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Urgel JI, Sánchez-Grande A, Vicent DJ, Jelínek P, Martín N, Écija D. On-Surface Covalent Synthesis of Carbon Nanomaterials by Harnessing Carbon gem-Polyhalides. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2402467. [PMID: 38864470 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202402467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
The design of innovative carbon-based nanostructures stands at the forefront of both chemistry and materials science. In this context, π-conjugated compounds are of great interest due to their impact in a variety of fields, including optoelectronics, spintronics, energy storage, sensing and catalysis. Despite extensive research efforts, substantial knowledge gaps persist in the synthesis and characterization of new π-conjugated compounds with potential implications for science and technology. On-surface synthesis has emerged as a powerful discipline to overcome limitations associated with conventional solution chemistry methods, offering advanced tools to characterize the resulting nanomaterials. This review specifically highlights recent achievements in the utilization of molecular precursors incorporating carbon geminal (gem)-polyhalides as functional groups to guide the formation of π-conjugated 0D species, as well as 1D, quasi-1D π-conjugated polymers, and 2D nanoarchitectures. By delving into reaction pathways, novel structural designs, and the electronic, magnetic, and topological features of the resulting products, the review provides fundamental insights for a new generation of π-conjugated materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- José I Urgel
- IMDEA Nanoscience, Campus Universitario de Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Ana Sánchez-Grande
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Science, Praha, 16200, Czech Republic
| | - Diego J Vicent
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Pavel Jelínek
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Science, Praha, 16200, Czech Republic
| | - Nazario Martín
- IMDEA Nanoscience, Campus Universitario de Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - David Écija
- IMDEA Nanoscience, Campus Universitario de Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain
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Abstract
The amino-functionalized cage-opened [60]fullerene derivatives were synthesized by reactions with phenylenediamine. In this reaction, the diamine undergoes direct addition to the α,β-unsaturated carbonyl moiety. Further C-C bond scission is promoted by the intramolecular SN2 reaction. These amino-functionalized derivatives possess high-lying highest occupied molecular orbital levels as suggested by electrochemical analyses. These compounds showed intense near-infrared absorption bands that tail to 900 nm, reflecting the optical transition with π-π* and charge transfer character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Hashikawa
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Shumpei Sadai
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yasujiro Murata
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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Garrido M, Gualandi L, Di Noja S, Filippini G, Bosi S, Prato M. Synthesis and applications of amino-functionalized carbon nanomaterials. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:12698-12716. [PMID: 33016290 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc05316c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-based nanomaterials (CNMs) have attracted considerable attention in the scientific community both from a scientific and an industrial point of view. Fullerenes, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene and carbon dots (CDs) are the most popular forms and continue to be widely studied. However, the general poor solubility of many of these materials in most common solvents and their strong tendency to aggregate remains a major obstacle in practical applications. To solve these problems, organic chemistry offers formidable help, through the exploitation of tailored approaches, especially when aiming at the integration of nanostructures in biological systems. According to our experience with carbon-based nanostructures, the introduction of amino groups is one of the best trade-offs for the preparation of functionalized nanomaterials. Indeed, amino groups are well-known for enhancing the dispersion, solubilization, and processability of materials, in particular of CNMs. Amino groups are characterized by basicity, nucleophilicity, and formation of hydrogen or halogen bonding. All these features unlock new strategies for the interaction between nanomaterials and other molecules. This integration can occur either through covalent bonds (e.g., via amide coupling) or in a supramolecular fashion. In the present Feature Article, the attention will be focused through selected examples of our approach to the synthetic pathways necessary for the introduction of amino groups in CNMs and the subsequent preparation of highly engineered ad hoc nanostructures for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Garrido
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, CENMAT, Center of Excellence for Nanostructured Materials, INSTM UdR, Trieste, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, Trieste 34127, Italy.
| | - Lorenzo Gualandi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, CENMAT, Center of Excellence for Nanostructured Materials, INSTM UdR, Trieste, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, Trieste 34127, Italy.
| | - Simone Di Noja
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, CENMAT, Center of Excellence for Nanostructured Materials, INSTM UdR, Trieste, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, Trieste 34127, Italy.
