1
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Wright T, Zhang Z, Michal CA, Hatzikiriakos SG, Wolf MO. Photo-oxidative cross-linking of thiol polydimethylsiloxane co-polymers via disulfide formation. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01335a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Disulfide bonds are often employed as reductively cleavable sites in biomaterials and polymers. Here we demonstrate the aerobic photo-cross-linking of thiol-containing polymers through disulfide formation using a sensitizer and telluride catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Wright
- Department of Chemistry, 2036 Main Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z1
| | - Ziyue Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, 2360 East Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z3
| | - Carl A. Michal
- Department of Chemistry, 2036 Main Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z1
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z1
| | - Savvas G. Hatzikiriakos
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, 2360 East Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z3
| | - Michael O. Wolf
- Department of Chemistry, 2036 Main Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z1
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2
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Jodukathula N, Dutta A, Sahoo SS, Sahoo S, Panda P. 3,6,13,16-Tetraalkylporphycenes: Synthesis and Exploration of Effect of Alkyl Groups on Structure, Photophysical Properties, and Basicity. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj01550a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two new 3,6,13,16-tetraalkylporphycenes were synthesized following rational approach. The reason behind lower yield of the desired β,β'-bipyrroles was unraveled. The σ-donating effect of alkyl-substituents was more profound than reported positional...
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3
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Taniguchi M, Lindsey JS, Bocian DF, Holten D. Comprehensive review of photophysical parameters (ε, Φf, τs) of tetraphenylporphyrin (H2TPP) and zinc tetraphenylporphyrin (ZnTPP) – Critical benchmark molecules in photochemistry and photosynthesis. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2020.100401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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4
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Pan Z, Fan J, Xie Q, Zhang X, Zhang W, Ren Q, Li M, Zheng Q, Lu J, Li D. Novel sulfonamide porphyrin TBPoS-2OH used in photodynamic therapy for malignant melanoma. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 133:111042. [PMID: 33378950 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of photodynamic therapy (PDT) for the treatment of skin diseases has been receiving much attention. Here, we examined the anti-tumor effect of a novel porphyrin-based photosensitizer TBPoS-2OH in the malignant melanoma A375 and B16 cells. TBPoS-2OH has obvious cell photo-cytotoxicity, but it has low cell dark-cytotoxicity. Further research showed that TBPoS-2OH is enriched in lysosomes after being taken up by cells. Subsequently, the apoptotic rates were significantly increased in TBPoS-2OH-treated A375 and B16 cells. The specific mechanism may be that after receiving light stimulation, TBPoS-2OH could effectively increase the level of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby activating mitochondrial apoptosis pathway-related proteins in A375 and B16 cells. We found an increase in the content of cytochrome C in the cytoplasm, and the levels of related proteins, such as cleaved caspase-3, cleaved caspase-9, and cleaved PARP1, were significantly increased in TBPoS-2OH-treated cells. These results indicated that the new compound TBPoS-2OH could be developed and become an alternative drug for the treatment of melanoma. Some reference ideas for the development of new photosensitizers are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohai Pan
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Tumor Metabolism, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, 264003, Yantai, China
| | - Jiaojiao Fan
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Tumor Metabolism, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, 264003, Yantai, China
| | - Qi Xie
- Jiangsu College of Nursing, 9 Science and Technology Avenue, Huaian, 223005, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Tumor Metabolism, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, 264003, Yantai, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Tumor Metabolism, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, 264003, Yantai, China
| | - Qing Ren
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Minjing Li
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Tumor Metabolism, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, 264003, Yantai, China
| | - Qiusheng Zheng
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Tumor Metabolism, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, 264003, Yantai, China; Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic Phytomedicine Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832002, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jun Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Defang Li
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Tumor Metabolism, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, 264003, Yantai, China.
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5
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Wang Y, Pan Z, Cheng XL, Zhang K, Zhang X, Qin Y, Fan J, Yan T, Han T, Shiu KK, Hau SCK, Mak NK, Kwong DWJ, Liu X, Li M, Deng G, Zheng Q, Lu J, Li D. A red-light-activated sulfonamide porphycene for highly efficient photodynamic therapy against hypoxic tumor. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 209:112867. [PMID: 33010634 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an emerging alternative cancer treatment modality that utilizes photo-sensitivity to cause cell death upon photo-irradiation. However, PDT efficiency has been hampered by tumor hypoxia, blue-shifted excitation wavelengths, and the high dark toxicity of photo-sensitizers. We designed and synthesized two novel porphycene-based photosensitizers (TBPoS-OH and TBPoS-2OH) with potent photo-cytotoxicity and a LD50 in the nM range under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions in a variety of cell types after photo-irradiation (λ = 640 ± 15 nm). Further studies showed fast-cellular uptake for TBPoS-OH that localized lysosomes and subsequently induced cell apoptosis via the lysosomal-mitochondrial pathway. Moreover, TBPoS-OH significantly reduced tumor growth in two xenografted mouse models bearing melanoma A375 and B16 cells. Finally, TBPoS-OH exhibited no obvious immunogenicity and toxicity to blood cells and major organs in mice. These data demonstrated that these two porphycene-based photosensitizers, especially TBPoS-OH, could be developed as a potential PDT modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhi Wang
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Tumor Metabolism, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, Shandong, PR China; Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, PR China
| | - Zhaohai Pan
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Tumor Metabolism, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, Shandong, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China
| | - Xiao-Lan Cheng
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210046, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Kai Zhang
- College of Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, PR China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Tumor Metabolism, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, Shandong, PR China
| | - Yao Qin
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Tumor Metabolism, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, Shandong, PR China
| | - Jiaojiao Fan
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Tumor Metabolism, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, Shandong, PR China
| | - Ting Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, PR China
| | - Tao Han
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Chengdu Normal University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Kwok Keung Shiu
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, PR China
| | - Sam Chun-Kit Hau
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, PR China
| | - Nai-Ki Mak
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, PR China
| | - Daniel W J Kwong
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, PR China
| | - Xiaona Liu
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Tumor Metabolism, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, Shandong, PR China
| | - Minjing Li
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Tumor Metabolism, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, Shandong, PR China
| | - Guowei Deng
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Chengdu Normal University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Qiusheng Zheng
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Tumor Metabolism, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, Shandong, PR China
| | - Jun Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China; Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine & Translational Science, Hong Kong Baptist University Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, 518000, China.
