472 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20018-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptomyces are a genus of Actinobacteria capable of producing structurally diverse natural products. Here we report the isolation and characterization of a biosynthetically talented Streptomyces (Streptomyces sp. SD85) from tropical mangrove sediments. Whole-genome sequencing revealed that Streptomyces sp. SD85 harbors at least 52 biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs), which constitute 21.2% of the 8.6-Mb genome. When cultivated under lab conditions, Streptomyces sp. SD85 produces sceliphrolactam, a 26-membered polyene macrolactam with unknown biosynthetic origin. Genome mining yielded a putative sceliphrolactam BGC (sce) that encodes a type I modular polyketide synthase (PKS) system, several β-amino acid starter biosynthetic enzymes, transporters, and transcriptional regulators. Using the CRISPR/Cas9–based gene knockout method, we demonstrated that the sce BGC is essential for sceliphrolactam biosynthesis. Unexpectedly, the PKS system encoded by sce is short of one module required for assembling the 26-membered macrolactam skeleton according to the collinearity rule. With experimental data disfavoring the involvement of a trans-PKS module, the biosynthesis of sceliphrolactam seems to be best rationalized by invoking a mechanism whereby the PKS system employs an iterative module to catalyze two successive chain extensions with different outcomes. The potential violation of the collinearity rule makes the mechanism distinct from those of other polyene macrolactams.
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10
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Xu W, Zhai G, Liu Y, Li Y, Shi Y, Hong K, Hong H, Leadlay PF, Deng Z, Sun Y. An Iterative Module in the Azalomycin F Polyketide Synthase Contains a Switchable Enoylreductase Domain. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:5503-5506. [PMID: 28418225 PMCID: PMC5518293 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201701220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Detailed analysis of the modular Type I polyketide synthase (PKS) involved in the biosynthesis of the marginolactone azalomycin F in mangrove Streptomyces sp. 211726 has shown that only nineteen extension modules are required to accomplish twenty cycles of polyketide chain elongation. Analysis of the products of a PKS mutant specifically inactivated in the dehydratase domain of extension-module 1 showed that this module catalyzes two successive elongations with different outcomes. Strikingly, the enoylreductase domain of this module can apparently be "toggled" off and on : it functions in only the second of these two cycles. This novel mechanism expands our understanding of PKS assembly-line catalysis and may explain examples of apparent non-colinearity in other modular PKS systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Wuhan University), Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, 185 East Lake Road, Wuhan, 430071, P.R. China
| | - Guifa Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Wuhan University), Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, 185 East Lake Road, Wuhan, 430071, P.R. China
| | - Yuanzhen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Wuhan University), Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, 185 East Lake Road, Wuhan, 430071, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Wuhan University), Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, 185 East Lake Road, Wuhan, 430071, P.R. China
| | - Yanrong Shi
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Wuhan University), Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, 185 East Lake Road, Wuhan, 430071, P.R. China
| | - Kui Hong
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Wuhan University), Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, 185 East Lake Road, Wuhan, 430071, P.R. China
| | - Hui Hong
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Peter F Leadlay
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Zixin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Wuhan University), Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, 185 East Lake Road, Wuhan, 430071, P.R. China
| | - Yuhui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Wuhan University), Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, 185 East Lake Road, Wuhan, 430071, P.R. China
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11
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Xu W, Zhai G, Liu Y, Li Y, Shi Y, Hong K, Hong H, Leadlay PF, Deng Z, Sun Y. An Iterative Module in the Azalomycin F Polyketide Synthase Contains a Switchable Enoylreductase Domain. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201701220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Wuhan University); Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Wuhan University; 185 East Lake Road Wuhan 430071 P.R. China
| | - Guifa Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Wuhan University); Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Wuhan University; 185 East Lake Road Wuhan 430071 P.R. China
| | - Yuanzhen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Wuhan University); Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Wuhan University; 185 East Lake Road Wuhan 430071 P.R. China
| | - Yuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Wuhan University); Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Wuhan University; 185 East Lake Road Wuhan 430071 P.R. China
| | - Yanrong Shi
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Wuhan University); Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Wuhan University; 185 East Lake Road Wuhan 430071 P.R. China
| | - Kui Hong
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Wuhan University); Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Wuhan University; 185 East Lake Road Wuhan 430071 P.R. China
| | - Hui Hong
- Department of Biochemistry; University of Cambridge; 80 Tennis Court Road Cambridge CB2 1GA UK
| | - Peter F. Leadlay
- Department of Biochemistry; University of Cambridge; 80 Tennis Court Road Cambridge CB2 1GA UK
| | - Zixin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Wuhan University); Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Wuhan University; 185 East Lake Road Wuhan 430071 P.R. China
