1
|
Kumar A, Andersson GG. A review of ion scattering spectroscopy studies at liquid interfaces with noble gas ion projectiles. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 333:103302. [PMID: 39340972 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2024.103302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2024] [Accepted: 09/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024]
Abstract
Ion scattering spectroscopy (ISS) is an analytical tool that provides direct structural, topographical, and atomic compositional information at interfaces when ions are used as projectiles. Since its development in 1967, ISS is commonly used to obtain quantitative information about solid interfaces. Over the last couple of decades, ISS has emerged as an important technique to probe liquid interfaces and their studies employing ISS has become not uncommon, more so with Neutral impact collision ion scattering spectroscopy (NICISS). Therefore, here the principle of ISS with a particular focus on NICISS and its data evaluation are summarised while reviewing some important studies at vapor-liquid interfaces that provide direct information for molecular orientation of liquids (including ionic liquids), composition and distribution of atoms (or solutes) and charges as a function of depth to gain vast variety of thermodynamical information. Employing ISS such information can be achieved with high depth resolution of ∼1-2 Å (depending on the nature of the experiment). These examples highlight the significance of ISS and show potential for its application for studies related to specific ion effects, atmospheric reaction in aerosol and sea water droplets, and even determining the fate of environmental pollutants like heavy metal ions and per-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Furthermore, some limitations of ISS are also discussed relating to investigation of high-vapor pressure liquids and probing buried interfaces like liquid-liquid interfaces while presenting progresses made in probing solid-liquid interfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anand Kumar
- Flinders Institute of Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia; CSIRO Environment, Private Bag No. 5, Wembley, WA 6913, Australia
| | - Gunther G Andersson
- Flinders Institute of Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia; Flinders Microscopy and Microanalysis, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kumar A, Craig VS, Page AJ, Webber GB, Wanless EJ, Andersson G. Ion Specificity in the Measured Concentration Depth Profile of Ions at the Vapor-Glycerol Interface. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 626:687-699. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.06.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
|
3
|
Zhao X, Nathanson GM, Andersson GG. Experimental Depth Profiles of Surfactants, Ions, and Solvent at the Angstrom Scale: Studies of Cationic and Anionic Surfactants and Their Salting Out. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:2218-2229. [PMID: 32075369 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b11686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Neutral impact ion scattering spectroscopy (NICISS) is used to measure the depth profiles of ionic surfactants, counterions, and solvent molecules on the angstrom scale. The chosen surfactants are 0.010 m tetrahexylammonium bromide (THA+/Br-) and 0.0050 m sodium dodecyl sulfate (Na+/DS-) in the absence and presence of 0.30 m NaBr in liquid glycerol. NICISS determines the depth profiles of the elements C, O, Na, S, and Br through the loss in energy of 5 keV He atoms that travel into and out of the liquid, which is then converted into depth. In the absence of NaBr, we find that THA+ and its Br- counterion segregate together because of charge attraction, forming a narrow double layer that is 10 Å wide and 150 times more concentrated than in the bulk. With the addition of NaBr, THA+ is "salted out" to the surface, increasing the interfacial Br- concentration by 3-fold and spreading the anions over a ∼30 Å depth. Added NaBr similarly increases the interfacial concentration of DS- ions and broadens their positions. Conversely, the dissolved Br- ions are significantly depleted over a depth of 0-40 Å from the surface because of charge repulsion from DS- ions within the interfacial region. These different interfacial Br- propensities correlate with previously measured gas-liquid reactivities: gaseous Cl2 readily reacts with Br- ions in the presence of THA+ but drops 70-fold in the presence of DS-, demonstrating that surfactant headgroup charge controls the reactivity of Br- through changes in its depth profile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianyuan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Gilbert M Nathanson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Gunther G Andersson
- Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Andersson G, Ridings C. Ion Scattering Studies of Molecular Structure at Liquid Surfaces with Applications in Industrial and Biological Systems. Chem Rev 2014; 114:8361-87. [DOI: 10.1021/cr400417f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gunther Andersson
- Centre
for NanoScale Science
and Technology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Christiaan Ridings
- Centre
for NanoScale Science
and Technology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ridings C, Warr GG, Andersson GG. Composition of the outermost layer and concentration depth profiles of ammonium nitrate ionic liquid surfaces. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 14:16088-95. [PMID: 23103987 DOI: 10.1039/c2cp43035e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Differences in the surface structure of protic ionic liquids (ILs) with three different cations and a common anion; ethyl-, propyl- and 2-hydroxyethyl- (or ethanol-) ammonium nitrate (EAN, PAN and EtAN, respectively) have been observed by neutral impact collision ion scattering spectroscopy (NICISS) and metastable induced electron spectroscopy/ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (MIES/UPS). NICISS is used to determine the concentration depth profiles of the elements in each IL and it reveals an enrichment of cation alkyl chains of PAN and EtAN in the outermost layer compared to EAN, and a corresponding depletion of nitrate from the outermost layer of the EtAN surface. MIES probes the molecular orbitals of only the species in the outermost layer of a sample and confirms that, while both the anion and the cation are present to some degree at the surface of all three ILs, the cation is enriched to a greater extent at the surface of PAN and EtAN compared to EAN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christiaan Ridings