| | - Defang Li
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Tumor Metabolism, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, Shandong, PR China.
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6
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Wang X, Yin X, Lai XY, Liu YT. A theoretical study of a series of water-soluble triphenylamine photosensitizers for two-photon photodynamic therapy. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 203:229-235. [PMID: 29870907 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.05.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the therapeutic activity of a series of water-soluble triphenylamine (TP) photosensitizers (Ps) was explored by using theoretical simulations. The key photophysical parameters which determined the efficiency of Ps, such as absorption electronic spectra, singlet-triplet energy gaps and spin-orbit matrix elements were calculated at density functional theory and its time-dependent extension (DFT, TD-DFT). The calculated results showed that these TP photosensitizers possessed large two-photon absorption cross-section in the near-infrared region (NIR), efficient intersystem crossing (ISC) transition from the first singlet excited state to the low lying triplet excited states and sufficient energy for generating reactive oxygen species (ROS). These suitable features made these TP series holding great promise for applications in two-photon photodynamic therapy (PDT). These TP photosensitizers studied here in principle extended the application range of two-photon PDT in water solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of High-efficiency Coal Utilization and Green Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; International Joint Research Laboratory of Nano-Micro Architecture Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
| | - Xue Yin
- State Key Laboratory of High-efficiency Coal Utilization and Green Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Xiao-Yong Lai
- State Key Laboratory of High-efficiency Coal Utilization and Green Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Ying-Tao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of High-efficiency Coal Utilization and Green Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China.
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7
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Abstract
Tautomerization in porphycenes, constitutional isomers of porphyrins, is strongly entangled with spectral and photophysical parameters. The intramolecular double hydrogen transfer occurring in the ground and electronically excited states leads to uncommon spectroscopic characteristics, such as depolarized emission, viscosity-dependent radiationless depopulation, and vibrational-mode-specific tunneling splittings. This review starts with documentation of the electronic spectra of porphycenes: Absorption and magnetic circular dichroism are discussed, together with their analysis based on the perimeter model. Next, photophysical characteristics are presented, setting the stage for the final part, which discusses the developments in research on tautomerism. Porphycenes have been studied in different experimental regimes: molecules in condensed phases, isolated in supersonic jets and helium nanodroplets, and, recently also on the level of single molecules investigated by optical and scanning probe microscopies. Because of the rich and detailed information obtained from these diverse investigations, porphycenes emerge as very good models for studying the complex, multidimensional phenomena involved in the process of intramolecular double hydrogen transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Waluk
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences , 01-224 Warsaw, Kasprzaka 44/52, Poland.,Faculty of Mathematics and Science, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University , Dewajtis 5, 01-815 Warsaw, Poland
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8
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Ruiz-González R, Agut M, Reddi E, Nonell S. A Comparative Study on Two Cationic Porphycenes: Photophysical and Antimicrobial Photoinactivation Evaluation. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:27072-86. [PMID: 26569238 PMCID: PMC4661857 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161125999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decades, the number of pathogenic multi-resistant microorganisms has grown dramatically, which has stimulated the search for novel strategies to combat antimicrobial resistance. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is one of the promising alternatives to conventional treatments based on antibiotics. Here, we present a comparative study of two aryl tricationic porphycenes where photoinactivation efficiency against model pathogenic microorganisms is correlated to the photophysical behavior of the porphycene derivatives. Moreover, the extent of photosensitizer cell binding to bacteria has been assessed by flow cytometry in experiments with, or without, removing the unbound porphycene from the incubation medium. Results show that the peripheral substituent change do not significantly affect the overall behavior for both tricationic compounds neither in terms of photokilling efficiency, nor in terms of binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Ruiz-González
- Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, via Augusta 390, E-08017 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Montserrat Agut
- Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, via Augusta 390, E-08017 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Elena Reddi
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, via U. Bassi 58/B, E-35121 Padova, Italy.
| | - Santi Nonell
- Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, via Augusta 390, E-08017 Barcelona, Spain.