| | - Yuhui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Wuhan University); Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Wuhan University; 185 East Lake Road Wuhan 430071 P.R. China
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12
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Hong H, Sun Y, Zhou Y, Stephens E, Samborskyy M, Leadlay PF. Evidence for an iterative module in chain elongation on the azalomycin polyketide synthase. Beilstein J Org Chem 2016; 12:2164-2172. [PMID: 27829923 PMCID: PMC5082578 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.12.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The assembly-line synthases that produce bacterial polyketide natural products follow a modular paradigm in which each round of chain extension is catalysed by a different set or module of enzymes. Examples of deviation from this paradigm, in which a module catalyses either multiple extensions or none are of interest from both a mechanistic and an evolutionary viewpoint. We present evidence that in the biosynthesis of the 36-membered macrocyclic aminopolyol lactones (marginolactones) azalomycin and kanchanamycin, isolated respectively from Streptomyces malaysiensis DSM4137 and Streptomyces olivaceus Tü4018, the first extension module catalyses both the first and second cycles of polyketide chain extension. To confirm the integrity of the azl gene cluster, it was cloned intact on a bacterial artificial chromosome and transplanted into the heterologous host strain Streptomyces lividans, which does not possess the genes for marginolactone production. When furnished with 4-guanidinobutyramide, a specific precursor of the azalomycin starter unit, the recombinant S. lividans produced azalomycin, showing that the polyketide synthase genes in the sequenced cluster are sufficient to accomplish formation of the full-length polyketide chain. This provides strong support for module iteration in the azalomycin and kanchanamycin biosynthetic pathways. In contrast, re-sequencing of the gene cluster for biosynthesis of the polyketide β-lactone ebelactone in Streptomyces aburaviensis has shown that, contrary to a recently-published proposal, the ebelactone polyketide synthase faithfully follows the colinear modular paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Hong
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, United Kingdom
| | - Yuhui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Wuhan University, Ministry of Education, and Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongjun Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, United Kingdom
| | - Emily Stephens
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, United Kingdom
| | - Markiyan Samborskyy
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, United Kingdom
| | - Peter F Leadlay
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, United Kingdom
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13
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Gündemir-Durmaz T, Schmid F, El Baz Y, Häusser A, Schneider C, Bilitewski U, Rauhut G, Garnier D, Baro A, Laschat S. Truncated borrelidin analogues: synthesis by sequential cross metathesis/olefination for the southern fragment and biological evaluation. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:8261-9. [PMID: 27523181 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob01358a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The construction of novel borrelidin analogues is reported in which the northern fragment is truncated to a simple hydroxyundecanecarboxylate and the original cyclopentanecarboxylic acid in the southern fragment is replaced with different six-membered rings. The required precursors were prepared by cross metathesis of the appropriate carbocycle-based homoallylic alcohol with crotonaldehyde followed by HWE olefination of the resulting enal with bromocyanophosphonate. The key aldehyde for intramolecular cross coupling was accessible by oxidation of the hydroxy group of the linked undecanecarboxylate unit. Grignard mediated macrocyclization finally yielded the borrelidin related products. The investigation is complemented by SAR studies and quantum-chemical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tülay Gündemir-Durmaz
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
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14
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Zhou Y, Murphy AC, Samborskyy M, Prediger P, Dias LC, Leadlay PF. Iterative Mechanism of Macrodiolide Formation in the Anticancer Compound Conglobatin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 22:745-54. [PMID: 26091168 PMCID: PMC4504003 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Conglobatin is an unusual C2-symmetrical macrodiolide from the bacterium Streptomyces conglobatus with promising antitumor activity. Insights into the genes and enzymes that govern both the assembly-line production of the conglobatin polyketide and its dimerization are essential to allow rational alterations to be made to the conglobatin structure. We have used a rapid, direct in vitro cloning method to obtain the entire cluster on a 41-kbp fragment, encoding a modular polyketide synthase assembly line. The cloned cluster directs conglobatin biosynthesis in a heterologous host strain. Using a model substrate to mimic the conglobatin monomer, we also show that the conglobatin cyclase/thioesterase acts iteratively, ligating two monomers head-to-tail then re-binding the dimer product and cyclizing it. Incubation of two different monomers with the cyclase produces hybrid dimers and trimers, providing the first evidence that conglobatin analogs may in future become accessible through engineering of the polyketide synthase. The conglobatin cluster has been cloned using a single-step in vitro procedure The gene cluster in a heterologous strain confers the ability to produce conglobatin A model for ATP-dependent heterocyclization to the oxazole ring is proposed The conglobatin thioesterase catalyzes cyclodimerization by an iterative mechanism
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Annabel C Murphy
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | | | - Patricia Prediger
- Faculty of Technology, State University of Campinas UNICAMP, CEP 134840332 Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Carlos Dias
- Institute of Chemistry, State University of Campinas, UNICAMP, C.P. 6154, CEP 13084-971 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Peter F Leadlay
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK.
