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Lv Y, Zhang Z, Tian S, Wang W, Li H. Therapeutic potential of fucosyltransferases in cancer and recent development of targeted inhibitors. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103394. [PMID: 36223858 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.103394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Fucosyltransferases (FUTs) have significant roles in various pathophysiological events. Their high expression is a signature of malignant cell transformation, contributing to many abnormal events during cancer development, such as uncontrolled cell proliferation, tumor cell invasion, angiogenesis, metastasis, immune evasion, and therapy resistance. Therefore, FUTs have evolved as an attractive therapeutic target for treating solid cancers, and many substrate analogs have been discovered with potential as FUT inhibitors for cancer therapy. Meanwhile, the development of FUT protein structures represents a significant advance in the design of FUT inhibitors with nonsubstrate structures. In this review, we summarize the role of FUTs in cancers, the resolved protein crystal structures and progress in the development of FUT inhibitors as cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Lv
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhoudong Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sheng Tian
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weipeng Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Huanqiu Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu, China.
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2
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Tvaroška I, Selvaraj C, Koča J. Selectins-The Two Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Faces of Adhesion Molecules-A Review. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25122835. [PMID: 32575485 PMCID: PMC7355470 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25122835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Selectins belong to a group of adhesion molecules that fulfill an essential role in immune and inflammatory responses and tissue healing. Selectins are glycoproteins that decode the information carried by glycan structures, and non-covalent interactions of selectins with these glycan structures mediate biological processes. The sialylated and fucosylated tetrasaccharide sLex is an essential glycan recognized by selectins. Several glycosyltransferases are responsible for the biosynthesis of the sLex tetrasaccharide. Selectins are involved in a sequence of interactions of circulated leukocytes with endothelial cells in the blood called the adhesion cascade. Recently, it has become evident that cancer cells utilize a similar adhesion cascade to promote metastases. However, like Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde’s two faces, selectins also contribute to tissue destruction during some infections and inflammatory diseases. The most prominent function of selectins is associated with the initial stage of the leukocyte adhesion cascade, in which selectin binding enables tethering and rolling. The first adhesive event occurs through specific non-covalent interactions between selectins and their ligands, with glycans functioning as an interface between leukocytes or cancer cells and the endothelium. Targeting these interactions remains a principal strategy aimed at developing new therapies for the treatment of immune and inflammatory disorders and cancer. In this review, we will survey the significant contributions to and the current status of the understanding of the structure of selectins and the role of selectins in various biological processes. The potential of selectins and their ligands as therapeutic targets in chronic and acute inflammatory diseases and cancer will also be discussed. We will emphasize the structural characteristic of selectins and the catalytic mechanisms of glycosyltransferases involved in the biosynthesis of glycan recognition determinants. Furthermore, recent achievements in the synthesis of selectin inhibitors will be reviewed with a focus on the various strategies used for the development of glycosyltransferase inhibitors, including substrate analog inhibitors and transition state analog inhibitors, which are based on knowledge of the catalytic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Tvaroška
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84538 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
- Correspondence: (I.T.); (J.K.); Tel.: +421-948-535-601 (I.T.); +420-731-682-606 (J.K.)
| | - Chandrabose Selvaraj
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Koča
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: (I.T.); (J.K.); Tel.: +421-948-535-601 (I.T.); +420-731-682-606 (J.K.)