- Centre for NanoScale Science and Technology, Flinders University, SA, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Faust JA, Dempsey LP, Nathanson GM. Surfactant-Promoted Reactions of Cl2 and Br2 with Br– in Glycerol. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:12602-12. [DOI: 10.1021/jp4079037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A. Faust
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1322, United States
| | - Logan P. Dempsey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1322, United States
| | - Gilbert M. Nathanson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1322, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dang LX, Sun X, Ginovska-Pangovska B, Annapureddy HVR, Truong TB. Understanding ion-ion interactions in bulk and aqueous interfaces using molecular simulations. Faraday Discuss 2013; 160:151-60; discussion 207-24. [PMID: 23795498 DOI: 10.1039/c2fd20093g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In addition to its scientific significance, the distribution of ions in the bulk and at aqueous interfaces is also very important for practical reasons. Providing a quantitative description of the ionic distribution, and describing interactions between ions in different environments, remains a challenge, and is the subject of current debate. In this study, we found that interionic potentials of mean force (PMFs) and interfacial properties are very sensitive to the ion-ion interaction potential models. Our study predicted a Sr(2+)--CI- PMF with no contact ion-pair state and a shallow solvent-separated ion-pair state. In addition, we were able to quantitatively capture the experimental X-ray reflectivity results of the aqueous salt interface of the Sr(2+)--Cl- ion-pair, and provided a detailed physical description of the interfacial structure for this system. We also predicted the Xray reflectivity results for SrBr2 and SrI2 systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liem X Dang
- Chemical and Materials Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA4 93352, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ridings C, Lockett V, Andersson G. Comparing the charge distribution along the surface normal in the [C6mim]+ ionic liquid with different anions. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2012.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
9
|
Dempsey LP, Faust JA, Nathanson GM. Near-Interfacial Halogen Atom Exchange in Collisions of Cl2 with 2.7 M NaBr–Glycerol. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:12306-18. [DOI: 10.1021/jp308202k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Logan P. Dempsey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University
Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1322, United States
| | - Jennifer A. Faust
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University
Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1322, United States
| | - Gilbert M. Nathanson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University
Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1322, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ridings C, Lockett V, Andersson G. Effect of the aliphatic chain length on electrical double layer formation at the liquid/vacuum interface in the [Cnmim][BF4] ionic liquid series. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:17177-84. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp20910h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
11
|
Ridings C, Lockett V, Andersson G. Significant changes of the charge distribution at the surface of an ionic liquid due to the presence of small amounts of water. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:21301-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp22551k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
12
|
Ridings C, Andersson GG. Determining concentration depth profiles of thin foam films with neutral impact collision ion scattering spectroscopy. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2010; 81:113907. [PMID: 21133486 DOI: 10.1063/1.3491736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Equipment is developed to measure the concentration depth profiles in foam films with the vacuum based technique neutral impact collision ion scattering spectroscopy. Thin foam films have not previously been investigated using vacuum based techniques, hence specialized methods and equipment have been developed for generating and equilibrating of foam films under vacuum. A specialized film holder has been developed that encloses the foam film in a pressure cell. The pressure cell is air-tight except for apertures that allow for the entrance and exit of the ion beam to facilitate the analysis with the ion scattering technique. The cell is supplied with a reservoir of solvent which evaporates upon evacuating the main chamber. This causes the cell to be maintained at the vapor pressure of the solvent, thus minimizing further evaporation from the films. In order to investigate the effect of varying the pressure over the films, a hydrostatic pressure is applied to the foam films. Concentration depth profiles of the elements in a thin foam film made from a solution of glycerol and the cationic surfactant hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (C(16)TAB) were measured. The measured concentration depth profiles are used to compare the charge distribution in foam films with the charge distribution at the surface of a bulk solution. A greater charge separation was observed at the films' surface compared to the bulk surface, which implies a greater electrostatic force contribution to the stabilization of thin foam films.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christiaan Ridings