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15
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Weissman KJ. Genetic engineering of modular PKSs: from combinatorial biosynthesis to synthetic biology. Nat Prod Rep 2016; 33:203-30. [DOI: 10.1039/c5np00109a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This reviews covers on-going efforts at engineering the gigantic modular polyketide synthases (PKSs), highlighting both notable successes and failures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira J. Weissman
- UMR 7365
- Ingénierie Moléculaire et Physiopathologie Articulaire (IMoPA)
- CNRS-Université de Lorraine
- Biopôle de l'Université de Lorraine
- 54505 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex
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Sugimoto Y, Ishida K, Traitcheva N, Busch B, Dahse HM, Hertweck C. Freedom and Constraint in Engineered Noncolinear Polyketide Assembly Lines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 22:229-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2014.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Abstract
This review covers a breakthrough in the structural biology of the gigantic modular polyketide synthases (PKS): the structural characterization of intact modules by single-particle cryo-electron microscopy and small-angle X-ray scattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira J. Weissman
- Molecular and Structural Enzymology Group
- Université de Lorraine
- IMoPA
- UMR 7365
- Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy
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18
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Arakawa K. Genetic and biochemical analysis of the antibiotic biosynthetic gene clusters on the Streptomyces linear plasmid. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 78:183-9. [PMID: 25036669 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2014.882761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We extensively analyzed the giant linear plasmid pSLA2-L in Streptomyces rochei 7434AN4, a producer of two structurally unrelated polyketide antibiotics, lankacidin and lankamycin. It was found that amine oxidase LkcE oxidizes an acyclic amine to an imine, which is in turn converted to the 17-membered carbocyclic lankacidin. Heterologous expression and translational fusion experiments indicated the modular-iterative mixed polyketide biosynthesis of lankacidin. Concerning to lankamycin biosynthesis, starter unit biosynthesis and the post-PKS modification pathway were elucidated by feeding and gene inactivation experiments. It was shown that pSLA2-L contains many regulatory genes, which constitute the signaling molecule/receptor system for antibiotic production and morphological differentiation in this strain. Two signaling molecules, SRB1 and SRB2, that induce production of lankacidin and lankamycin were further isolated and their structures were elucidated. Each contains a 2,3-disubstituted butenolide skeleton, and the stereochemistry at C-1' position is crucial for inducing activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Arakawa
- a Department of Molecular Biotechnology , Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University , Higashi-Hiroshima , Japan
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19
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Busch B, Ueberschaar N, Behnken S, Sugimoto Y, Werneburg M, Traitcheva N, He J, Hertweck C. Multifactorial Control of Iteration Events in a Modular Polyketide Assembly Line. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:5285-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201301322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Busch B, Ueberschaar N, Behnken S, Sugimoto Y, Werneburg M, Traitcheva N, He J, Hertweck C. Multifactorial Control of Iteration Events in a Modular Polyketide Assembly Line. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201301322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Yadav JS, Yadav NN. An iterative, facile stereoselective synthesis of C1-C11 fragment of borrelidin via enzymatic desymmetrization strategy. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra22754e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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22
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Letzel AC, Pidot SJ, Hertweck C. A genomic approach to the cryptic secondary metabolome of the anaerobic world. Nat Prod Rep 2012; 30:392-428. [PMID: 23263685 DOI: 10.1039/c2np20103h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A total of 211 complete and published genomes from anaerobic bacteria are analysed for the presence of secondary metabolite biosynthesis gene clusters, in particular those tentatively coding for polyketide synthases (PKS) and non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS). We investigate the distribution of these gene clusters according to bacterial phylogeny and, if known, correlate these to the type of metabolic pathways they encode. The potential of anaerobes as secondary metabolite producers is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Catrin Letzel
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology HKI, Beutenbergstr. 11a, Jena, 07745, Germany
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23
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Reprogramming a module of the 6-deoxyerythronolide B synthase for iterative chain elongation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:4110-5. [PMID: 22371562 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1118734109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Multimodular polyketide synthases (PKSs) have an assembly line architecture in which a set of protein domains, known as a module, participates in one round of polyketide chain elongation and associated chemical modifications, after which the growing chain is translocated to the next PKS module. The ability to rationally reprogram these assembly lines to enable efficient synthesis of new polyketide antibiotics has been a long-standing goal in natural products biosynthesis. We have identified a ratchet mechanism that can explain the observed unidirectional translocation of the growing polyketide chain along the 6-deoxyerythronolide B synthase. As a test of this model, module 3 of the 6-deoxyerythronolide B synthase has been reengineered to catalyze two successive rounds of chain elongation. Our results suggest that high selectivity has been evolutionarily programmed at three types of protein-protein interfaces that are present repetitively along naturally occurring PKS assembly lines.
