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Papiz MZ, Bellini D, Evans K, Grossmann JG, Fordham‐Skelton T. Light-induced complex formation of bacteriophytochrome RpBphP1 and gene repressor RpPpsR2 probed by SAXS. FEBS J 2019; 286:4261-4277. [PMID: 31243889 PMCID: PMC6899989 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bacteriophytochrome proteins (BphPs) are molecular light switches that enable organisms to adapt to changing light conditions through the control of gene expression. Canonical type 1 BphPs have histidine kinase output domains, but type 3 RpBphP1, in the bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris (Rps. palustris), has a C terminal PAS9 domain and a two-helix output sensor (HOS) domain. Type 1 BphPs form head-to-head parallel dimers; however, the crystal structure of RpBphP1ΔHOS, which does not contain the HOS domain, revealed pseudo anti-parallel dimers. HOS domains are homologs of Dhp dimerization domains in type 1 BphPs. We show, by applying the small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) technique on full-length RpBphP1, that HOS domains fulfill a similar role in the formation of parallel dimers. On illumination with far-red light, RpBphP1 forms a complex with gene repressor RpPpsR2 through light-induced structural changes in its HOS domains. An RpBphP1:RpPpsR2 complex is formed in the molecular ratio of 2 : 1 such that one RpBphP1 dimer binds one RpPpsR2 monomer. Molecular dimers have been modeled with Pfr and Pr SAXS data, suggesting that, in the Pfr state, stable dimeric four α-helix bundles are formed between HOS domains, rendering RpBphP1functionally inert. On illumination with light of 760 nm wavelength, four α-helix bundles formed by HOS dimers are disrupted, rendering helices available for binding with RpPpsR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Z. Papiz
- Institute of Integrative BiologyUniversity of LiverpoolUK
- STFC Daresbury LaboratoryWarringtonUK
| | - Dom Bellini
- Institute of Integrative BiologyUniversity of LiverpoolUK
| | - Kate Evans
- Pharmacy and Biomolecular SciencesLiverpool John Moores UniversityUK
| | - J Günter Grossmann
- Institute of Integrative BiologyUniversity of LiverpoolUK
- STFC Daresbury LaboratoryWarringtonUK
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2
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Xue P, El Kurdi A, Kohler A, Ma H, Kaeser G, Ali A, Fischer R, Krauß N, Lamparter T. Evidence for weak interaction between phytochromes Agp1 and Agp2 from Agrobacterium fabrum. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:926-941. [PMID: 30941759 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
During bacterial conjugation, plasmid DNA is transferred from cell to cell. In Agrobacterium fabrum, conjugation is regulated by the phytochrome photoreceptors Agp1 and Agp2. Both contribute equally to this regulation. Agp1 and Agp2 are histidine kinases, but, for Agp2, we found no autophosphorylation activity. A clear autophosphorylation signal, however, was obtained with mutants in which the phosphoaccepting Asp of the C-terminal response regulator domain is replaced. Thus, the Agp2 histidine kinase differs from the classical transphosphorylation pattern. We performed size exclusion, photoconversion, dark reversion, autophosphorylation, chromophore assembly kinetics and fluorescence resonance energy transfer measurements on mixed Agp1/Agp2 samples. These assays pointed to an interaction between both proteins. This could partially explain the coaction of both phytochromes in the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xue
- Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany
| | - Afaf El Kurdi
- Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany
| | - Anja Kohler
- Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany
| | - Hongju Ma
- Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany
| | - Gero Kaeser
- Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany
| | - Arin Ali
- Institute for Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany
| | - Reinhard Fischer
- Institute for Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany
| | - Norbert Krauß
- Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany
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Synthesis of Carotenoids of Industrial Interest in the Photosynthetic Bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris : Bioengineering and Growth Conditions. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1852:211-220. [PMID: 30109633 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8742-9_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Rhodopseudomonas palustris is a purple photosynthetic bacterium that accumulates in the inner membrane the photosynthetic pigment spirilloxanthin, formed from lycopene. Here, we describe the procedures used to successfully engineer Rps. palustris strains to reroute the production of lycopene toward the synthesis of ß-carotene or canthaxanthin. The crtCD genes specifically involved in spirilloxanthin were replaced by crtY and crtW genes from Bradyrhizobium ORS278 to synthesize ß-carotene and (or) canthaxanthin, two pigments of industrial interest. Since the synthesis of canthaxanthin depends on the presence of oxygen, the procedure to optimize their production is also proposed. By modulating the light and oxygen during the growth process, a single species of photosynthetic bacteria, with an efficient growth rate, produces various carotenoids of economical interest.