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9
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Carpenter BL, Scholle F, Sadeghifar H, Francis AJ, Boltersdorf J, Weare WW, Argyropoulos DS, Maggard PA, Ghiladi RA. Synthesis, Characterization, and Antimicrobial Efficacy of Photomicrobicidal Cellulose Paper. Biomacromolecules 2015; 16:2482-92. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b00758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hasan Sadeghifar
- Department
of Wood and Paper Science, Sari Branch, Islamic Azad University, P.O. Box 48161-19318, Sari, Iran
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10
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Harvey PD, Tasan S, Gros CP, Devillers CH, Richard P, Gendre PL, Bodio E. Ruthenium and Osmium Complexes of Phosphine-Porphyrin Derivatives as Potential Bimetallic Theranostics: Photophysical Studies. Organometallics 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/om5011808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre D. Harvey
- Département
de Chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1K 2R1
- ICMUB (UMR CNRS 6302), Université de Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Semra Tasan
- ICMUB (UMR CNRS 6302), Université de Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Claude P. Gros
- ICMUB (UMR CNRS 6302), Université de Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France
| | | | - Philippe Richard
- ICMUB (UMR CNRS 6302), Université de Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Pierre Le Gendre
- ICMUB (UMR CNRS 6302), Université de Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Ewen Bodio
- ICMUB (UMR CNRS 6302), Université de Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France
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11
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Kryman MW, Schamerhorn G, Hill J, Calitree BD, Davies KS, Linder MK, Ohulchanskyy TY, Detty MR. Synthesis and Properties of Heavy Chalcogen Analogues of the Texas Reds and Related Rhodamines. Organometallics 2014; 33:2628-2640. [PMID: 24904192 PMCID: PMC4039339 DOI: 10.1021/om500346j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Analogues of Texas red incorporating the heavy chalcogens S, Se, and Te atoms in the xanthylium core were prepared from the addition of aryl Grignard reagents to appropriate chalcogenoxanthone precursors. The xanthones were prepared via directed metalation of amide precursors, addition of dichalcogenide electrophiles, and electrophilic cyclization of the resulting chalcogenides with phosphorus oxychloride and triethylamine. The Texas red analogues incorporate two fused julolidine rings containing the rhodamine nitrogen atoms. Analogues containing two "half-julolidine" groups (a trimethyltetrahydroquinoline) and one julolidine and one "half-julolidine" were also prepared. The photophysics of the Texas red analogues were examined. The S-analogues were highly fluorescent, the Se-analogues generated single oxygen (1O2) efficiently upon irradiation, and the Te-analogues were easily oxidized to rhodamines with the telluroxide oxidation state. The tellurorhodamine telluroxides absorb at wavelengths ≥690 nm and emit with fluorescence maxima >720 nm. A mesityl-substituted tellurorhodamine derivative localized in the mitochondria of Colo-26 cells (a murine colon carcinoma cell line) and was oxidized in vitro to the fluorescent telluroxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W. Kryman
- Department
of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The
State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
| | - Gregory
A. Schamerhorn
- Department
of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The
State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
| | - Jacqueline
E. Hill
- Department
of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The
State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
| | - Brandon D. Calitree
- Department
of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The
State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
| | - Kellie S. Davies
- Department
of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The
State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
| | - Michelle K. Linder
- Department
of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The
State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
| | - Tymish Y. Ohulchanskyy
- Institute
for Lasers, Photonics and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
| | - Michael R. Detty
- Department
of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The
State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
- Institute
for Lasers, Photonics and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
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12
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Nakai M, Maeda T, Mashima T, Yano S, Sakuma S, Otake E, Morita A, Nakabayashi Y. Syntheses and photodynamic properties of glucopyranoside-conjugated indium(III) porphyrins as a bifunctional agent. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2013. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424613500934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The glucopyranoside-conjugated porphyrins, H 2 TPP {p- O -( CH 2)2- O - OAcGlc } (1), [ InTPP {p- O -( CH 2)2- O - OAcGlc }] NO 3 (2), H 2 TPP {p- O -( CH 2)2- O - Glc } (3), [ InTPP {p- O -( CH 2)2- O - Glc ]- NO 3 (4) and ZnTPP {p- O -( CH 2)2- O - OAcGlc } (5) were synthesized, and characterized by 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR, ESI-MS, UV-vis spectroscopies and elemental analyses. In the 1 H NMR spectrum of 2, two sets of signals were observed for H -atoms of the phenyl group of porphyrin, indicating that 2 has the axial chirality due to a NO 3 ion coordinating to the indium atom. Abilities of the singlet oxygen production of these porphyrins, investigated by using 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran (DPBF) as a quencher, were higher than those of the free-based and zinc porphyrins, reflecting the heavy atom effect. The photodynamic properties of these porphyrin derivatives were investigated against COLO 679. All of the glucopyranoside-conjugated porphyrins exhibited the high photocytotoxicity compared with Laserphyrin®. Above all, 4 exhibited the highest photocytotoxicity, coinciding with the high abilities of this complex for the singlet oxygen production and the cell permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misaki Nakai
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, 3-3-35 Yamatecho, Suita-shi, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Maeda
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, 3-3-35 Yamatecho, Suita-shi, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Mashima
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, 3-3-35 Yamatecho, Suita-shi, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