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Dickschat JS, Vergnolle O, Hong H, Garner S, Bidgood SR, Dooley HC, Deng Z, Leadlay PF, Sun Y. An additional dehydratase-like activity is required for lankacidin antibiotic biosynthesis. Chembiochem 2011; 12:2408-12. [PMID: 21953738 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201100474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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25
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Theurer M, El Baz Y, Koschorreck K, Urlacher VB, Rauhut G, Baro A, Laschat S. Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of the C3-C11-Fragment of Borrelidin. European J Org Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201100412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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26
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Olano C, Méndez C, Salas JA. Molecular insights on the biosynthesis of antitumour compounds by actinomycetes. Microb Biotechnol 2010; 4:144-64. [PMID: 21342461 PMCID: PMC3818856 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-7915.2010.00231.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural products are traditionally the main source of drug leads. In particular, many antitumour compounds are either natural products or derived from them. However, the search for novel antitumour drugs active against untreatable tumours, with fewer side-effects or with enhanced therapeutic efficiency, is a priority goal in cancer chemotherapy. Microorganisms, particularly actinomycetes, are prolific producers of bioactive compounds, including antitumour drugs, produced as secondary metabolites. Structural genes involved in the biosynthesis of such compounds are normally clustered together with resistance and regulatory genes, which facilitates the isolation of the gene cluster. The characterization of these clusters has represented, during the last 25 years, a great source of genes for the generation of novel derivatives by using combinatorial biosynthesis approaches: gene inactivation, gene expression, heterologous expression of the clusters or mutasynthesis. In addition, these techniques have been also applied to improve the production yields of natural and novel antitumour compounds. In this review we focus on some representative antitumour compounds produced by actinomycetes covering the genetic approaches used to isolate and validate their biosynthesis gene clusters, which finally led to generating novel derivatives and to improving the production yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Olano
- Departamento de Biología Funcional and Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (I.U.O.P.A), Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
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Madduri AVR, Minnaard AJ. Formal synthesis of the anti-angiogenic polyketide (-)-borrelidin under asymmetric catalytic control. Chemistry 2010; 16:11726-31. [PMID: 20734306 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201001284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Borrelidin (1) is a polyketide that possesses extremely potent anti-angiogenesis activity. This paper describes its formal total synthesis by the most efficient route to date. This modular approach takes optimal benefit of asymmetric catalysis and permits the synthesis of analogues; in addition, the high yields and selectivities obtained eliminate the need for separation of stereoisomers. The upper half of borrelidin has been accessed by iterative copper-catalysed asymmetric conjugate addition of methylmagnesium bromide, whereas synthesis of the lower half of the molecule was achieved by relying on asymmetric hydrogenation and cross-methathesis as key steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashoka V R Madduri
- Department of Bio Organic Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Yan J, Gupta S, Sherman DH, Reynolds KA. Functional dissection of a multimodular polypeptide of the pikromycin polyketide synthase into monomodules by using a matched pair of heterologous docking domains. Chembiochem 2009; 10:1537-43. [PMID: 19437523 PMCID: PMC4652847 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200900098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The pikromyin polyketide synthase (PKS) in Streptomyces venezulae is comprised of a loading module and six extension modules, which generate the corresponding 14-membered macrolactone product. PikAI is a multimodular component of this PKS and houses both the loading domain and the first two extension modules, joined by short intraprotein linkers. We have shown that PikAI can be separated into two proteins at either of these linkers, only when matched pairs of docking domains (DDs) from a heterologous modular phoslactomycin PKS are used in place of the intraprotein linker. In both cases the yields of pikromycin produced by the S. venezuelae mutant were 50% of that of a S. venezuelae strain expressing the native trimodular PikAI. This observation provides the first demonstration that such separations do not dramatically impact the efficiency of the entire in vivo biosynthetic process. Expression of module 2 as a monomodular protein fused to a heterologous N-terminal docking domain was also observed to give almost a tenfold improvement in the in vivo generation of pikromycin from a synthetic diketide intermediate. These results demonstrate the utility of DDs to manipulate biosynthetic processes catalyzed by modular PKSs and the quest to generate novel polyketide products.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, 262 Science Building 2, 1719 SW 10th Avenue, Portland, OR 97201, FAX: 503- 725 9525
| | - Shuchi Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, 262 Science Building 2, 1719 SW 10th Avenue, Portland, OR 97201, FAX: 503- 725 9525
| | - David H. Sherman
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2216, Fax: 734-615-3641
| | - Kevin A. Reynolds
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, 262 Science Building 2, 1719 SW 10th Avenue, Portland, OR 97201, FAX: 503- 725 9525
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McAlpine JB. Advances in the understanding and use of the genomic base of microbial secondary metabolite biosynthesis for the discovery of new natural products. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2009; 72:566-572. [PMID: 19199817 DOI: 10.1021/np800742z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade major changes have occurred in the access to genome sequences that encode the enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, knowledge of how those sequences translate into the final structure of the metabolite, and the ability to alter the sequence to obtain predicted products via both homologous and heterologous expression. Novel genera have been discovered leading to new chemotypes, but more surprisingly several instances have been uncovered where the apparently general rules of modular translation have not applied. Several new biosynthetic pathways have been unearthed, and our general knowledge grows rapidly. This review aims to highlight some of the more striking discoveries and advances of the decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B McAlpine
- Thallion Pharmaceuticals Inc., 7150 Alexander-Fleming, Montreal H4S 2C8, Canada.