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Fixen KR, Harwood CS. A polymorphism in the oxygen-responsive repressor PpsR2 confers a growth advantage to Rhodopseudomonas palustris under low light. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2016; 129:199-204. [PMID: 27344652 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-016-0288-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The purple nonsulfur bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris grows aerobically using oxidative phosphorylation or anaerobically using photophosphorylation. The oxygen-responsive transcription regulator, PpsR2, regulates the transition to a phototrophic lifestyle by repressing transcription of photosynthesis genes during aerobic growth. Whereas most R. palustris strains have an arginine (Arg) at position 439 in the helix-turn-helix DNA-binding domain of this protein, some strains, including the well-studied strain CGA009, have a cysteine (Cys) at this position. Using allelic exchange, we found that the Cys439 in PpsR2 resulted in increased pigmentation and photosynthetic gene expression under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The Cys439 substitution also conferred a growth advantage to R. palustris at low light intensities. This indicates that variation in the PpsR2 protein results in R. palustris strains that have two different thresholds for derepressing photosynthesis genes in response to oxygen and light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn R Fixen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Box 375573, HSB K-340B, 1705 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Caroline S Harwood
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Box 375573, HSB K-340B, 1705 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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Apo-bacteriophytochromes modulate bacterial photosynthesis in response to low light. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 111:E237-44. [PMID: 24379368 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1322410111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophytochromes (BphPs) are light-sensing regulatory proteins encoded by photosynthetic and nonphotosynthetic bacteria. This protein class has been characterized structurally, but its biological activities remain relatively unexplored. Two BphPs in the anoxygenic photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris, designated regulatory proteins RpBphP2 and RpBphP3, are configured as light-regulated histidine kinases, which initiate a signal transduction system that controls expression of genes for the low light harvesting 4 (LH4) antenna complex. In vitro, RpBphP2 and RpBphP3 respond to light quality by reversible photoconversion, a property that requires the light-absorbing chromophore biliverdin. In vivo, RpBphP2 and RpBphP3 are both required for the expression of the LH4 antenna complex under anaerobic conditions, but biliverdin requires oxygen for its synthesis by heme oxygenase. On further investigation, we found that the apo-bacteriophytochrome forms of RpBphP2 and RpBphP3 are necessary and sufficient to control LH4 expression in response to light intensity in conjunction with other signal transduction proteins. One possibility is that the system senses a reduced quinone pool generated when light energy is absorbed by bacteriochlorophyll. The biliverdin-bound forms of the BphPs have the additional property of being able to fine-tune LH4 expression in response to light quality. These observations support the concept that some bacteriophytochromes can function with or without a chromophore and may be involved in regulating physiological processes not directly related to light sensing.
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6
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Near-infrared fluorescent proteins for multicolor in vivo imaging. Nat Methods 2013; 10:751-4. [PMID: 23770755 PMCID: PMC3737237 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.2521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 389] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Near-infrared fluorescent proteins are in high demand for in vivo imaging. We developed four spectrally distinct fluorescent proteins, iRFP670, iRFP682, iRFP702, and iRFP720, from bacterial phytochromes. iRFPs exhibit high brightness in mammalian cells and tissues and are suitable for long-term studies. iRFP670 and iRFP720 enable two-color imaging in living cells and mice using standard approaches. Five iRFPs including previously engineered iRFP713 allow multicolor imaging in living mice with spectral unmixing.