| | - Shigenobu Yano
- Graduate School of Material Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
- Office of Society-Academia Collaboration for Innovation, Kyoto University, Kyoto University Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto-daigaku Katsura, Kyoto 615-8520, Japan
| | - Shiho Sakuma
- Department of Geriatric and Environmental Dermatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Eriko Otake
- Department of Geriatric and Environmental Dermatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Akimichi Morita
- Department of Geriatric and Environmental Dermatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Yasuo Nakabayashi
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, 3-3-35 Yamatecho, Suita-shi, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Rana
- School
of Chemistry and Advance Centre of Research in High Energy Materials
(ACRHEM), University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad-500046, India
| | - Pradeepta K. Panda
- School
of Chemistry and Advance Centre of Research in High Energy Materials
(ACRHEM), University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad-500046, India
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14
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Asturiol D, Barbatti M. Electronic states of porphycene-O2 complex and photoinduced singlet O2 production. J Chem Phys 2013; 139:074307. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4818490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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15
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Rosàs E, Santomá P, Duran-Frigola M, Hernandez B, Llinàs MC, Ruiz-González R, Nonell S, Sánchez-García D, Edelman ER, Balcells M. Modifications of microvascular EC surface modulate phototoxicity of a porphycene anti-ICAM-1 immunoconjugate; therapeutic implications. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:9734-9743. [PMID: 23844929 PMCID: PMC3857026 DOI: 10.1021/la401067d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation and shear stress can upregulate expression of cellular adhesion molecules in endothelial cells (EC). The modified EC surface becomes a mediating interface between the circulating blood elements and the endothelium, and grants opportunity for immunotherapy. In photodynamic therapy (PDT), immunotargeting might overcome the lack of selectivity of currently used sensitizers. In this study, we hypothesized that differential ICAM-1 expression modulates the effects of a drug targeted to surface ICAM-1. A novel porphycene-anti-ICAM-1 conjugate was synthesized and applied to treat endothelial cells from macro and microvasculature. Results show that the conjugate induces phototoxicity in inflamed, but not in healthy, microvascular EC. Conversely, macrovascular EC exhibited phototoxicity regardless of their state. These findings have two major implications; the relevance of ICAM-1 as a modulator of drug effects in microvasculature, and the potential of the porphycene bioconjugate as a promising novel PDT agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabet Rosàs
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Institute for Medical Engineering Sciences, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139
- IQS School of Engineering, Univ Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, Barcelona 08017, Spain
| | - Pablo Santomá
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Institute for Medical Engineering Sciences, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139
- IQS School of Engineering, Univ Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, Barcelona 08017, Spain
| | - Miquel Duran-Frigola
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Institute for Medical Engineering Sciences, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139
- IQS School of Engineering, Univ Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, Barcelona 08017, Spain
| | - Bryan Hernandez
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Institute for Medical Engineering Sciences, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139
- IQS School of Engineering, Univ Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, Barcelona 08017, Spain
| | - Maria C. Llinàs
- IQS School of Engineering, Univ Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, Barcelona 08017, Spain
| | - Rubén Ruiz-González
- IQS School of Engineering, Univ Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, Barcelona 08017, Spain
| | - Santi Nonell
- IQS School of Engineering, Univ Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, Barcelona 08017, Spain
| | - David Sánchez-García
- IQS School of Engineering, Univ Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, Barcelona 08017, Spain
| | - Elazer R. Edelman
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Mercedes Balcells
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Institute for Medical Engineering Sciences, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139
- IQS School of Engineering, Univ Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, Barcelona 08017, Spain
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Lim CK, Heo J, Shin S, Jeong K, Seo YH, Jang WD, Park CR, Park SY, Kim S, Kwon IC. Nanophotosensitizers toward advanced photodynamic therapy of Cancer. Cancer Lett 2013; 334:176-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Brenner W, Malig J, Oelsner C, Guldi DM, Jux N. Synthesis and physico-chemical properties of porphycenes. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424612500563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A new and improved synthesis for porphycenes is presented. In particular, treating pyrroles with iodine monochloride results in quantitative yields and easier work up. This key step was employed for the synthesis of different 2,7,12,17-substituted porphycenes (TPrPc, TPPc, TtBPPc). The synthetic part of this project is followed by a global analysis of the physico-chemical properties of three exemplary porphycenes, including absorption, emission, and electrochemistry. In-situ UV-vis/nIR spectroelectrochemistry was used to determine the spectral signatures of the radical anion and cation species. Temperature-dependent fluorescence lifetimes were determined under air as well as under inert atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Brenner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Chair of Organic Chemistry II, Henkestraβe 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jenny Malig
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Chair of Organic Chemistry II, Henkestraβe 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Chair of Physical Chemistry I, Egerlandstraβe 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Oelsner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Chair of Physical Chemistry I, Egerlandstraβe 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Chair of Physical Chemistry I, Egerlandstraβe 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Norbert Jux