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Smithen DA, Forget SM, McCormick NE, Syvitski RT, Jakeman DL. Polyphosphate-containing bisubstrate analogues as inhibitors of a bacterial cell wall thymidylyltransferase. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:3347-50. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob02583k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The first synthesis and evaluation of bisubstrate analogues with a thymidylyltransferase is reported. WaterLOGSY NMR and kinetic analyses provide insight into bisubstrate analogue binding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - David L. Jakeman
- Department of Chemistry
- Dalhousie University
- Halifax
- Canada
- College of Pharmacy
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4
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Tu Z, Lin YN, Lin CH. Development of fucosyltransferase and fucosidase inhibitors. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:4459-75. [PMID: 23588106 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60056d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
L-Fucose-containing glycoconjugates are essential for a myriad of physiological and pathological activities, such as inflammation, bacterial and viral infections, tumor metastasis, and genetic disorders. Fucosyltransferases and fucosidases, the main enzymes involved in the incorporation and cleavage of L-fucose residues, respectively, represent captivating targets for therapeutic treatment and diagnosis. We herein review the important breakthroughs in the development of fucosyltransferase and fucosidase inhibitors. To demonstrate how the synthesized small molecules interact with the target enzymes, i.e. delineation of the structure-activity relationship, we cover the reaction mechanisms and resolved X-ray crystal structures, discuss how this information guides the design of enzyme inhibitors, and explain how the molecules were optimized to achieve satisfying potency and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijay Tu
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No.128 Academia Road Section 2, Nan-Kang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
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Dabrowski-Tumanski P, Kowalska J, Jemielity J. Efficient and Rapid Synthesis of Nucleoside Diphosphate Sugars from Nucleoside Phosphorimidazolides. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201201466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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6
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Lin YN, Stein D, Lin SW, Chang SM, Lin TC, Chuang YR, Gervay-Hague J, Narimatsu H, Lin CH. Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of GDP-L-Fucose Derivatives as Potent and Selective α-1,3-Fucosyltransferase Inhibitors. Adv Synth Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201100940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Tsukamoto H, Kahne D. N-methylimidazolium chloride-catalyzed pyrophosphate formation: application to the synthesis of Lipid I and NDP-sugar donors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:5050-3. [PMID: 21592792 PMCID: PMC3156252 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
N-Methylimidazolium chloride is found to catalyze a coupling reaction between monophosphates and activated phosphorous-nitrogen intermediates such as a phosphorimidazolide and phosphoromorpholidate to form biologically important unsymmetrical pyrophosphate diesters. The catalyst is much more active, cheaper, and less explosive than 1H-tetrazole, known as the best catalyst for the pyrophosphate formation over a decade. The mild and neutral reaction conditions are compatible with allylic pyrophosphate formation in Lipid I syntheisis. (31)P NMR experiments suggest that the catalyst acts not only as an acid but also as a nucleophile to form cationic and electrophilic phosphor-N-methylimidazolide intermediates in the pyrophosphate formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Tsukamoto
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Daniel Kahne
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
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Keliris A, Ziegler T, Mishra R, Pohmann R, Sauer MG, Ugurbil K, Engelmann J. Synthesis and characterization of a cell-permeable bimodal contrast agent targeting β-galactosidase. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:2529-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Revised: 02/05/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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9
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Le Calvez PB, Scott CJ, Migaud ME. Multisubstrate adduct inhibitors: drug design and biological tools. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2010; 24:1291-318. [PMID: 19912064 DOI: 10.3109/14756360902843809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In drug discovery, different methods exist to create new inhibitors possessing satisfactory biological activity. The multisubstrate adduct inhibitor (MAI) approach is one of these methods, which consists of a covalent combination between analogs of the substrate and the cofactor or of the multiple substrates used by the target enzyme. Adopted as the first line of investigation for many enzymes, this method has brought insights into the enzymatic mechanism, structure, and inhibitory requirements. In this review, the MAI approach, applied to different classes of enzyme, is reported from the point of view of biological activity.
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Rademacher C, Landström J, Sindhuwinata N, Palcic MM, Widmalm G, Peters T. NMR-based exploration of the acceptor binding site of human blood group B galactosyltransferase with molecular fragments. Glycoconj J 2010; 27:349-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-010-9282-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2010] [Revised: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Wagner GK, Pesnot T, Field RA. A survey of chemical methods for sugar-nucleotide synthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2009; 26:1172-94. [PMID: 19693414 DOI: 10.1039/b909621n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerd K Wagner
- School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.
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Caravano A, Field RA, Percy JM, Rinaudo G, Roig R, Singh K. Developing an asymmetric, stereodivergent route to selected 6-deoxy-6-fluoro-hexoses. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 7:996-1008. [PMID: 19225683 DOI: 10.1039/b815342f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Free radical bromination and nucleophilic fluorination allows the conversion of methyl sorbate into the 6-fluoro analogue which undergoes sequential asymmetric dihydroxylation reactions. A range of 6-deoxy-6-fluorosugars were prepared by using different combinations of ligands. While the enantiomeric excesses obtained were comparable to those from other 6-substituted sorbates, the regioselectivity of dihydroxylation was moderate, with both 2,3- and 4,5-diols being obtained. A successful temporary persilylation strategy was evolved to convert the products of dihydroxylation rapidly to the fluorosugars 6-deoxy-6-fluoro-L-idose, 6-fluoro-L-fucose and 6-deoxy-6-fluoro-D-galactose, which were obtained in overall yields of 4%, 6% and 8% from methyl 6-fluoro-hexa-2E,4E-dienoate .