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Scheerer P, Michael N, Park JH, Nagano S, Choe HW, Inomata K, Borucki B, Krauß N, Lamparter T. Light-Induced Conformational Changes of the Chromophore and the Protein in Phytochromes: Bacterial Phytochromes as Model Systems. Chemphyschem 2010; 11:1090-105. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200900913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Giraud E, Lavergne J, Verméglio A. Characterization of Bacteriophytochromes from Photosynthetic Bacteria. Methods Enzymol 2010; 471:135-59. [DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(10)71009-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Jaubert M, Hannibal L, Fardoux J, Giraud E, Verméglio A. Identification of novel genes putatively involved in the photosystem synthesis of Bradyrhizobium sp. ORS 278. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2009; 100:97-105. [PMID: 19452262 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-009-9433-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2009] [Accepted: 05/04/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In aerobic anoxygenic phototrophs, oxygen is required for both the formation of the photosynthetic apparatus and an efficient cyclic electron transfer. Mutants of Bradyrhizobium sp. ORS278 affected in photosystem synthesis were selected by a bacteriochlorophyll fluorescence-based screening. Out of the 9,600 mutants of a random Tn5 insertion library, 50 clones, corresponding to insertions in 28 different genes, present a difference in fluorescence intensity compared to the WT. Besides enzymes and regulators known to be involved in photosystem synthesis, 14 novel components of the photosynthesis control are identified. Among them, two genes, hsIU and hsIV, encode components of a protein degradation complex, probably linked to the renewal of photosystem, an important issue in Bradyrhizobia which have to deal with harmful reactive oxygen species. The presence of homologs in non-photosynthetic bacteria for most of the regulatory genes identified during study suggests that they could be global regulators, as the RegA-RegB system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Jaubert
- Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes, IRD, CIRAD, AGRO-M, INRA, UM2. TA A-82/J, Campus de Baillarguet, 34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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Bauer CE, Setterdahl A, Wu J, Robinson BR. Regulation of Gene Expression in Response to Oxygen Tension. THE PURPLE PHOTOTROPHIC BACTERIA 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-8815-5_35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Giraud E, Verméglio A. Bacteriophytochromes in anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2008; 97:141-153. [PMID: 18612842 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-008-9323-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2008] [Accepted: 06/16/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Since the first discovery of a bacteriophytochrome in Rhodospirillum centenum, numerous bacteriophytochromes have been identified and characterized in other anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria. This review is focused on the biochemical and biophysical properties of bacteriophytochromes with a special emphasis on their roles in the synthesis of the photosynthetic apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Giraud
- Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes, IRD, CIRAD, AGRO-M, INRA, UM2, TA A-82/J, Campus de Baillarguet, 34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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12
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Control of peripheral light-harvesting complex synthesis by a bacteriophytochrome in the aerobic photosynthetic bacterium Bradyrhizobium strain BTAi1. J Bacteriol 2008; 190:5824-31. [PMID: 18606738 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00524-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent sequence analysis of the photosynthetic and plant-symbiotic Bradyrhizobium sp. strain BTAi1 revealed the unexpected presence of a pucBA operon encoding the apoproteins of peripheral light-harvesting (LH) complexes. This pucBA operon is found close to a bacteriophytochrome gene (BphP3(B BTAi1)) and a two-component transcriptional regulator gene (TF(BTAi1) gene). In this study, we show that BphP3(B BTAi1) acts as a bona fide bacteriophytochrome and controls, according to light conditions, the expression of the pucBA operon found in its vicinity. This light regulatory pathway is very similar to the one previously described for chromo-BphP4(Rp) in Rhodopseudomonas palustris and conducts the synthesis of a peripheral LH complex. This LH complex presents a single absorption band at low temperature, centered at 803 nm. Fluorescence emission analysis of intact cells indicates that this peripheral LH complex does not act as an efficient light antenna. One putative function of this LH complex could be to evacuate excess light energy in order to protect Bradyrhizobium strain BTAi1, an aerobic anoxygenic photosynthetic bacterium, against photooxidative damage during photosynthesis.