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sun X, Wick CD, Dang LX. Computational Study of Ion Distributions at the Air/Liquid Methanol Interface. J Phys Chem A 2010; 115:5767-73. [DOI: 10.1021/jp107563e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiuquan Sun
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Collin D. Wick
- Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, Louisiana 71270, United States
| | - Liem X. Dang
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hammer T, Reichelt M, Morgner H. Influence of the aliphatic chain length of imidazolium based ionic liquids on the surface structure. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:11070-80. [DOI: 10.1039/c004415f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
15
|
D’Auria R, Tobias DJ. Relation between Surface Tension and Ion Adsorption at the Air−Water Interface: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:7286-93. [PMID: 19438204 DOI: 10.1021/jp810488p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella D’Auria
- Department of Chemistry and AirUCI Environmental Molecular Sciences Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025
| | - Douglas J. Tobias
- Department of Chemistry and AirUCI Environmental Molecular Sciences Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Brastad SM, Albert DR, Huang M, Nathanson GM. Collisions of DCl with a Solution Covered with Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Ions: Tetrahexylammonium Bromide in Glycerol. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:7422-30. [DOI: 10.1021/jp900232v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan M. Brastad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1322
| | - Daniel R. Albert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1322
| | - Mingwei Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1322
| | - Gilbert M. Nathanson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1322
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Henry CL, Craig VSJ. Ion-specific influence of electrolytes on bubble coalescence in nonaqueous solvents. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:7979-7985. [PMID: 18598065 DOI: 10.1021/la8008738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We report the effects of electrolytes on bubble coalescence in nonaqueous solvents methanol, formamide, propylene carbonate, and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). Results in these solvents are compared to the ion-specific bubble coalescence inhibition observed in aqueous electrolyte solutions, which is predicted by simple, empirical ion combining rules. Coalescence inhibition by electrolytes is observed in all solvents, at a lower concentration range (0.01 M to 0.1M) to that observed in water. Formamide shows ion-specific salt effects dependent upon ion combinations in a way analogous to the combining rules observed in water. Bubble coalescence in propylene carbonate is also consistent with ion-combining rules, but the ion assignments differ to those for water. In both methanol and DMSO all salts used are found to inhibit bubble coalescence. Our results show that electrolytes influence bubble coalescence in a rich and complex way, but with notable similarities across all solvents tested. Coalescence is influenced by the drainage of fluid between two bubbles to form a film and then the rupture of the film and one might expect that these processes will vary dramatically between solvents. The similarities in behavior we observe show that coalescence inhibition is unlikely to be related to the surface forces present but is perhaps related to the dynamic thinning and rupture of the liquid film through the hydrodynamic boundary condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine L Henry
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Research School of Physical Sciences and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200 Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Jungwirth
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic and Center for Complex Molecular Systems and Biomolecules, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic;
| | - Bernd Winter
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, D-12489 Berlin, Germany;
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Cwiklik L, Andersson G, Dang LX, Jungwirth P. Segregation of Inorganic Ions at Surfaces of Polar Nonaqueous Liquids. Chemphyschem 2007; 8:1457-63. [PMID: 17520587 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200700039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We present a short review of recent computational and experimental studies on surfaces of solutions of inorganic salts in polar nonaqueous solvents. These investigations complement our knowledge of aqueous interfaces and show that liquids such as formamide, liquid ammonia, and ethylene glycol can also surface-segregate large polarizable anions like iodide, albeit less efficiently than water. For liquids whose surfaces are covered with hydrophobic groups (e.g. methanol), the surface-ion effect all but disappears. Based on the present data a general picture of inorganic-ion solvation at the solution-vapor interface of polar liquids is outlined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Cwiklik
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic and Center for Biomolecules and Complex Molecular Systems, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Maier F, Gottfried JM, Rossa J, Gerhard D, Schulz PS, Schwieger W, Wasserscheid P, Steinrück HP. Surface Enrichment and Depletion Effects of Ions Dissolved in an Ionic Liquid: An X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Study. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:7778-80. [PMID: 17061300 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200602756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Maier
- Lehrstuhl Physikalische Chemie II, Universität Erlangen, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Surface Enrichment and Depletion Effects of Ions Dissolved in an Ionic Liquid: An X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Study. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200602756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|