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Chair of Organic Chemistry II, Henkestraβe 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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Sánchez-García D, Borrell JI, Batllori X, Teixidó J, Tomás X, Nonell S. Preclinical photodynamic therapy in Spain 1: Chemical and photophysical studies on porphycenes and other photosensitizers. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424609000541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a rapidly expanding alternative to the treatment of solid tumors and other highly-proliferative diseases due to its many attractive features: high selectivity, repeatability, and lack of serious adverse effects. The five drugs approved for use in PDT to date suffer from different problems that limit their efficacy and safety. Current understanding of cell death mechanisms offers an opportunity for the development of new, more efficient and safer drugs. This highlight describes the efforts of our research group in the PDT field: chemical development of porphycenes as PDT photosensitizers, photophysical screening of new families of potential PDT agents, and development of spectroscopic techniques for directly monitoring singlet oxygen and thus better understand the production, diffusion, and reactivity of this primary cytotoxic species in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sánchez-García
- Grup d'Enginyeria Molecular, Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - José I. Borrell
- Grup d'Enginyeria Molecular, Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Batllori
- Grup d'Enginyeria Molecular, Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Teixidó
- Grup d'Enginyeria Molecular, Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Tomás
- Grup d'Enginyeria Molecular, Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Santi Nonell
- Grup d'Enginyeria Molecular, Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
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Cañete M, Stockert JC, Villanueva A. Preclinical photodynamic therapy research in Spain 3: Localization of photosensitizers and mechanisms of cell deathin vitro. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424609000516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a subject of increasing biomedical research and represents a very promising therapeutic modality for palliative or even curative treatment of some superficial or endoscopically accessible tumors. In addition to the first photosensitizers (PSs) applied (hematoporphyrin-based drugs), second generation PSs with improved photophysical and photobiological properties are now studied using cell cultures, experimental tumors and clinical trials. On the other hand, there is a growing interest in the analysis of cell death mechanisms by apoptosis, which is especially relevant in oncology, because many anticancer drugs work, at least in part, by triggering apoptosis in neoplastic cells both in vitro and in vivo. The evaluation of cell death mechanisms is an important parameter to determine the efficacy and the potential toxicity of a treatment, allowing better adjustment of protocol. Using cell cultures, our research team has studied the mechanisms of cell damage and death implicated in the photodynamic processes, as well as the relationship between the cellular localization of the PS and the organelle damage during photosensitization. The results obtained in our laboratory provide a deeper understanding on the action mechanisms that lead to cell inactivation by PDT, and also allow selection of PSs with higher potential for clinical application than those currently in use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Cañete
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, c/ Darwin 2, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan C. Stockert
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, c/ Darwin 2, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Angeles Villanueva
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, c/ Darwin 2, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
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Białkowski B, Stepanenko Y, Nejbauer M, Radzewicz C, Waluk J. The dynamics and origin of the unrelaxed fluorescence of free-base tetraphenylporphyrin. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2011.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Arad O, Rubio N, Sánchez-García D, Borrell JI, Nonell S. Asymmetric porphycenes: synthesis and photophysical properties of 9-substituted 2,7,12,17-tetraphenylporphycenes. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424609000462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The effects of 9-substitution on the photophysical properties of tetraphenylporphycenes (TPPo) have been examined using an electron acceptor, an electron donor, and an electroneutral substituent as model compounds. Introduction of the acetoxy group enhances the fluorescence ability of the compound, with only a small reduction in the singlet oxygen quantum yield. The optical and photophysical properties of a nitro-porphycene are reported for the first time. The compound is emerald green, contrasting with the typical blue color of porphycenes. While this compound is much less fluorescent than unsubstituted TPPo, its singlet oxygen quantum yield is only slightly lower, almost identical to that of the 9-acetoxy compound (9-AcOTPPo). Finally, the electron-donor amino group is found to induce the greatest changes in the porphycene photophysics, decreasing strongly its fluorescence and singlet oxygen quantum yields. With the exception of such electron donors, introduction of substituents at the 9 (meso) position of tetraphenylporphycenes is not detrimental to their photophysics and photosensitizing ability and thus can be exploited for targeted photodynamic therapy purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofir Arad
- Grup d'Enginyeria Molecular, Institut Químic de Sarriá, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, 08017-Barcelona, Spain
| | - Noemí Rubio
- Grup d'Enginyeria Molecular, Institut Químic de Sarriá, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, 08017-Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Sánchez-García
- Grup d'Enginyeria Molecular, Institut Químic de Sarriá, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, 08017-Barcelona, Spain
| | - José I. Borrell
- Grup d'Enginyeria Molecular, Institut Químic de Sarriá, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, 08017-Barcelona, Spain
| | - Santi Nonell
- Grup d'Enginyeria Molecular, Institut Químic de Sarriá, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, 08017-Barcelona, Spain
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22