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Makhneva ZK, Erokhin YE, Moskalenko AA. Assembly of LH2 light-harvesting complexes in Rhodopseudomonas palustris cells illuminated by blue and red light. Microbiology (Reading) 2008. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261708030144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Kojadinovic M, Laugraud A, Vuillet L, Fardoux J, Hannibal L, Adriano JM, Bouyer P, Giraud E, Verméglio A. Dual role for a bacteriophytochrome in the bioenergetic control of Rhodopsdeudomonas palustris: Enhancement of photosystem synthesis and limitation of respiration. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2008; 1777:163-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2007.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2007] [Revised: 08/30/2007] [Accepted: 09/04/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Braatsch S, Johnson JA, Noll K, Beatty JT. The O2-responsive repressor PpsR2 but not PpsR1 transduces a light signal sensed by the BphP1 phytochrome inRhodopseudomonas palustrisCGA009. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2007; 272:60-4. [PMID: 17456182 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2007.00734.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory properties of bacteriophytochrome BphP1 were evaluated with respect to the photosynthesis gene transcription repressors PpsR1 and PpsR2 of Rhodopseudomonas palustris strain CGA009 in gene complementation, replacement and deletion experiments. The results indicate that 750 nm wavelength light activates BphP1 to antagonize repression of photosynthesis gene expression by PpsR2, but not PpsR1. It is suggested that an equilibrium exists between BphP1-active and -inactive conformations, with 750 nm light shifting the equilibrium to an active conformation, although a phenotypically detectable component of BphP1 is in the active conformation in the absence of illumination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Braatsch
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Vuillet L, Kojadinovic M, Zappa S, Jaubert M, Adriano JM, Fardoux J, Hannibal L, Pignol D, Verméglio A, Giraud E. Evolution of a bacteriophytochrome from light to redox sensor. EMBO J 2007; 26:3322-31. [PMID: 17581629 PMCID: PMC1933401 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2007] [Accepted: 05/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophytochromes are red/far-red photoreceptors that bacteria use to mediate sensory responses to their light environment. Here, we show that the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris has two distinct types of bacteriophytochrome-related protein (RpBphP4) depending upon the strain considered. The first type binds the chromophore biliverdin and acts as a light-sensitive kinase, thus behaving as a bona fide bacteriophytochrome. However, in most strains, RpBphP4 does not to bind this chromophore. This loss of light sensing is replaced by a redox-sensing ability coupled to kinase activity. Phylogenetic analysis is consistent with an evolutionary scenario, where a bacteriophytochrome ancestor has adapted from light to redox sensing. Both types of RpBphP4 regulate the synthesis of light harvesting (LH2) complexes according to the light or redox conditions, respectively. They modulate the affinity of a transcription factor binding to the promoter regions of LH2 complex genes by controlling its phosphorylation status. This is the first complete description of a bacteriophytochrome signal transduction pathway involving a two-component system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie Vuillet
- Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes, IRD, CIRAD, AGRO-M, INRA, UM2, Campus de Baillarguet, Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - Mila Kojadinovic
- CEA Cadarache, DSV/IBEB/SBVME/LBC, UMR 6191 CNRS/CEA/Université Aix-Marseille, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Sébastien Zappa
- CEA Cadarache, DSV/IBEB/SBVME/LBC, UMR 6191 CNRS/CEA/Université Aix-Marseille, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Marianne Jaubert
- Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes, IRD, CIRAD, AGRO-M, INRA, UM2, Campus de Baillarguet, Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Marc Adriano
- CEA Cadarache, DSV/IBEB/SBVME/LBC, UMR 6191 CNRS/CEA/Université Aix-Marseille, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Joël Fardoux
- Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes, IRD, CIRAD, AGRO-M, INRA, UM2, Campus de Baillarguet, Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - Laure Hannibal
- Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes, IRD, CIRAD, AGRO-M, INRA, UM2, Campus de Baillarguet, Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - David Pignol
- CEA Cadarache, DSV/IBEB/SBVME/LBC, UMR 6191 CNRS/CEA/Université Aix-Marseille, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - André Verméglio
- CEA Cadarache, DSV/IBEB/SBVME/LBC, UMR 6191 CNRS/CEA/Université Aix-Marseille, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
- These authors contributed equally to this work
- SBVME-Laboratoire de Bioénergétique Cellulaire, CEA Cadarache bâtment 156, DSV/IBEB/SBVME/LBC, UMR 6191 CNRS/CEA/Université Aix-Marseille, Saint Paul lez Durance 13108, France. Tel.: +33 44225 4630; Fax: +33 4422 54701; E-mail:
| | - Eric Giraud
- Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes, IRD, CIRAD, AGRO-M, INRA, UM2, Campus de Baillarguet, Montpellier Cedex, France
- These authors contributed equally to this work
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Montecchia MS, Pucheu NL, Kerber NL, García AF. Oxygen and light effects on the expression of the photosynthetic apparatus in Bradyrhizobium sp. C7T1 strain. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2006; 90:215-22. [PMID: 17279441 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-007-9129-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2006] [Accepted: 12/29/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic bradyrhizobia are nitrogen-fixing symbionts colonizing the stem and roots of some leguminous plants like Aeschynomene. The effect of oxygen and light on the formation of the photosynthetic apparatus of Bradyrhizobium sp. C7T1 strain is described here. Oxygen is required for growth, but at high concentration inhibits the synthesis of bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) and of the photosynthetic apparatus. However, we show that in vitro, aerobic photosynthetic electron transport occurred leading to ADP photophosphorylation. The expression of the photosynthetic apparatus was regulated by oxygen in a manner which did not agree with earlier results in other photosynthetic bradyrhizobia since BChl accumulation was the highest under microaerobic conditions. This strain produces photosynthetic pigments when grown under cyclic illumination or darkness. However, under continuous white light illumination, a Northern blot analysis of the puf operon showed that, the expression of the photosynthetic genes of the antenna was considerable. Under latter conditions BChl accumulation in the cells was dependent on the oxygen concentration. It was not detectable at high oxygen tensions but became accumulated under low oxygen (microaerobiosis). It is known that in photosynthetic bradyrhizobia bacteriophytochrome photoreceptor (BphP) partially controls the synthesis of the photosystem in response to light. In C7T1 strain far-red light illumination did not stimulate the synthesis of the photosynthetic apparatus suggesting the presence of a non-functional BphP-mediated light regulatory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Montecchia
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas y Fisiológicas (IBYF-CONICET) and Cátedra de Microbiología Agrícola, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Kim SK, Mason JT, Knaff DB, Bauer CE, Setterdahl AT. Redox properties of the Rhodobacter sphaeroides transcriptional regulatory proteins PpsR and AppA. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2006; 89:89-98. [PMID: 16915353 PMCID: PMC2774731 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-006-9086-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2006] [Accepted: 07/13/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Redox properties of the photosynthetic gene repressor PpsR and the blue-light photoreceptor/antirepressor AppA from Rhodobacter sphaeroides have been characterized. Redox titrations of PpsR reveal the presence of a two-electron couple, with an E (m) value of -320 mV at pH 7.0, which is likely to arise from the reversible conversion of two cysteine thiols to a disulfide. This E (m) value is very much more negative than the E (m) = -180 mV value measured previously at pH 7.0 for the disulfide/dithiol couple in CrtJ, the homolog for PpsR in the closely related bacterium Rhodobacter capsulatus. AppA, a flavin-containing blue-light receptor that is also involved in the regulation of gene expression in R. sphaeroides, contains multiple cysteines in its C-terminal region, two of which function as a redox-active dithiol/disulfide couple with an E (m) value of -325 mV at pH 7.0 in the dark. Titrations of this dithiol/disulfide couple in illuminated samples of AppA indicate that the E (m) value of this disulfide/dithiol couple is -315 mV at pH 7.0, identical to the value obtained for AppA in the dark within the combined experimental uncertainties of the two measurements. The E (m) values of AppA and PpsR demonstrate that these proteins are thermodynamically capable of electron transfer for their activity as an anti-repressor/repressor in R. sphaeroides.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. -K. Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-1061, USA
| | - J. T. Mason
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-1061, USA
| | - D. B. Knaff
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-1061, USA
- Institute for Biotechnology and Genomics, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-1061, USA
| | - C. E. Bauer
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, 915 E. 3rd St., Myers Hall, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - A. T. Setterdahl