| | - Giacomo Filippini
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, CENMAT, Center of Excellence for Nanostructured Materials, INSTM UdR, Trieste, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, Trieste 34127, Italy.
| | - Susanna Bosi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, CENMAT, Center of Excellence for Nanostructured Materials, INSTM UdR, Trieste, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, Trieste 34127, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, CENMAT, Center of Excellence for Nanostructured Materials, INSTM UdR, Trieste, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, Trieste 34127, Italy. and Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 182, 20014, Donostia San Sebastián, Spain and Basque Fdn Sci, Ikerbasque, Bilbao 48013, Spain
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Pieper P, Russo V, Heinrich B, Donnio B, Deschenaux R. Liquid-Crystalline Tris[60]fullerodendrimers. J Org Chem 2018; 83:3208-3219. [PMID: 29493239 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Liquid-crystalline tris[60]fullerodendrimers based on first- and second-generation poly(arylester)dendrons carrying cyanobiphenyl mesogens were synthesized for the first time by the olefin cross-metathesis reaction between type I (terminal) and type II (α,β-unsaturated carbonyl) olefinic precursors, using a second-generation Grubbs or Hoveyda-Grubbs catalyst. The modular synthetic approach developed here also allowed the selective preparation of the [60]fullerene-free, mono[60]fullerodendrimer, and bis[60]fullerodendrimer derivatives from the appropriate precursors. As revealed by polarized optical microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and small-angle X-ray scattering, all of the materials displayed liquid-crystalline properties. In agreement with the nature of the dendritic building blocks, the emergence of lamellar mesophases (smectic C and/or smectic A phases), with the segregation of the various constitutive parts, was systematically observed. The small variation of the mesomorphic temperature range and of the mesophase stability suggested that the mesomorphism is essentially dominated by the dendrimer itself and is regulated by a subtle adaptive mechanism, in which the proportion of monolayering and bilayering arrangements of the multisegregated lamellar mesophases is modified in order to compensate the space requirements of each of the elementary building blocks, namely, the [60]fullerene units, the cyanobiphenyl mesogens, and the dendritic matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Pieper
- Institut de Chimie , Université de Neuchâtel , Avenue de Bellevaux 51 , 2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland
| | - Virginie Russo
- Institut de Chimie , Université de Neuchâtel , Avenue de Bellevaux 51 , 2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland
| | - Benoît Heinrich
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), UMR 7504 , CNRS-Université de Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess, BP43 , 67034 CEDEX 2 Strasbourg , France
| | - Bertrand Donnio
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), UMR 7504 , CNRS-Université de Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess, BP43 , 67034 CEDEX 2 Strasbourg , France
| | - Robert Deschenaux
- Institut de Chimie , Université de Neuchâtel , Avenue de Bellevaux 51 , 2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland
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Russo V, Pieper P, Heinrich B, Donnio B, Deschenaux R. Design, Synthesis, and Self-Assembly Behavior of Liquid-Crystalline Bis-[60]Fullerodendrimers. Chemistry 2016; 22:17366-17376. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201603408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Russo
- Institut de Chimie; Université de Neuchâtel; Avenue de Bellevaux 51 2000 Neuchâtel Switzerland
| | - Pauline Pieper
- Institut de Chimie; Université de Neuchâtel; Avenue de Bellevaux 51 2000 Neuchâtel Switzerland
| | - Benoît Heinrich
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), UMR 7504; CNRS-Université de Strasbourg; 23 rue du Lœss, BP 43 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 France
| | - Bertrand Donnio
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), UMR 7504; CNRS-Université de Strasbourg; 23 rue du Lœss, BP 43 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 France
| | - Robert Deschenaux
- Institut de Chimie; Université de Neuchâtel; Avenue de Bellevaux 51 2000 Neuchâtel Switzerland
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Velez JH, Aguirre MJ, Zamora PP, Cattin MBL, Makha M, Bernede JC. Fabrication Parameter Optimization for a Multilayer Photovoltaic Cell Based on the Heterojunction: Zinc(II)-Meso-Tetrakis(4-Bromophenyl) Porphyrins/Fullerenes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/ojapps.2013.31019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Ge J, Liu J, Guo X, Qin Y, Luo H, Guo ZX, Li Y. Photovoltaic properties of dimeric methanofullerenes containing hydroxyl groups. Chem Phys Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2012.03.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Wang JL, He Z, Wu H, Cao Y, Pei J. π-Conjugated molecular heterojunctions with multi[60]fullerene: photophysical, electrochemical, and photovoltaic properties. NEW J CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2nj40121e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Liu J, Guo X, Qin Y, Liang S, Guo ZX, Li Y. Dumb-belled PCBM derivative with better photovoltaic performance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm15322j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ulmann PA, Tanaka H, Matsuo Y, Xiao Z, Soga I, Nakamura E. Electric field dependent photocurrent generation in a thin-film organic photovoltaic device with a [70]fullerene-benzodifuranone dyad. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:21045-9. [PMID: 22220303 DOI: 10.1039/c1cp22886b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A [70]fullerene-benzodifuranone acceptor dyad synthesized by a Ag⁺-mediated coupling reaction was used to construct a thin-film organic solar cell. The fullerene and the benzodifuranone dye in the dyad have close-lying LUMO levels in the range of 3.7-3.9 eV, so that energy transfer from the dye to the fullerene can take place. A p-n heterojunction photovoltaic device consisting of a tetrabenzoporphyrin and a [70]fullerene-benzodifuranone dyad showed a weak but discernible contribution from light absorption of the dyad to the photocurrent under both a positive and a negative effective bias. These results indicate that the benzodifuranone moiety attached to the acceptor contributes to light-harvesting by energy transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pirmin A Ulmann