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Caravano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE17RH, UK
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Maeda T, Nishimura SI. FRET-based direct and continuous monitoring of human fucosyltransferases activity: an efficient synthesis of versatile GDP-L-fucose derivatives from abundant D-galactose. Chemistry 2008; 14:478-87. [PMID: 17929334 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200700760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a facile and versatile protocol for the continuous monitoring of human fucosyltransferases activity by using fluorescence energy resonance transfer (FRET), and have explored the feasibility of its use in an inhibitor screening assay. A convenient sugar nucleotide with a fluorogenic probe, 6-deoxy-6-N-(2-naphalene-2-yl-acetamide)-beta-L-galactopyranos-1-yl-guanosine 5'-diphosphate disodium salt (1), was efficiently synthesized from naturally abundant D-galactopyranose via a key intermediate, 6-azide-1,2,3,4-tetra-O-benzoyl-6-deoxy-beta-L-galactopyranose (10). It was demonstrated that the combined use of the glycosyl donor 1 and a dansylated acceptor substrate, sialyl-alpha2,3-LacNAc derivative (2) allowed us to carry out highly sensitive, direct, and continuous in vitro monitoring of the generation of sialyl Lewis X (SLe x), which is catalyzed by human alpha-1,3-fucosyltransferase VI (FUT-VI). A kinetic analysis revealed that compound 1 was an excellent donor substrate (KM=0.94 microM and Vmax=0.14 microM min(-1)) for detecting human FUT-VI activity. To the best of our knowledge, this synthetic fluorogenic probe is the most sensitive and selective donor substrate for FUT-VI among all of the known GDP-Fuc analogues, including the parent GDP-Fuc. When a dansylated asparagine-linked glycopeptide 20, which is derived from egg yolk was employed as an alternate acceptor substrate, a FRET-based assay with compound 1 could be used to directly monitor the alpha1,6-fucosylation at the reducing terminal GlcNAc residue by human FUT-VIII (KM=175 microM and Vmax=0.06 microM/ min); this indicates that the present method might become a general protocol for the characterization of various mammalian fucosyltransferases in the presence of designated fluorogenic acceptor substrates. The present protocol revealed that compound 23, which was obtained by a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition between the disodium salt 16 and 1-ethynyl-naphthalene exhibits highly potent inhibitory effects against the FUT-VI-mediated sialyl Lewis X synthesis (IC50=5.4 microM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Maeda
- Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Biology, Graduate School of Advanced Life Science, and Frontier Research Center for Post-Genome Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, N21, W11, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
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Brown JR, Crawford BE, Esko JD. Glycan antagonists and inhibitors: a fount for drug discovery. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2008; 42:481-515. [PMID: 18066955 DOI: 10.1080/10409230701751611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glycans, the carbohydrate chains of glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and glycolipids, represent a relatively unexploited area for drug development compared with other macromolecules. This review describes the major classes of glycans synthesized by animal cells, their mode of assembly, and available inhibitors for blocking their biosynthesis and function. Many of these agents have proven useful for studying the biological activities of glycans in isolated cells, during embryological development, and in physiology. Some are being used to develop drugs for treating metabolic disorders, cancer, and infection, suggesting that glycans are excellent targets for future drug development.
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Abstract
Fucosylated carbohydrate structures are involved in a variety of biological and pathological processes in eukaryotic organisms including tissue development, angiogenesis, fertilization, cell adhesion, inflammation, and tumor metastasis. In contrast, fucosylation appears less common in prokaryotic organisms and has been suggested to be involved in molecular mimicry, adhesion, colonization, and modulating the host immune response. Fucosyltransferases (FucTs), present in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms, are the enzymes responsible for the catalysis of fucose transfer from donor guanosine-diphosphate fucose to various acceptor molecules including oligosaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids. To date, several subfamilies of mammalian FucTs have been well characterized; these enzymes are therefore delineated and used as models. Non-mammalian FucTs that possess different domain construction or display distinctive acceptor substrate specificity are highlighted. It is noteworthy that the glycoconjugates from plants and schistosomes contain some unusual fucose linkages, suggesting the presence of novel FucT subfamilies as yet to be characterized. Despite the very low sequence homology, striking functional similarity is exhibited between mammalian and Helicobacter pylori alpha1,3/4 FucTs, implying that these enzymes likely share a conserved mechanistic and structural basis for fucose transfer; such conserved functional features might also exist when comparing other FucT subfamilies from different origins. Fucosyltranferases are promising tools used in synthesis of fucosylated oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates, which show great potential in the treatment of infectious and inflammatory diseases and tumor metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Ma
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H7
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