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Silylation enhancement of photodynamic activity of tetraphenylporphyrin derivative. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2011.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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23
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Design of porphyrin-based photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy. ADVANCES IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385904-4.00006-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Ragàs X, Sánchez-García D, Ruiz-González R, Dai T, Agut M, Hamblin MR, Nonell S. Cationic porphycenes as potential photosensitizers for antimicrobial photodynamic therapy. J Med Chem 2010; 53:7796-803. [PMID: 20936792 PMCID: PMC2981434 DOI: 10.1021/jm1009555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Structures of typical photosensitizers used in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy are based on porphyrins, phthalocyanines, and phenothiazinium salts, with cationic charges at physiological pH values. However, derivatives of the porphycene macrocycle (a structural isomer of porphyrin) have barely been investigated as antimicrobial agents. Therefore, we report the synthesis of the first tricationic water-soluble porphycene and its basic photochemical properties. We successfully tested it for in vitro photoinactivation of different Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as a fungal species (Candida) in a drug-dose and light-dose dependent manner. We also used the cationic porphycene in vivo to treat an infection model comprising mouse third degree burns infected with a bioluminescent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain. There was a 2.6-log(10) reduction (p < 0.001) of the bacterial bioluminescence for the PDT-treated group after irradiation with 180 J·cm(-2) of red light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Ragàs
- Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona 08017, Spain
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | | | | | - Tianhong Dai
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Montserrat Agut
- Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona 08017, Spain
| | - Michael R. Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Santi Nonell
- Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona 08017, Spain
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Maeda D, Shimakoshi H, Abe M, Hisaeda Y. Syntheses and photophysical behavior of porphyrin isomer Sn(IV) complexes. Inorg Chem 2010; 48:9853-60. [PMID: 19775162 DOI: 10.1021/ic901401t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
2,3,6,7,12,13,16,17-Octaethylhemiporphycenato Sn(IV) chloride, [Sn(IV)(OEHPc)Cl(2)], and 2,3,6,7,12,13,16,17-octaethylporphycenato Sn(IV) chloride, [Sn(IV)(OEPc)Cl(2)], were synthesized in high yields and fully characterized by various spectroscopic methods. The X-ray crystal structures of the Sn(IV) complexes with porphycene and hemiporphycene were determined for the first time. The photophysical and photochemical properties of the singlet state of the Sn(IV) porphycene and hemiporphycene complexes, structural isomers of porphyrin, have been investigated by fluorescence and phosphorescence spectroscopies. The relatively strong emission and long fluorescence lifetime of the Sn(IV) porphycene complexes indicated by the fluorescence quantum yield and lifetime measurement were observed in the case of the Sn(IV) porphycene ([Sn(IV)(OEPc)Cl(2)], Phi(F) = 0.125, tau(s) = 2681 ps; [Sn(IV)(OEP)Cl(2)], Phi(F) = 0.010, tau(s) = 438 ps; [Sn(IV)(OEHPc)Cl(2)], Phi(F) = 0.027, tau(s) = 733 ps). The triplet state of the Sn(IV) complexes was investigated by transient absorption spectroscopy. It became clear that the triplet lifetime of the Sn(IV) porphycene (tau(T) = 49.9 mus) was longer when compared to those of the Sn(IV) porphyrin (tau(T) = 32.6 mus) and hemiporphycene complexes (tau(T) = 28.3 mus). These porphyrin isomer Sn(IV) complexes showed the high singlet oxygen generating ability, and the photo-oxidation of the 1,5-hydroxynaphthalene mediated by the Sn(IV) porphycene was the most effective among the complexes. This result is due to its more effective light absorption in the visible region and indicated that the porphycene is an excellent candidate as a photosensitizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Maeda
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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26
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Designing photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy: strategies, challenges and promising developments. Future Med Chem 2009; 1:667-91. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.09.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) are techniques that combine the effects of visible light irradiation with subsequent biochemical events that arise from the presence of a photosensitizing drug (possessing no dark toxicity) to cause destruction of selected cells. Despite its still widespread clinical use, Photofrin® has several drawbacks that limit its general clinical use. Consequently, there has been extensive research into the design of improved alternative photosensitizers aimed at overcoming these drawbacks. While there are many review articles on the subject of PDT and PACT, these have focused on the photosensitizers that have been used clinically, with little emphasis placed on how the chemical aspects of the molecule can affect their efficacy as PDT agents. Indeed, many of the PDT/PACT agents used clinically may not even be the most appropriate within a given class. As such, this review aims to provide a better understanding of the factors that have been investigated, while aiming at improving the efficacy of a molecule intended to be used as a photosensitizer. Recent publications, spanning the last 5 years, concerning the design, synthesis and clinical usage of photosensitizers for application in PDT and PACT are reviewed, including 5-aminolevulinic acid, porphyrins, chlorins, bacteriochlorins, texaphyrins, phthalocyanines and porphycenes. It has been shown that there are many important considerations when designing a potential PDT/PACT agent, including the influence of added groups on the lipophilicity of the molecule, the positioning and nature of these added groups within the molecule, the presence of a central metal ion and the number of charges that the molecule possesses. The extensive ongoing research within the field has led to the identification of a number of potential lead molecules for application in PDT/PACT. The development of the second-generation photosensitizers, possessing shorter periods of photosensitization, longer activation wavelengths and greater selectivity for diseased tissue provides hope for attaining the ideal photosensitizer that may help PDT and PACT move from laboratory investigation to clinical practice.