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Yin S, Leen V, Jackers C, Beljonne D, Van Averbeke B, Van der Auweraer M, Boens N, Dehaen W. Oligo(p-phenylene ethynylene)-BODIPY Derivatives: Synthesis, Energy Transfer, and Quantum-Chemical Calculations. Chemistry 2011; 17:13247-57. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201100454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Revised: 07/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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12
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Bu L, Guo X, Yu B, Fu Y, Qu Y, Xie Z, Yan D, Geng Y, Wang F. Donor–acceptor liquid crystalline conjugated cooligomers for the preparation of films with the ideal morphology for bulk heterojunction solar cells. POLYMER 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2011.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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Montellano López A, Mateo-Alonso A, Prato M. Materials chemistry of fullerene C60derivatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm02386h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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14
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Silvestri F, Marrocchi A, Seri M, Kim C, Marks TJ, Facchetti A, Taticchi A. Solution-Processable Low-Molecular Weight Extended Arylacetylenes: Versatile p-Type Semiconductors for Field-Effect Transistors and Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:6108-23. [DOI: 10.1021/ja910420t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Silvestri
- Department of Chemistry, the Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research Center, and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, and Department of Chemistry, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Assunta Marrocchi
- Department of Chemistry, the Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research Center, and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, and Department of Chemistry, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Mirko Seri
- Department of Chemistry, the Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research Center, and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, and Department of Chemistry, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Choongik Kim
- Department of Chemistry, the Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research Center, and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, and Department of Chemistry, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Tobin J. Marks
- Department of Chemistry, the Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research Center, and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, and Department of Chemistry, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Antonio Facchetti
- Department of Chemistry, the Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research Center, and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, and Department of Chemistry, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Aldo Taticchi
- Department of Chemistry, the Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research Center, and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, and Department of Chemistry, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
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Acetylene-based materials in organic photovoltaics. Int J Mol Sci 2010; 11:1471-508. [PMID: 20480031 PMCID: PMC2871127 DOI: 10.3390/ijms11041471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fossil fuel alternatives, such as solar energy, are moving to the forefront in a variety of research fields. Organic photovoltaic systems hold the promise of a lightweight, flexible, cost-effective solar energy conversion platform, which could benefit from simple solution-processing of the active layer. The discovery of semiconductive polyacetylene by Heeger et al. in the late 1970s was a milestone towards the use of organic materials in electronics; the development of efficient protocols for the palladium catalyzed alkynylation reactions and the new conception of steric and conformational advantages of acetylenes have been recently focused the attention on conjugated triple-bond containing systems as a promising class of semiconductors for OPVs applications. We review here the most important and representative (poly)arylacetylenes that have been used in the field. A general introduction to (poly)arylacetylenes, and the most common synthetic approaches directed toward making these materials will be firstly given. After a brief discussion on working principles and critical parameters of OPVs, we will focus on molecular arylacetylenes, (co)polymers containing triple bonds, and metallopolyyne polymers as p-type semiconductor materials. The last section will deal with hybrids in which oligomeric/polymeric structures incorporating acetylenic linkages such as phenylene ethynylenes have been attached onto C60, and their use as the active materials in photovoltaic devices.