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Olano C, Méndez C, Salas JA. Antitumor compounds from actinomycetes: from gene clusters to new derivatives by combinatorial biosynthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2009; 26:628-60. [PMID: 19387499 DOI: 10.1039/b822528a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Covering: up to October 2008. Antitumor compounds produced by actinomycetes and novel derivatives generated by combinatorial biosynthesis are reviewed (with 318 references cited.) The different structural groups for which the relevant gene clusters have been isolated and characterized are reviewed, with a description of the strategies used for the generation of the novel derivatives and the activities of these compounds against tumor cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Olano
- Departamento de Biología Funcional and Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (I.U.O.P.A.), Universidad de Oviedo, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
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Chopra T, Banerjee S, Gupta S, Yadav G, Anand S, Surolia A, Roy RP, Mohanty D, Gokhale RS. Novel intermolecular iterative mechanism for biosynthesis of mycoketide catalyzed by a bimodular polyketide synthase. PLoS Biol 2008; 6:e163. [PMID: 18613748 PMCID: PMC2443190 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0060163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2007] [Accepted: 05/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, remarkable versatility of polyketide synthases (PKSs) has been recognized; both in terms of their structural and functional organization as well as their ability to produce compounds other than typical secondary metabolites. Multifunctional Type I PKSs catalyze the biosynthesis of polyketide products by either using the same active sites repetitively (iterative) or by using these catalytic domains only once (modular) during the entire biosynthetic process. The largest open reading frame in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, pks12, was recently proposed to be involved in the biosynthesis of mannosyl-β-1-phosphomycoketide (MPM). The PKS12 protein contains two complete sets of modules and has been suggested to synthesize mycoketide by five alternating condensations of methylmalonyl and malonyl units by using an iterative mode of catalysis. The bimodular iterative catalysis would require transfer of intermediate chains from acyl carrier protein domain of module 2 to ketosynthase domain of module 1. Such bimodular iterations during PKS biosynthesis have not been characterized and appear unlikely based on recent understanding of the three-dimensional organization of these proteins. Moreover, all known examples of iterative PKSs so far characterized involve unimodular iterations. Based on cell-free reconstitution of PKS12 enzymatic machinery, in this study, we provide the first evidence for a novel “modularly iterative” mechanism of biosynthesis. By combination of biochemical, computational, mutagenic, analytical ultracentrifugation and atomic force microscopy studies, we propose that PKS12 protein is organized as a large supramolecular assembly mediated through specific interactions between the C- and N-terminus linkers. PKS12 protein thus forms a modular assembly to perform repetitive condensations analogous to iterative proteins. This novel intermolecular iterative biosynthetic mechanism provides new perspective to our understanding of polyketide biosynthetic machinery and also suggests new ways to engineer polyketide metabolites. The characterization of novel molecular mechanisms involved in biosynthesis of mycobacterial virulent lipids has opened new avenues for drug discovery. Polyketide synthases (PKSs) form a large family of multifunctional proteins involved in the biosynthesis of diverse classes of natural products. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) exploits these polyketide biosynthetic enzymes to synthesize complex lipids, many of which are essential for its virulence. PKSs utilize two common mechanistic themes to produce these metabolites: (1) modular—in which each set of catalytic sites is used only once during the entire biosynthetic process and (2) iterative—in which the same set of active sites is used repeatedly. Our study with PKS12 protein from Mtb (the largest protein in this genome) reveals a third mechanism for polyketide biosynthesis. In this hybrid “modularly iterative” mechanism, PKS12 protein forms a supramolecular assembly to perform repetitive cycles of iterations. The protein assembly is formed by specific intermolecular interactions between N- and C-terminus linkers, analogous to modular PKSs. Our study adds a new dimension to the existing catalytic and mechanistic versatility of PKSs, providing a new perspective on how metabolic diversity could be generated by different combinations of existing functional scaffolds. A novel iterative biosynthetic mechanism for multifunctional polyketide synthases reveals how the metabolic diversity of this enzyme family can arise by using existing scaffolds in novel combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Chopra
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Sarika Gupta
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Swadha Anand
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | | | - Rajesh S Gokhale