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Lo PC, Fong WP, Ng DKP. Effects of peripheral chloro substitution on the photophysical properties and in vitro photodynamic activities of galactose-conjugated silicon(IV) phthalocyanines. ChemMedChem 2008; 3:1110-7. [PMID: 18409176 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200800042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A series of silicon(IV) phthalocyanines with two axial isopropylidene-protected galactose moieties and one, two, or eight chloro group(s) on the periphery of the macrocycle have been synthesised and spectroscopically characterised. The photophysical properties and in vitro photodynamic activities of these compounds have been studied and compared with those of the nonchlorinated analogue. All the compounds, with the exception of the octachlorinated counterpart which has a limited solubility, are essentially nonaggregated in N,N-dimethylformamide. The fluorescence quantum yield decreases and the singlet oxygen quantum yield increases as the number of chloro substituent increases, which is in accord with the heavy-atom effect. The non-, mono-, and dichlorinated phthalocyanines formulated with Cremophor EL are all photodynamically active against HT29 human colon adenocarcinoma and HepG2 human hepatocarcinoma cells with IC(50) values ranging from 0.03 to 1.05 microM. The photocytotoxicity as well as the efficiency to generate intracellular reactive oxygen species decrease along this series because of the increase in aggregation tendency upon chloro substitution. The nonchlorinated analogue exhibits the highest potency and can target the lysosomes of HT29 cells, whereas the monochlorinated counterpart is not localised in the lysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pui-Chi Lo
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Novel Functional Molecules, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
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Jiménez-Banzo A, Ragàs X, Kapusta P, Nonell S. Time-resolved methods in biophysics. 7. Photon counting vs. analog time-resolved singlet oxygen phosphorescence detection. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2008; 7:1003-10. [PMID: 18754045 DOI: 10.1039/b804333g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two recent advances in optoelectronics, namely novel near-IR sensitive photomultipliers and inexpensive yet powerful diode-pumped solid-state lasers working at kHz repetition rate, enable the time-resolved detection of singlet oxygen (O2(a1Deltag)) phosphorescence in photon counting mode, thereby boosting the time-resolution, sensitivity, and dynamic range of this well-established detection technique. Principles underlying this novel approach and selected examples of applications are provided in this perspective, which illustrate the advantages over the conventional analog detection mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Jiménez-Banzo
- Grup d'Enginyeria Molecular, Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, 08017, Barcelona, Spain
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Shimakoshi H, Baba T, Iseki Y, Aritome I, Endo A, Adachi C, Hisaeda Y. Photophysical and photosensitizing properties of brominated porphycenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2008:2882-4. [PMID: 18566712 DOI: 10.1039/b802730g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A heavy atom, bromine, was directly substituted into the porphycene macrocycle to promote intersystem crossing by way of spin-orbit coupling. The singlet oxygen production ability of the porphycene is dramatically enhanced, and the highest value of 0.95 for the quantum yield of singlet oxygen generation (PhiDelta) was obtained for the dibrominated porphycene by visible light excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Shimakoshi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Motooka, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
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Arnbjerg J, Jiménez-Banzo A, Paterson MJ, Nonell S, Borrell JI, Christiansen O, Ogilby PR. Two-Photon Absorption in Tetraphenylporphycenes: Are Porphycenes Better Candidates than Porphyrins for Providing Optimal Optical Properties for Two-Photon Photodynamic Therapy? J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:5188-99. [PMID: 17397157 DOI: 10.1021/ja0688777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Porphycenes are structural isomers of porphyrins that have many unique properties and features. In the present work, the resonant two-photon absorption of 2,7,12,17-tetraphenylporphycene (TPPo) and its palladium(II) complex (PdTPPo) has been investigated. The data obtained are compared to those from the isomeric compound, meso-tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP). Detection of phosphorescence from singlet molecular oxygen, O2(a(1)Delta(g)), produced upon irradiation of these compounds, was used to obtain two-photon excitation spectra and to quantify two-photon absorption cross sections, delta. In the spectral region of 750-850 nm, the two-photon absorption cross sections at the band maxima for both TPPo and PdTPPo, delta = 2280 and 1750 GM, respectively, are significantly larger than that for TPP. This difference is attributed to the phenomenon of so-called resonance enhancement; for the porphycenes, the two-photon transition is nearly resonant with a comparatively intense one-photon Q-band transition. The results of quantum mechanical calculations using density functional quadratic response theory are in excellent agreement with the experimental data and, as such, demonstrate that comparatively high-level quantum chemical methods can be used to interpret and predict nonlinear optical properties from such large molecular systems. One important point realized through these experiments and calculations is that one must exercise caution when using qualitative molecular-symmetry-derived arguments to predict the expected spectral relationship between allowed one- and two-photon transitions. From a practical perspective, this study establishes that, in comparison to porphyrins and other tetrapyrrolic macrocyclic systems, porphycenes exhibit many desirable attributes for use as sensitizers in two-photon initiated photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Arnbjerg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aarhus, DK-8000 Arhus, Denmark