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Troshin PA, Khakina EA, Egginger M, Goryachev AE, Troyanov SI, Fuchsbauer A, Peregudov AS, Lyubovskaya RN, Razumov VF, Sariciftci NS. Self-assembly of thiophene- and furan-appended methanofullerenes with poly(3-hexylthiophene) in organic solar cells. CHEMSUSCHEM 2010; 3:356-366. [PMID: 20077464 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.200900196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Novel fullerene derivatives bearing thiophene and furan residues were synthesized and studied as electron acceptor materials in bulk heterojunction organic solar cells, together with poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) as the donor polymer. Some compounds showed large nanomorphological inhomogenities in blends with P3HT; in particular, clusters with dimensions in the range of 100-1000 nm were formed. However, some blends that showed such large clusters yielded at the same time high power conversion efficiencies in photovoltaic devices, approaching 3.7 %. This is in sharp contrast with previously studied systems, in which a substantial phase separation always resulted in a poor photovoltaic performance. We assume that the attachment of thienyl or furyl groups to the fullerene cage results in a certain ordering of the designed fullerene derivatives I-IX with P3HT in photoactive blends. Both the fullerene derivative and P3HT might assemble via pi-pi stacking of the thiophene units to form the nanostructures observed in the films by optical and atomic force microscopy. The presence of ordered donor and acceptor counterparts in these nanostructures results in superior photovoltaic device operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel A Troshin
- Institute for Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Semenov Prospect 1, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, Russia.
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Thioacetyl-terminated ferrocene-anthraquinone conjugates: synthesis, photo- and electrochemical properties triggered by protonation-induced intramolecular electron transfer. Molecules 2010; 15:150-63. [PMID: 20110880 PMCID: PMC6256930 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15010150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2009] [Revised: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 12/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Two thioacetyl-terminated ferrocene-anthraquinone donor-acceptor molecules with different pi-electron conjugative units have been synthesized via a series of Stille and Sonagashira reactions. Their photochemical and electrochemical properties before and after addition of an organic acid are investigated, indicating that these complexes are sensitive to external perturbation of protonation, leading the structural change to an expansion of pi-conjugated system by cyclocondensation reaction and promoting intramolecular electron transfer from donor to acceptor. They would be good candidates for studies of novel SAMs, and the properties triggered by protonation-induced intramolecular electron transfer will make the SAMs be useful in designing new functional molecular devices.
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Delgado JL, Bouit PA, Filippone S, Herranz M, Martín N. Organic photovoltaics: a chemical approach. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:4853-65. [DOI: 10.1039/c003088k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Bazaco RB, Segura JL, Seoane C. Recent advances in the design, synthesis and study of covalent conjugated oligomer–C60 ensembles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1135/cccc2008218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This review presents an overview of the most recent results in the field of conjugated oligomer covalently attached to the C60 sphere focusing mainly on donor–conjugated oligomer–C60 triads and conjugated oligomer–multifullerene materials. Well-defined monodisperse oligomers as new materials that exhibit interesting optoelectronic properties have been the subject of intense study during the last decade. In this regard, a huge amount of work has been devoted to the development of new synthetic strategies toward the synthesis of conjugated oligomeric materials with precise length and constitution and to their chemical functionalization in order to incorporate them into more complex molecular and supramolecular architectures. An important area of research in the field of conjugated oligomers involves the design and synthesis of donor–acceptor ensembles by combination of monodisperse π-conjugated oligomeric systems with C60 fullerene. Such hybrid systems have shown excited-state interactions making them excellent candidates for fundamental photophysical studies. In addition, these materials have found applications in the field of photovoltaic devices. A review with 70 references.