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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DKxanthene Biosynthesis—Understanding the Basis for Diversity-Oriented Synthesis in Myxobacterial Secondary Metabolism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 15:771-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2008.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2008] [Revised: 06/04/2008] [Accepted: 06/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Weissman KJ, Müller R. Protein–Protein Interactions in Multienzyme Megasynthetases. Chembiochem 2008; 9:826-48. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200700751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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38
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Analysis of modular-iterative mixed biosynthesis of lankacidin by heterologous expression and gene fusion. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2008; 60:700-8. [PMID: 18057700 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2007.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Lankacidin is a unique 17-membered macrocyclic antibiotic different from usual even-membered macrolides. Based on the gene organization of the lankacidin biosynthetic cluster coded on the linear plasmid pSLA2-L in Streptomyces rochei, we previously proposed a hypothesis of modular-iterative mixed polyketide biosynthesis for lankacidin. Two experimental evidences in this paper further strengthened this hypothesis. Heterologous expression of the lankacidin cluster (lkcA-lkcO) in Streptomyces lividans resulted in lankacidinol A production, indicating that the gene cluster is sufficient for the synthesis of the lankacidin skeleton. In addition, a gene fusant of lkcF and lkcG produced lankacidin at a similar level to the parent strain, suggesting that an iterative function of the LkcF protein is unlikely. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that LkcC is used four times and LkcA, LkcF and LkcG are used modularly to accomplish eight condensation reactions leading to the lankacidin skeleton.
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39
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Kittendorf JD, Beck BJ, Buchholz TJ, Seufert W, Sherman DH. Interrogating the molecular basis for multiple macrolactone ring formation by the pikromycin polyketide synthase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 14:944-54. [PMID: 17719493 PMCID: PMC2707933 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2007.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2007] [Revised: 07/09/2007] [Accepted: 07/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The pikromycin polyketide synthase (PKS) is unique in its ability to generate both 12 and 14 membered ring macrolactones. As such, dissection of the molecular basis for controlling metabolic diversity in this system remains an important objective for understanding modular PKS function and expanding chemical diversity. Here, we describe a series of experiments designed to probe the importance of the protein-protein interaction that occurs between the final two monomodules, PikAIII (module 5) and PikAIV (module 6), for the production of the 12 membered ring macrolactone 10-deoxymethynolide. The results obtained from these in vitro studies demonstrate that PikAIII and PikAIV generate the 12 membered ring macrocycle most efficiently when engaged in their native protein-protein interaction. Accordingly, the data are consistent with PikAIV adopting an alternative conformation that enables the terminal thioesterase domain to directly off-load the PikAIII-bound hexaketide intermediate for macrocyclization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - David H. Sherman
- Corresponding Author: , Telephone: (734)-615-9907, Fax: (734)-615-3641
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40
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Gokhale RS, Sankaranarayanan R, Mohanty D. Versatility of polyketide synthases in generating metabolic diversity. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2007; 17:736-43. [PMID: 17935970 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2007.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2007] [Revised: 08/20/2007] [Accepted: 08/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Polyketide synthases (PKSs) form a large family of multifunctional proteins involved in the biosynthesis of diverse classes of natural products. Architecturally at least three different types of PKSs have been discovered in the microbial world and recent years have revealed tremendous versatility of PKSs, both in terms of their structural and functional organization and in their ability to produce compounds other than typical secondary metabolites. Mycobacterium tuberculosis exploits polyketide biosynthetic enzymes to synthesize complex lipids, many of which are essential for its survival. The functional significance of the large repertoire of PKSs in Dictyostelium discoideum, perhaps in producing developmental regulating factors, is emerging. Recently determined structures of fatty acid synthases (FASs) and PKSs now provide an opportunity to delineate the mechanistic and structural basis of polyketide biosynthetic machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh S Gokhale
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India.
