1
|
Anti-recurrence/metastasis and chemosensitization therapy with thioredoxin reductase-interfering drug delivery system. Biomaterials 2020; 249:120054. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
2
|
Bian M, Fan R, Zhao S, Liu W. Targeting the Thioredoxin System as a Strategy for Cancer Therapy. J Med Chem 2019; 62:7309-7321. [PMID: 30963763 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) participates in the regulation of redox reactions in organisms. It works mainly via its substrate molecule, thioredoxin, to maintain the redox balance and regulate signal transduction, which controls cell proliferation, differentiation, death, and other important physiological processes. In recent years, increasing evidence has shown that the overactivation of TrxR is related to the development of tumors. The exploration of TrxR-targeted antitumor drugs has attracted wide attention and is expected to provide new therapies for cancer treatment. In this perspective, we highlight the specific relationship between TrxR and apoptotic signaling pathways. The cytoplasm and mitochondria both contain TrxR, resulting in the activation of apoptosis. TrxR activity influences reactive oxygen species (ROS) and further regulates the inflammatory signaling pathway. In addition, we discuss representative TrxR inhibitors with anticancer activity and analyze the challenges in developing TrxR inhibitors as anticancer drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mianli Bian
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing 210023 , P. R. China
| | - Rong Fan
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing 210023 , P. R. China
| | - Sai Zhao
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing 210023 , P. R. China.,Institute of New Medicine Research , Nanjing Hicin Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. , Nanjing 210046 , P. R. China
| | - Wukun Liu
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing 210023 , P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Total Synthesis and Antifungal Activity of Palmarumycin CP17 and Its Methoxy Analogues. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21050600. [PMID: 27164077 PMCID: PMC6274023 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21050600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Total synthesis of naturally occurring spirobisnaphthalene palmarumycin CP17 and its methoxy analogues was first achieved through Friedel-Crafts acylation, Wolff-Kishner reduction, intramolecular cyclization, ketalization, benzylic oxidation, and demethylation using the inexpensive and readily available methoxybenzene, 1,2-dimethoxybenzene and 1,4-dimethoxybenzene and 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene as raw materials. Demethylation with (CH3)3SiI at ambient temperature resulted in ring A aromatization and acetal cleavage to give rise to binaphthyl ethers. The antifungal activities of these spirobisnaphthalene derivatives were evaluated, and the results revealed that 5 and 9b exhibit EC50 values of 9.34 µg/mL and 12.35 µg/mL, respectively, against P. piricola.
Collapse
|
4
|
The Prodrug Approach: A Successful Tool for Improving Drug Solubility. Molecules 2015; 21:42. [PMID: 26729077 PMCID: PMC6273601 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Prodrug design is a widely known molecular modification strategy that aims to optimize the physicochemical and pharmacological properties of drugs to improve their solubility and pharmacokinetic features and decrease their toxicity. A lack of solubility is one of the main obstacles to drug development. This review aims to describe recent advances in the improvement of solubility via the prodrug approach. The main chemical carriers and examples of successful strategies will be discussed, highlighting the advances of this field in the last ten years.
Collapse
|
5
|
Skoda EM, Sacher JR, Kazancioglu MZ, Saha J, Wipf P. An uncharged oxetanyl sulfoxide as a covalent modifier for improving aqueous solubility. ACS Med Chem Lett 2014; 5:900-4. [PMID: 25147611 DOI: 10.1021/ml5001504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Low aqueous solubility is a common challenge in drug discovery and development and can lead to inconclusive biological assay results. Attaching small, polar groups that do not interfere with the bioactivity of the pharmacophore often improves solubility, but there is a dearth of viable neutral moieties available for this purpose. We have modified several poorly soluble drugs or drug candidates with the oxetanyl sulfoxide moiety of the DMSO analog MMS-350 and noted in most cases a moderate to large improvement of aqueous solubility. Furthermore, the membrane permeability of a test sample was enhanced compared to the parent compound.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin M. Skoda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Joshua R. Sacher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Mustafa Z. Kazancioglu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Jaideep Saha
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Peter Wipf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li B, Wang C, Chen X, Lyu J, Guo S. Highly specific separation for antitumor Spiropreussione A from endophytic fungal [Preussia sp.] fermentation broth by one-step macroporous resins AB-8 treatment. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 938:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
7
|
Cai W, Zhang L, Song Y, Wang B, Zhang B, Cui X, Hu G, Liu Y, Wu J, Fang J. Small molecule inhibitors of mammalian thioredoxin reductase. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 52:257-65. [PMID: 22064364 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.10.447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian thioredoxin reductases (TrxRs) are a family of NADPH-dependent flavoproteins with a penultimate selenocysteine residue at the carboxy-terminus. Besides their native substrate thioredoxins (Trx), the enzymes show a broad substrate specificity, at least partially, because of the C-terminal redox-active site that is easily accessible in the reduced form. TrxRs are ubiquitous in all kinds of cells and have a critical role in regulating intracellular redox signaling. In recent years, a wealth of evidence has revealed that overactivation/dysfunction of TrxRs is closely related to various diseases, especially in tumor development, and thus the past decades have witnessed an expanding interest in finding TrxRs inhibitors, which might be promising agents for cancer chemotherapy. Herein we reviewed the small molecule inhibitors of mammalian TrxRs, with an emphasis on those that have potential anticancer activity. This review includes the nonpatent references up to 2010 that deal with mammalian TrxR inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