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Rubio N, Sanchez-García D, Jiménez-Banzo A, Rey O, Borrell JI, Teixidó J, Nonell S. Effect of Aza Substitution on the Photophysical and Electrochemical Properties of Porphycenes: Characterization of the Near-IR-Absorbing Photosensitizers 2,7,12,17-Tetrakis(p-substituted phenyl)-3,6,13,16-tetraazaporphycenes. J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:3480-7. [PMID: 16526626 DOI: 10.1021/jp056494+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The need for new photodynamic-therapy photosensitizers has stimulated the search of new families of compounds absorbing strongly in the 700-900 nm range, the region where tissue is most transparent to radiation capable to induce the photodynamic effect. Using computational chemistry techniques, 3,6,13,16-tetraazaporphycenes were previously identified as interesting target candidates. This work reports on the photophysical and electrochemical properties of selected members of this new family of macrocycles. Compared to porphycenes, the tetra-aza counterparts show stronger absorption in the near-infrared, lower-lying singlet and triplet excited states, and substantially larger internal conversion quantum yield (Phi(IC) = 0.93). Energy transfer to oxygen is observed, which results in the formation of the cytotoxic species singlet oxygen. The process is found to be reversible, consistent with a triplet-energy value close to that of singlet oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemí Rubio
- Grup d'Enginyeria Molecular, Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
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Arad O, Morros J, Batllori X, Teixidó J, Nonell S, Borrell JI. Diethyl 2,7-Dibromo-4H,5H- thieno[3,2-b:4,5-b‘]dipyrrole-3,6- dicarboxylate: A Key Intermediate for a Diversity Oriented Synthesis of 2,7,12,17-Tetraarylporphycenes. Org Lett 2006; 8:847-50. [PMID: 16494456 DOI: 10.1021/ol052913+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new Suzuki-based strategy for the synthesis of 4,4'-diaryl (or heteroaryl)-substituted 2,2'-bipyrroles (10), precursors of 2,7,12,17-tetraaryl (or heteroaryl)-substituted porphycenes, is described. Bromination of the previously described diethyl 4H,5H-thieno[3,2-b:4,5-b']dipyrrole-3,6-dicarboxylate afforded dibromo compound 19, which is the key intermediate of such strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofir Arad
- Grup d'Enginyeria Molecular, Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta, 390, E-08017 Barcelona, Spain
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Rubio N, Borrell JI, Teixidó J, Cañete M, Juarranz A, Villanueva A, Stockert JC, Nonell S. Photochemical production and characterisation of the radical ions of tetraphenylporphycenes. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2006; 5:376-80. [PMID: 16583017 DOI: 10.1039/b517686g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Both the radical anion and radical cation of 2,7,12,17-tetraphenylporphycene and of its palladium(II) complex have been produced by photochemical methods. Their electronic absorption spectrum and decay kinetics have been characterised by global analysis of the time-absorbance-wavelength matrix. The results provide deeper insight on the role of these radical ion species in the photodynamic activity of tetraphenylporphycenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemí Rubio
- Grup d'Enginyeria Molecular, Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, 08017, Barcelona, Spain
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Rosenfeld A, Morgan J, Goswami LN, Ohulchanskyy T, Zheng X, Prasad PN, Oseroff A, Pandey RK. Photosensitizers Derived from 132-Oxo-methyl Pyropheophorbide-a: Enhanced Effect of Indium(III) as a Central Metal in In Vitro and In Vivo Photosensitizing Efficacy. Photochem Photobiol 2006; 82:626-34. [PMID: 16277564 DOI: 10.1562/2005-09-29-ra-704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The effects of an additional keto group on absorption wavelength and the corresponding metal complexes Zn(II), Cu(II) In(III) on singlet oxygen production and photodynamic efficacy were examined among the alkyl ether analogs of pyropheophorbide-a. For the preparation of the desired photosensitizers, the methyl 13(2)-oxo-pyropheophorbide-a obtained by reacting methyl pyropheophorbide-a with aqueous LiOH-THF was converted into a series of alkyl ether analogs. These compounds were evaluated for photophysical properties and in vitro (by means of the MTT assay and intracellular localization in RIF cells) and in vivo (in C3H mice implanted with RIF tumors) photosensitizing efficacy. Among the alkyl ether derivatives, the methyl 3-decyloxyethyl-3-devinyl-13(2)-oxo-pyropheophorbide-a was found to be most effective and the insertion of In(III) into this analog further enhanced its in vitro and in vivo photosensitizing efficacy. Fluorescence microscopy showed that, in contrast to the hexyl and dodecyl ether derivatives of HPPH (which localize in mitochondria and lysosomes, respectively), the diketo-analogs and their In(III) complexes localized in Golgi bodies. The preliminary in vitro and in vivo results suggest that, in both free-base and metalated analogs, the introduction of an additional keto group at the five-member exocyclic ring in pyropheophorbide-a diminishes its photosensitizing efficacy. This may be due to a shift in subcellular localization from mitochondria to the Golgi bodies. The further introduction of In(III) enhances photoactivity, but not by shifting the localization of the photosensitizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Rosenfeld
- Photodynamic Therapy Center, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Spectroscopic and electrochemical investigation of coordination complexes of octakis(benzylthio)tetraazaporphyrincobalt(II). Inorganica Chim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2005.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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