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, 915 E. 3rd St., Myers Hall, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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Inomata K, Noack S, Hammam MAS, Khawn H, Kinoshita H, Murata Y, Michael N, Scheerer P, Krauss N, Lamparter T. Assembly of synthetic locked chromophores with agrobacterium phytochromes Agp1 and Agp2. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:28162-73. [PMID: 16803878 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m603983200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytochromes are photoreceptors with a bilin chromophore in which light triggers the conversion between the red-absorbing form Pr and the far-red-absorbing form Pfr. Agrobacterium tumefaciens has two phytochromes, Agp1 and Agp2, with antagonistic properties: in darkness, Agp1 converts slowly from Pfr to Pr, whereas Agp2 converts slowly from Pr to Pfr. In a previous study, we have assembled Agp1 with synthetic locked chromophores 15Za, 15Zs, 15Ea, and 15Es in which the C15=C16 double bond is fixed in either the E or Z configuration and the C14-C15 single bond is fixed in either the syn (s) or anti (a) conformation. In the present study, the locked chromophores 5Za and 5Zs were used for assembly with Agp1; in these chromophores, the C4=C5 double bond is fixed in the Z configuration, and the C5-C6 single bond is fixed in either the syn or anti conformation. All locked chromophores were also assembled with Agp2. The data showed that in both phytochromes the Pr chromophore adopts a C4=C5 Z C5-C6 syn C15=C16 Z C14-C15 anti stereochemistry and that in the Pfr chromophore the C15=C16 double bond has isomerized to the E configuration, whereas the C14-C15 single bond remains in the anti conformation. Photoconversion shifted the absorption maxima of the 5Zs adducts to shorter wavelengths, whereas the 5Za adducts were shifted to longer wavelengths. Thus, the C5-C6 single bond of the Pfr chromophore is rather in an anti conformation, supporting the previous suggestion that during photoconversion of phytochromes, a rotation around the ring A-B connecting single bond occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiko Inomata
- Division of Material Sciences, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
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Abstract
Isoprenoids represent the oldest class of known low molecular-mass natural products synthesized by plants. Their biogenesis in plastids, mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum-cytosol proceed invariably from the C5 building blocks, isopentenyl diphosphate and/or dimethylallyl diphosphate according to complex and reiterated mechanisms. Compounds derived from the pathway exhibit a diverse spectrum of biological functions. This review centers on advances obtained in the field based on combined use of biochemical, molecular biology and genetic approaches. The function and evolutionary implications of this metabolism are discussed in relation with seminal informations gathered from distantly but related organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Bouvier
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS (UPR2357) et Université Louis Pasteur, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France
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Kovács AT, Rákhely G, Balogh J, Maróti G, Cournac L, Carrier P, Mészáros LS, Peltier G, Kovács KL. Hydrogen independent expression of hupSL genes in Thiocapsa roseopersicina BBS. FEBS J 2005; 272:4807-16. [PMID: 16156799 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.04896.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The expression of many membrane bound [NiFe] hydrogenases is regulated by their substrate molecule, hydrogen. The HupSL hydrogenase, encoded in the hupSLCDHIR operon, probably plays a role in hydrogen recycling in the phototrophic purple bacterium, Thiocapsa roseopersicina BBS. RpoN, coding for sigma factor 54, was shown to be important for expression, suggesting a regulated biosynthsis from the hup gene cluster. The response regulator gene, hupR, has been identified in the hup operon and expression of hupSL was reduced in a chromosomal hupR mutant, which indicated that HupR was implicated in the activation process. The hupT and hupUV genes were isolated, and show similarity to the histidine kinase element of the H2-driven signal transduction system and to the regulatory hydrogenases of Ralstonia eutropha and Rhodobacter capsulatus, respectively. Although the genes of the entire H2 sensing and regulation system were present, the expression of the hupSL genes was not affected by the presence or absence of H2. Using reverse transcription PCR, we could not detect any mRNA specific to the hupTUV genes in cells grown under diverse conditions. The hupT and hupUV mutant strains had the same phenotype as the wild-type strains. The hupT gene product, expressed from a plasmid, repressed HupSL synthesis as expected while introduction of actively expressed hupTUV genes together derepressed the HupSL activity in T. roseopersicina. The gene product of hupUV behaves similarly to other regulatory hydrogenases and shows H-D exchange activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akos T Kovács
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, and Department of Biotechnology, University of Szeged, Hungary
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22