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Mahmud IM, Zhou N, Wang L, Zhao Y. Triazole-linked dendro[60]fullerenes: modular synthesis via a ‘click’ reaction and acidity-dependent self-assembly on the surface. Tetrahedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.08.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Chu CC, Bassani DM. Challenges and opportunities for photochemists on the verge of solar energy conversion. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2008; 7:521-30. [DOI: 10.1039/b800113h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Illescas BM, Santos J, Díaz MC, Martín N, Atienza CM, Guldi DM. Supramolecular Threaded Complexes from Fullerene–Crown Ether and π-Extended TTF Derivatives. European J Org Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200700226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Martín N, Sánchez L, Herranz MA, Illescas B, Guldi DM. Electronic communication in tetrathiafulvalene (TTF)/C60 systems: toward molecular solar energy conversion materials? Acc Chem Res 2007; 40:1015-24. [PMID: 17602676 DOI: 10.1021/ar700026t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The covalent connection of the electron acceptor C 60 to p-quinonoid pi-extended tetrathiafulvalenes (exTTFs) has allowed for the preparation of new photo- and electroactive conjugates able to act as artificial photosynthetic systems and active molecular materials in organic photovoltaics. The gain of aromaticity undergone by the pi-extended TTF unit in the oxidation process results in highly stabilized radical ion pairs, namely, C 60 (*-)/exTTF (*+). Lifetimes for such charge-separated states, ranging from a few nanoseconds to hundreds of microseconds, have been achieved by rationally modifying the nature of the chemical spacers. These long-lived radical pairs are called to play an important role for the conversion of sunlight into chemical or electrical power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazario Martín
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Synthesis, electronic, and photophysical properties of cruciform OPE/OPV hybrid oligomer bridged bisfullerene triads. Tetrahedron Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.03.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Shirota Y, Kageyama H. Charge Carrier Transporting Molecular Materials and Their Applications in Devices. Chem Rev 2007; 107:953-1010. [PMID: 17428022 DOI: 10.1021/cr050143+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1008] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiko Shirota
- Fukui University of Technology, 3-6-1, Gakuen, Fukui City, Fukui 910-8505, Japan.
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Zhong YW, Matsuo Y, Nakamura E. Chiral Ruthenium–Allenylidene Complexes That Bear a Fullerene Cyclopentadienyl Ligand: Synthesis, Characterization, and Remote Chirality Transfer. Chem Asian J 2007; 2:358-66. [PMID: 17441171 DOI: 10.1002/asia.200600341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Ruthenium complexes that bear both a fullerene and an allenylidene ligand, [Ru(C60Me5)((R)-prophos)=C=C=CR1R2]PF6 (prophos = 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphanyl)propane), were prepared by the reaction of [Ru(C60Me5)Cl((R)-prophos)] and a propargyl alcohol in better than 90% yields, and characterized by 1H, 13C, and 31P NMR, IR, and UV/Vis/NIR spectroscopy and MS. Cyclic voltammograms of these complexes showed one reversible or irreversible reduction wave due to the allenylidene part, and two reversible reduction waves due to the fullerene core. Nucleophilic addition of RMgBr or RLi proceeded regioselectively at the distal carbon atom of the allenylidene array. The reaction took place with a 60:40-95:5 level of diastereoselectivity with respect to the original chirality in the (R)-prophos ligand, which is located six atoms away from the electrophilic carbon center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wu Zhong
- Nakamura Functional Carbon Cluster Project, ERATO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Guo F, Ogawa K, Kim YG, Danilov EO, Castellano FN, Reynolds JR, Schanze KS. A fulleropyrrolidine end-capped platinum-acetylide triad: the mechanism of photoinduced charge transfer in organometallic photovoltaic cells. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2007; 9:2724-34. [PMID: 17627316 DOI: 10.1039/b700379j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The fullerene end-capped platinum acetylide donor-acceptor triad Pt(2)ThC(60) was synthesized and characterized by using photophysical methods and photovoltaic device testing. The triad consists of the platinum acetylide oligomer Ph-[triple bond, length as m-dash]-Pt(PBu3)2-[triple bond, length as m-dash]-Th-[triple bond, length as m-dash]-Pt(PBu3)2-[triple bond, length as m-dash]-Ph (Ph=phenyl and Th=2,5-thienyl, stereochemistry at both Pt centers is trans) that contains fulleropyrrolidine moieties on each of the terminal phenylene units. Electrochemistry of the triad reveals relatively low potential oxidation and reduction waves corresponding, respectively, to oxidation of the platinum acetylide and reduction of the fulleropyrrolidine units. Photoluminescence spectroscopy shows that the singlet and triplet states of the platinum acetylide chromophore are strongly quenched in the triad assembly, both in solution at ambient temperature as well as in a low-temperature solvent glass. The excited state quenching arises due to intramolecular photoinduced electron transfer to produce a charge separated state based on charge transfer from the platinum acetylide (donor) to the fulleropyrrolidine (acceptor). Picosecond time resolved absorption spectroscopy confirms that the charge transfer state is produced within 1 ps of photoexcitation, and it decays by charge recombination within 400 ps. Organic photovoltaic devices fabricated using spin-coated films of Pt2ThC60 as the active material operate with modest efficiency, exhibiting a short circuit photocurrent of 0.51 mA cm(-2) and an open circuit voltage of 0.41 V under 100 mW cm(-2)/AM1.5 illumination. The results are discussed in terms of the relationship between the mechanism of photoinduced electron transfer in the triad and the comparatively efficient photovoltaic response exhibited by the material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengqi Guo
- University of Florida, Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, USA
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28
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Shao M, Hu H, Li M, Ban H, Wang M, Jiang J. Karman vortex street assisted patterning in the growth of silicon nanowires. Chem Commun (Camb) 2007:793-4. [PMID: 17308633 DOI: 10.1039/b613473d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A Karman vortex street was employed to pattern catalysts and grow nanomaterial arrays, which were made of a disk-like superstructure built of silicon nanowires; there also existed nanowires connected with the disks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingwang Shao
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, P. R. China.
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Sierra M, Herranz MA, Zhang S, Sanchez L, Martín N, Echegoyen L. Self-assembly of C(60) pi-extended tetrathiafulvalene (exTTF) dyads on gold surfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2006; 22:10619-24. [PMID: 17129038 DOI: 10.1021/la061142v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The first self-assembly of a C60 pi-extended tetrathiafulvalene (exTTF) dyad on a gold surface is reported. Four fullerene derivatives, two of them containing p-quinonoid pi-extended tetrathiafulvalenes (exTTFs), have been synthesized, and their solution electrochemistry has been investigated by means of cyclic voltammetry. Fullerene-containing SAMs of thioctic acid derivatives 3 and 6 have also been investigated by cyclic voltammetry. The cyclic voltammograms of both compounds exhibit three reversible reduction waves, and for compound 6, one irreversible oxidation process corresponding to the oxidation of the exTTF subunit is observed. Stable self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of fullerene derivative 3 were formed on gold surfaces, whereas dyad 6 does not present a very clear electrochemical response, most probably as a result of structural rearrangements on the monolayer or charge transfer between the C60 and exTTF moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Sierra
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
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Sánchez L, Sierra M, Martín N, Myles AJ, Dale TJ, Rebek J, Seitz W, Guldi DM. Exceptionally Strong Electronic Communication through Hydrogen Bonds in Porphyrin–C60 Pairs. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:4637-41. [PMID: 16791901 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200601264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Sánchez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Sánchez L, Sierra M, Martín N, Myles AJ, Dale TJ, Rebek J, Seitz W, Guldi DM. Exceptionally Strong Electronic Communication through Hydrogen Bonds in Porphyrin–C60 Pairs. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200601264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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de la Cruz JLD, Hahn U, Nierengarten JF. Synthesis of fullerene-substituted oligo(phenylenebutadiyndiyl). Tetrahedron Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2006.03.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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