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41
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Traitcheva N, Jenke-Kodama H, He J, Dittmann E, Hertweck C. Non-Colinear Polyketide Biosynthesis in the Aureothin and Neoaureothin Pathways: An Evolutionary Perspective. Chembiochem 2007; 8:1841-9. [PMID: 17763486 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200700309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Aureothin and neoaureothin (spectinabilin) represent rare nitroaryl-substituted polyketide metabolites from Streptomyces thioluteus and Streptomyces orinoci, respectively, which only differ in the lengths of the polyene backbones. Cloning and sequencing of the 39 kb neoaureothin (nor) biosynthesis gene cluster and its comparison with the aureothin (aur) pathway genes revealed that both polyketide synthase (PKS) assembly lines are remarkably similar. In both cases the module architecture breaks with the principle of colinearity, as individual PKS modules are used in an iterative fashion. Parsimony and neighbour-joining phylogenetic studies provided insights into the evolutionary process that led to the programming of these unusual type I PKS systems and to prediction of which modules act iteratively. The iterative function of the first module in the neoaureothin pathway, NorA, was confirmed by a successful cross-complementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelly Traitcheva
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz-Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
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42
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Frank B, Wenzel SC, Bode HB, Scharfe M, Blöcker H, Müller R. From genetic diversity to metabolic unity: studies on the biosynthesis of aurafurones and aurafuron-like structures in myxobacteria and streptomycetes. J Mol Biol 2007; 374:24-38. [PMID: 17919655 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2007.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2007] [Revised: 08/29/2007] [Accepted: 09/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The myxobacterial polyketide secondary metabolites aurafuron A and B were identified by genome mining in the myxobacterial strain Stigmatella aurantiaca DW4/3-1. The compounds contain an unusual furanone moiety and resemble metabolites isolated from soil-dwelling and marine actinobacteria, a fungus and mollusks. We describe here the cloning and functional analysis of the aurafuron biosynthetic gene cluster, including site-directed mutagenesis and feeding studies using labeled precursors. The polyketide core of the aurafurones is assembled by a modular polyketide synthase (PKS). As with many such systems described from myxobacteria, the aurafuron PKS exhibits a number of unusual features, including the apparent iterative use of a module, redundant modules and domains, a trans acting dehydratase and the absence of a terminal thioesterase domain. Four oxidoreductases are encoded within the gene locus, some of which likely participate in formation of the furanone moiety via a Baeyer-Villiger type oxidation. Indeed, inactivation of a gene encoding a cytochrome P(450) monooxygenase completely abolished production of both compounds. We also compare the complete gene locus to biosynthetic gene clusters from two Streptomyces sp., which produce close structural analogues of the aurafurones. A portion of the post-PKS biosynthetic machinery is strikingly similar in all three cases, in contrast to the PKS genes, which are highly divergent. Phylogenetic analysis of the ketosynthase domains further indicates that the PKSs have developed independently (polyphyletically) during evolution. These findings point to a currently unknown but important biological function of aurafuron-like compounds for the producing organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Frank
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Saarland University, P.O. Box 151150, 66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
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43
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Harvey BM, Mironenko T, Sun Y, Hong H, Deng Z, Leadlay PF, Weissman KJ, Haydock SF. Insights into polyether biosynthesis from analysis of the nigericin biosynthetic gene cluster in Streptomyces sp. DSM4137. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 14:703-14. [PMID: 17584617 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2007.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2007] [Revised: 04/05/2007] [Accepted: 05/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Nigericin was among the first polyether ionophores to be discovered, but its biosynthesis remains obscure. The biosynthetic gene cluster for nigericin has been serendipitously cloned from Streptomyces sp. DSM4137, and deletion of this gene cluster abolished the production of both nigericin and the closely related metabolite abierixin. Detailed comparison of the nigericin biosynthetic genes with their counterparts in the biosynthetic clusters for other polyketides has prompted a significant revision of the proposed common pathway for polyether biosynthesis. In particular, we present evidence that in nigericin, nanchangmycin, and monensin, an unusual ketosynthase-like protein, KSX, transfers the initially formed linear polyketide chain to a discrete acyl carrier protein, ACPX, for oxidative cyclization. Consistent with this, deletion of either monACPX or monKSX from the monensin gene cluster effectively abolished monensin A biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara M Harvey
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
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44
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Nagamitsu T, Takano D, Marumoto K, Fukuda T, Furuya K, Otoguro K, Takeda K, Kuwajima I, Harigaya Y, Omura S. Total synthesis of borrelidin. J Org Chem 2007; 72:2744-56. [PMID: 17355148 DOI: 10.1021/jo062089i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The total synthesis of borrelidin has been achieved. The best feature of our synthetic route is macrocyclization at C11-C12 for the construction of an 18-membered ring after esterification between two segments. A detailed examination of the macrocyclization led us to the samarium(II) iodide-mediated intramolecular Reformatsky-type reaction as the most efficient synthetic approach. The two key segments were synthesized through regioselective methylation, directed hydrogenation, stereoselective Reformatsky-type reaction, and MgBr2.Et2O-mediated chelation-controlled allylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Nagamitsu
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
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45
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Kirschning A, Taft F, Knobloch T. Total synthesis approaches to natural product derivatives based on the combination of chemical synthesis and metabolic engineering. Org Biomol Chem 2007; 5:3245-59. [PMID: 17912378 DOI: 10.1039/b709549j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Secondary metabolites are an extremely diverse and important group of natural products with industrial and biomedical implications. Advances in metabolic engineering of both native and heterologous secondary metabolite producing organisms have allowed the directed synthesis of desired novel products by exploiting their biosynthetic potentials. Metabolic engineering utilises knowledge of cellular metabolism to alter biosynthetic pathways. An important technique that combines chemical synthesis with metabolic engineering is mutasynthesis (mutational biosynthesis; MBS), which advanced from precursor-directed biosynthesis (PDB). Both techniques are based on the cellular uptake of modified biosynthetic intermediates and their incorporation into complex secondary metabolites. Mutasynthesis utilises genetically engineered organisms in conjunction with feeding of chemically modified intermediates. From a synthetic chemist's point of view the concept of mutasynthesis is highly attractive, as the method combines chemical expertise with Nature's synthetic machinery and thus can be exploited to rapidly create small libraries of secondary metabolites. However, in each case, the method has to be critically compared with semi- and total synthesis in terms of practicability and efficiency. Recent developments in metabolic engineering promise to further broaden the scope of outsourcing chemically demanding steps to biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Kirschning
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, and Center of Biomolecular Drug Research (BMWZ), Schneiderberg 1b, 30167 Hannover, Germany.