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Elsen S, Jaubert M, Pignol D, Giraud E. PpsR: a multifaceted regulator of photosynthesis gene expression in purple bacteria. Mol Microbiol 2005; 57:17-26. [PMID: 15948946 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2005.04655.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Purple bacteria control the level of expression and the composition of their photosystem according to light and redox conditions. This control involves several regulatory systems that have been now well characterized. Among them, the PpsR regulator plays a central role, because it directly or indirectly controls the synthesis of all of the different components of the photosystem. In this review, we report our knowledge of the PpsR protein, highlighting the diversity of its mode of action and focusing on the proteins identified in four model purple bacteria (Rhodobacter capsulatus, Rhodobacter sphaeroides, Rubrivivax gelatinosus, Bradyrhizobium ORS278). This regulator exhibits unique regulatory features in each bacterium: it can activate and/or repress the expression of photosynthesis genes, its activity can be modulated or not by the redox conditions, it can interact with other specific regulators and therefore be involved differently in light and/or redox regulatory circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Elsen
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biophysique des Systèmes Intégrés (UMR 5092 CNRS-CEA-UJF), CEA-Grenoble, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
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23
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Evans K, Fordham-Skelton AP, Mistry H, Reynolds CD, Lawless AM, Papiz MZ. A bacteriophytochrome regulates the synthesis of LH4 complexes in Rhodopseudomonas palustris. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2005; 85:169-80. [PMID: 16075318 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-005-1369-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2004] [Accepted: 01/27/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The non-sulphur purple bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris contains five pucAB genes for peripheral light-harvesting complexes. Bacteria grown under high-light conditions absorb at 800 and 850 nm but in low-light the 850 nm peak is almost absent and LH2 complexes are replaced by LH4. The genome contains six bacteriophytochromes (Bph). Bphs sense light in the red/far-red through a reversible Pr to Pfr transformation that controls gene expression. Bph3 (RPA1537) controls the expression of a cluster of photosynthetic genes, however most of the peripheral light harvesting complex genes are outside of this region. The pucAB-d genes encode LH4 peptides and are near two Bphs (RPA3015, RPA3016). We have characterised three Bphs and show that Bph4 RPA3015 and Bph3 RPA1537 have different dark stable states. It is known that Bph3 is active in its red absorbing Pr form and suggests a working hypothesis that Bph4 is active in the Pfr state. We show that LH4 expression can be induced with red light at the Pr absorption maximum (708 nm) of Bph4. The property of light transmission of water maybe an important factor in understanding this adaptation. Bph4 can sense the reduction in light intensity indirectly through an increase in ratio of transmitted red/far-red light. The red right activated Bph4 regulates the synthesis of LH4 which concentrates bacteriochlorophyll a pigment absorption at 800 nm to exploit a recovery in water light transmission in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Evans
- CCLRC Daresbury Laboratory, Warrington, Cheshire, UK
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Giraud E, Zappa S, Vuillet L, Adriano JM, Hannibal L, Fardoux J, Berthomieu C, Bouyer P, Pignol D, Verméglio A. A new type of bacteriophytochrome acts in tandem with a classical bacteriophytochrome to control the antennae synthesis in Rhodopseudomonas palustris. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:32389-97. [PMID: 16009707 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m506890200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytochromes are chromoproteins found in plants and bacteria that switch between two photointerconvertible forms via the photoisomerization of their chromophore. These two forms, Pr and Pfr, absorb red and far-red light, respectively. We have characterized the biophysical and biochemical properties of two bacteriophytochromes, RpBphP2 and RpBphP3, from the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris. Their genes are contiguous and localized near the pucBAd genes encoding the polypeptides of the light harvesting complexes LH4, whose synthesis depends on the light intensity. At variance with all (bacterio)phytochromes studied so far, the light-induced isomerization of the chromophore of RpBphP3 converts the Pr form to a form absorbing at shorter wavelength around 645 nm, designated as Pnr for near red. The quantum yield for the transformation of Pr into Pnr is about 6-fold smaller than for the reverse reaction. Both RpBphP2 and RpBphP3 autophosphorylate in their dark-adapted Pr forms and transfer their phosphate to a common response regulator Rpa3017. Under semiaerobic conditions, LH4 complexes replace specifically the LH2 complexes in wild-type cells illuminated by wavelengths comprised between 680 and 730 nm. In contrast, mutants deleted in each of these two bacteriophytochromes display no variation in the composition of their light harvesting complexes whatever the light intensity. From both the peculiar properties of these bacteriophytochromes and the phenotypes of their deletion mutants, we propose that they operate in tandem to control the synthesis of LH4 complexes by measuring the relative intensities of 645 and 710 nm lights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Giraud
- Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes, IRD, CIRAD, AGRO-M, INRA, UM2, TA 10/J, Campus de Baillarguet, Montpellier France
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25
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Kovács AT, Rákhely G, Kovács KL. The PpsR regulator family. Res Microbiol 2005; 156:619-25. [PMID: 15950121 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2005.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2005] [Revised: 02/04/2005] [Accepted: 02/04/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Under aerobic conditions, phototrophic bacteria repress the formation of pigments to protect cells in the presence of light from the damaging effects of reactive oxygen species and consume oxygen through respiratory complexes. Members of the PpsR family regulate the transcription of bch, crt, puc, and hem genes in respond to redox or light conditions. This mini-review focuses on the function and distribution of PpsR proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akos T Kovács
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Department of Biotechnology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Temesvári krt. 62, Hungary
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26
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Jaubert M, Zappa S, Fardoux J, Adriano JM, Hannibal L, Elsen S, Lavergne J, Verméglio A, Giraud E, Pignol D. Light and Redox Control of Photosynthesis Gene Expression in Bradyrhizobium. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:44407-16. [PMID: 15304477 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m408039200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The two closely related bacteria Bradyrhizobium and Rhodopseudomonas palustris show an unusual mechanism of regulation of photosystem formation by light thanks to a bacteriophytochrome that antirepresses the regulator PpsR. In these two bacteria, we found out, unexpectedly, that two ppsR genes are present. We show that the two Bradyrhizobium PpsR proteins exert antagonistic effects in the regulation of photosystem formation with a classical repressor role for PpsR2 and an unexpected activator role for PpsR1. DNase I footprint analysis show that both PpsR bind to the same DNA TGTN12ACA motif that is present in tandem in the bchC promoter and the crtED intergenic region. Interestingly, the cycA and aerR promoter regions that contain only one conserved palindrome are recognized by PpsR2, but not PpsR1. Further biochemical analyses indicate that PpsR1 only is redox sensitive through the formation of an intermolecular disulfide bond, which changes its oligomerization state from a tetramer to an octamer under oxidizing conditions. Moreover, PpsR1 presents a higher DNA affinity under its reduced form in contrast to what has been previously found for PpsR or its homolog CrtJ from the Rhodobacter species. These results suggest that regulation of photosystem synthesis in Bradyrhizobium involves two PpsR competing for the binding to the same photosynthesis genes and this competition might be modulated by two factors: light via the antagonistic action of a bacteriophytochrome on PpsR2 and redox potential via the switch of PpsR1 oligomerization state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Jaubert
- Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (UMR113-IRD-CIRAD-AGRO-M-INRA-UM2), TA 10/J, Campus de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier 5, France
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Giraud E, Fleischman D. Nitrogen-fixing symbiosis between photosynthetic bacteria and legumes. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2004; 82:115-30. [PMID: 16151868 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-004-1768-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Rhizobia having photosynthetic systems form nitrogen-fixing nodules on the stem and/or root of some species of the legumes Aeschynomene and Lotononis. This review is focused on the recent knowledge about the physiology, genetics and role of the photosystem in these bacteria. Photosynthetic electron transport seems to involve reaction centers, soluble cytochrome c2 and cytochrome bc1. Anaerobically, the electron transport system becomes over-reduced. The photosynthesis genes have been partially characterized; their organization is classical but their regulation is unusual as it is activated by far-red light via a bacteriophytochrome. This original mechanism of regulation seems well adapted to promote photosynthesis during stem symbiosis. Photosynthesis plays a major role in the efficiency of stem nodulation. It is also observed that infrared light stimulates nitrogen fixation in nodules containing photosynthetic bacteroids, suggesting that photosynthesis may additionally provides energy for nitrogen fixation, allowing for more efficient plant growth. Other aspects of these bacteria are discussed, in particular their taxonomic position and nodulation ability, the role of carotenoids and the potential for application of photosynthetic rhizobia in rice culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Giraud
- Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Metditerraneennes, IRD, INRA, AGRO-M, CIRAD, TA10/J, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398, Montpellier, France
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