NMR spectroscopic study of cyclodextrin inclusion complexes with A-007 prodrugs. Carbohydr Res 2008; 343:1180-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2008.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2007] [Revised: 03/06/2008] [Accepted: 03/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
9
|
Macías-Rubalcava ML, Hernández-Bautista BE, Jiménez-Estrada M, González MC, Glenn AE, Hanlin RT, Hernández-Ortega S, Saucedo-García A, Muria-González JM, Anaya AL. Naphthoquinone spiroketal with allelochemical activity from the newly discovered endophytic fungus Edenia gomezpompae. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2008; 69:1185-1196. [PMID: 18234248 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2007] [Revised: 10/29/2007] [Accepted: 12/03/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Chemical investigation of the mycelium of Edenia gomezpompae, a newly discovered endophytic fungus isolated from the leaves of Callicarpa acuminata (Verbenaceae) collected from the ecological reserve El Eden, Quintana Roo, Mexico, resulted in the isolation of four naphthoquinone spiroketals, including three new compounds and palmarumycin CP2 (4). We elucidated the structures of the metabolites by extensive NMR spectroscopy studies, including DEPT, COSY, NOESY, HSQC, HMBC, and chiroptical methods. The trivial names proposed for these compounds are preussomerin EG1 (1), preussomerin EG2 (2) and preussomerin EG3 (3). In addition, the X-ray data for 4 were obtained. The bioactivity of the mycelial organic extracts and the pure compounds was tested against three endophytic fungi (Colletotrichum sp., Phomopsis sp., and Guignardia manguifera) isolated from the same plant species (C. acuminata, Verbenaceae) and against four economically important phytopathogenic microorganisms (two fungoid oomycetes, Phythophtora capsici and Phythophtora parasitica, and the fungi Fusarium oxysporum and Alternaria solani). Spiroketals 1-3 displayed significant growth inhibition against all the phytopathogens. IC50 values for the four phytopathogens were from 20 to 170 microg/ml. Palmarumycin CP2 (4) was not bioactive against any of the fungi tested. Compound 1 showed the strongest bioactivity. The acetylated derivatives of preussomerin EG1 (1), 1a and 1b, were obtained and their biological activity was tested on endophytes and phytopathogens. Preussomerin EG1 1, 1a and 1b exhibited significant bioactivity against all microorganisms tested with the exception of Alternaria solani. This is the first report of allelochemicals with antifungal activity from the newly discovered endophytic fungus E. gomezpompae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martha L Macías-Rubalcava
- Instituto de Ecología, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-275, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Mexico DF, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Oxidative rearrangement of cyclic enol ethers leads to alpha-alkoxyesters. In the presence of a neighboring spiroether, this approach provides a stereoselective access to spiroketals. A modified proposal for the biosynthesis of acutumine is presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David L Waller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Thioredoxin reductase (TrxR)-as part of a major thiol regulating system-allows redox metabolism to adjust to cellular requirements. Therefore, changes at the redox level reflect as a pars pro toto changes concerning the entire cell. Three different TrxR isoenzymes, TrxR1 as cytosolic, TrxR2 as mitochondrial, and TrxR3 as testis-specific thiol regulator are known. All three enzymes contain a reactive and solvent accessible selenocysteine residue which is located on a flexible C-terminal arm of the protein. This selenocysteine is essentially involved in the catalytic cycle of TrxR and thus represents an attractive binding site for inhibitors. Many tumor cells have elevated TrxR levels and TrxR has been shown to play a major role in drug resistance. Inhibition of TrxR and its related redox reactions may thus contribute to a successful single, combinatory or adjuvant cancer therapy. A great number of effective natural and synthetic TrxR inhibitors are now available possessing antitumor potential ranging from induction of oxidative stress to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. This article summarizes the present knowledge on the potential of TrxR inhibitors and TrxR as anticancer drug target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Urig
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre (IFZ), Nutritional Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Powis G, Wipf P, Lynch SM, Birmingham A, Kirkpatrick DL. Molecular pharmacology and antitumor activity of palmarumycin-based inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase. Mol Cancer Ther 2006; 5:630-6. [PMID: 16546977 PMCID: PMC1462925 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-05-0487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The cytosolic thioredoxin redox system composed of thioredoxin-1 and the NADPH-dependent thioredoxin reductase-1 reductase is an important regulator of cell growth and survival. Thioredoxin-1 is overexpressed in many human tumors where it is associated with increased cell proliferation, decreased apoptosis, and decreased patient survival. We hypothesized that thioredoxin reductase-1 provides a target to inhibit the activity of overexpressed thioredoxin-1 for the development of novel anticancer agents. We found that the naphthoquinone spiroketal fungal metabolite palmarumycin CP1 is a potent inhibitor of thioredoxin reductase-1, but attempts to exploit the activity of palmarumycin CP1 analogues as antitumor agents in vivo were hampered by their insolubility. We have therefore developed PX-916, a water-soluble prodrug of a palmarumycin CP1 analogue. PX-916 rapidly releases the parent compound at physiologic pH and in plasma but is stable at acid pH, allowing its i.v. administration. PX-916 is a potent inhibitor of purified human thioredoxin reductase-1 and of thioredoxin reductase-1 activity in cells and tumor xenografts when given to mice and inhibits the downstream targets of thioredoxin-1 signaling, hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha, and vascular endothelial growth factor in tumors. PX-916 showed excellent antitumor activity against several animal tumor models with some cures. Thus, the study shows that water-soluble inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase-1, such as PX-916, can block thioredoxin-1 signaling in tumors producing marked inhibition of tumor growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Garth Powis
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, FC-6.3044, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|