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Whetter JN, Śmiłowicz D, Boros E. Exploring Aqueous Coordination Chemistry of Highly Lewis Acidic Metals with Emerging Isotopes for Nuclear Medicine. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:933-944. [PMID: 38501206 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Nuclear medicine harnesses radioisotopes for the diagnosis and treatment of disease. While the isotopes 99mTc and 111In have enabled the clinical diagnosis of millions of patients over the past 3 decades, more recent clinical translation of numerous 68Ga/177Lu-based radiopharmaceuticals for diagnostic imaging and therapy underscores the clinical utility of metal-based radiopharmaceuticals in mainstream cancer treatment. In addition to such established radionuclides, advancements in radioisotope production have enabled the production of radionuclides with a broad range of half-lives and emission properties of interest for nuclear medicine. Chemical means to form kinetically inert, in vivo-compatible species that can be modified with disease-targeting vectors is imperative. This presents a challenge for radiosiotopes of elements where the aqueous chemistry is still underdeveloped and poorly understood. Here, we discuss our efforts to date in exploring the aqueous, radioactive coordination chemistry of highly Lewis acidic metal ions and how our discoveries apply to the diagnosis and treatment of cancer in preclinical models of disease. The scope of this Account includes approaches to aqueous coordination of to-date understudied highly Lewis acidic metal ions with radioisotopes of emerging interest and the modulation of well-understood coordination environments of radio-coordination complexes to induce metal-catalyzed reactivity for separation and pro-drug applications.First, we discuss the development of seven-coordinate, small-cavity macrocyclic chelator platform mpatcn/picaga as an exemplary case study, which forms robust complexes with 44Sc/47Sc isotopes. Due to the high chemical hardness and pronounced Lewis acidity of the Sc3+ ion, the displacement of ternary ligand H2O by 18/natF- can be achieved to form an inert Sc-18/natF bond. Corresponding coordination complex natSc-18F is in vivo compatible and forms a theranostic tetrad with corresponding 44Sc/47Sc, 177Lu complexes all exhibiting homologous biodistribution profiles. Another exceptionally hard, highly Lewis acidic ion with underdeveloped aqueous chemistry and emerging interest in nuclear medicine is 45Ti4+. To develop de novo approaches to the mononuclear chelation of this ion under aqueous conditions, we employed a fragment-based bidentate ligand screening approach which identified two leads. The screen successfully predicted the formation of [45Ti][Ti(TREN-CAM)], a Ti-triscatechol complex that exhibits remarkable in vivo stability. Furthermore, the fragment-based screen also identified approaches that enabled solid-phase separation of Ti4+ and Sc3+ of interest in streamlining the isotope production of 45Ti and accessing new ways to separate 44Ti/44Sc for the development of a long-lived generator system. In addition to establishing the inert chelation of Ti4+ and Sc3+, we introduce controlled, metal-induced reactivity of corresponding coordination complexes on macroscopic and radiotracer scales. Metal-mediated autolytic amide bond cleavage (MMAAC) enables the temperature-dependent release of high-molar-activity, ready-to-inject radiopharmaceuticals; cleavage is selectively triggered by coordinated trivalent Lewis acid nat/68Ga3+ or Sc3+. Following the scope of reactivity and mechanistic studies, we validated MMAAC for the synthesis of high-molar-activity radiopharmaceuticals to image molecular targets with low expression and metal-mediated prodrug hydrolysis in vivo.This Account summarizes how developing the aqueous coordination chemistry and tuning the chemical reactivity of metal ions with high Lewis acidity at the macroscopic and tracer scales directly apply to the radiopharmaceutical synthesis with clinical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer N Whetter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Dariusz Śmiłowicz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Eszter Boros
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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Ouellette ET, Amaro Estrada JI, Lussier DJ, Chakarawet K, Lohrey TD, Maron L, Bergman RG, Arnold J. Spectroscopic, Magnetic, and Computational Investigations on a Series of Rhenium(III) Cyclopentadienide β-diketiminate Halide and Pseudohalide Complexes. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erik T. Ouellette
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | | | - Daniel J. Lussier
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Khetpakorn Chakarawet
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Trevor D. Lohrey
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Laurent Maron
- LPCNO, Université de Toulouse, INSA Toulouse, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Robert G. Bergman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - John Arnold