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46
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Wilkinson B, Gregory MA, Moss SJ, Carletti I, Sheridan RM, Kaja A, Ward M, Olano C, Mendez C, Salas JA, Leadlay PF, vanGinckel R, Zhang MQ. Separation of anti-angiogenic and cytotoxic activities of borrelidin by modification at the C17 side chain. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:5814-7. [PMID: 16962775 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.08.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2006] [Revised: 08/15/2006] [Accepted: 08/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A set of novel borrelidin analogues have been prepared by precursor-directed biosynthesis. Structure-activity relationship analysis suggests that steric structural arrangement within the C17 side chain is important for differentiating cytotoxic and anti-angiogenic activities. A C17-cyclobutyl analogue 3 was found to have markedly increased selectivity for in vitro angiogenesis inhibition over cytotoxicity and is therefore potentially useful as an anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barrie Wilkinson
- Biotica Technology Ltd, Chesterford Research Park, Little Chesterford, Essex CB10 1XL, UK.
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47
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Fischbach MA, Walsh CT. Assembly-Line Enzymology for Polyketide and Nonribosomal Peptide Antibiotics: Logic, Machinery, and Mechanisms. Chem Rev 2006; 106:3468-96. [PMID: 16895337 DOI: 10.1021/cr0503097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1070] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Fischbach
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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48
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Wenzel SC, Müller R. Formation of novel secondary metabolites by bacterial multimodular assembly lines: deviations from textbook biosynthetic logic. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2006; 9:447-58. [PMID: 16107321 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2005.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2005] [Accepted: 08/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Microorganisms produce an immense variety of natural products with useful biological activities. These compounds are often biosynthesized by multifunctional megasynthetases known as polyketide synthases and nonribosomal peptide synthetases. Recent literature on these natural product assembly lines suggests that they have a much greater mechanistic diversity than originally anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke C Wenzel
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Saarland University, PO Box 151150, 66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
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49
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Abstract
The modular-type polyketide synthase (PKS) that is involved in aureothin (aur) biosynthesis represents one of the first examples in which a single PKS module (AurA) is used in an iterative fashion. Here we report on the heterologous expression of an engineered AurAB fusion protein that unequivocally proves the iterative nature of AurA. In addition, point mutations reveal that aur PKS module 4 participates in polyketide biosynthesis despite its aberrant acyltransferase domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing He
- Hans-Knöll-Institute for Natural Products Research, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
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50
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Bililign T, Hyun CG, Williams JS, Czisny AM, Thorson JS. The hedamycin locus implicates a novel aromatic PKS priming mechanism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 11:959-69. [PMID: 15271354 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2004.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2004] [Revised: 04/19/2004] [Accepted: 04/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The biosynthetic gene cluster for the pluramycin-type antitumor antibiotic hedamycin has been cloned from Streptomyces griseoruber. Sequence analysis of the 45.6 kb region revealed a variety of unique features such as a fabH homolog (KSIII), an acyltransferase (AT) gene, a set of type I polyketide synthase (PKS) genes, and two putative C-glycosyltransferase genes. As the first report of the cloning of the biosynthetic gene cluster for the pluramycin antibiotics, this work suggests that the biosynthesis of pluramycins utilize an iterative type I PKS system for the generation of a novel starter unit that subsequently primes the type II PKS system. It also implicates the involvement of a second catalytic ketosynthase (KSIII) to regulate this unusual priming step. Gene disruption is used to confirm the importance of both type I and II PKS genes for the biosynthesis of hedamycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsion Bililign
- Laboratory for Biosynthetic Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
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