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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3
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Lengacher R, Alberto R. Bioorganometallics: 99mTc cytectrenes, syntheses and applications in nuclear medicine. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.213869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Shahzad K, Majid ASA, Khan M, Iqbal MA, Ali A. Recent advances in the synthesis of (99mTechnetium) based radio-pharmaceuticals. REV INORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/revic-2020-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Technetium radionuclide (99mTc) has excellent extent of disintegration properties and occupies a special place in the field of nuclear medicinal chemistry and other health disciplines. Current review describes recent approaches of synthesis in detailed ways for radio-pharmaceuticals of technetium which have been developed to treat and diagnose the biotic disorders. These technetium labeled radio-pharmaceuticals have been established to apply in the field of diagnostic nuclear medicine especially for imaging of different body parts such as brain, heart, kidney, bones and so on, through single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) that is thought to be difficult to image such organs by using common X-ray and MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) techniques. This review highlights and accounts an inclusive study on the various synthetic routes of technetium labeled radio-pharmaceuticals using ligands with various donor atoms such as carbon, nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus etc. These compounds can be utilized as next generation radio-pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khurram Shahzad
- Department of Chemistry , University of Agriculture , Faisalabad , 38000 , Pakistan
| | | | - Mumtaz Khan
- Health Physics Division, Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology , Islamabad , Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Adnan Iqbal
- Department of Chemistry , University of Agriculture , Faisalabad , 38000 , Pakistan
- Organometallic and Coordination Chemistry Laboratory, University of Agriculture , Faisalabad , 38000 , Pakistan
| | - Asjad Ali
- Department of Chemistry , University of Agriculture , Faisalabad , 38000 , Pakistan
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5
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Controlling the reactivity of [Pd (II)(N^N^N)Cl] + complexes using 2,6-bis(pyrazol-2-yl)pyridine ligands for biological application: Substitution reactivity, CT-DNA interactions and in vitro cytotoxicity study. J Inorg Biochem 2020; 213:111261. [PMID: 33011625 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2020.111261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Four [(N^N^N)Pd(II)Cl]+ complexes [chloride-(2,2':6',2''-terpyridine)Pd(II)]Cl (PdL1), [chlorido(2,6-bis(N-pyrazol-2-yl)pyridine)Pd(II)]Cl (PdL2), [chlorido(2,6-bis(3,5-dimethyl-N-pyrazol-2-yl)pyridine)Pd(II)]Cl (PdL3) and [chlorido(2,6-bis(3,5-dimethyl-N-pyrazol-2-ylmethyl)pyridine)Pd(II)]BF4 (PdL4) were synthesized and characterized. The rates of substitution of these Pd(II) complexes with thiourea nucleophiles viz; thiourea (Tu), N,N'-dimethylthiourea (Dmtu) and N,N,N',N'-tetramethylthiourea (Tmtu) was investigated under pseudo first-order conditions as a function of nucleophile concentration [Nu] and temperature using the stopped-flow technique. The observed rate constants vary linearly with [Nu]; kobs = k2[Nu] and decreased in the order: PdL1 > PdL2 > PdL3 ≫ PdL4. The lower π-acceptability of the cis-coordinated N-pyrazol-2-yl groups (which coordinates via pyrazollic-N π-donor atoms) of the PdL2-4 significantly decelerates the reactivity relative to PdL1. Furthermore, the six-membered chelates having methylene bridge in PdL4 do not allow π-extension in the ligand and introduces steric hindrance further lowering the reactivity. Trends in DFT calculated data supported the observed reactivity trend. Spectrophotometric titration data of complexes with calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) and viscosity measurements of the resultant mixtures suggested that associative interactions occur between the complexes and CT-DNA, likely through groove binding with high binding constants (Kb = 104 M-1). In vitro MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] cytotoxic activity data showed that PdL1 was the most potent complex against MCF7 breast cancer cells; its IC50 value is lower than that of cisplatin. The results demonstrate how modification of a spectator ligand can be used to slow down the reactivity of Pd(II) complexes. This is of special importance in controlling drug toxicity in both pharmaceutical and biomedical applications.
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Bolliger R, Frei A, Braband H, Meola G, Spingler B, Alberto R. Chemistry at High Dilution: Dinuclear
99 m
Tc Complexes. Chemistry 2019; 25:7101-7104. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robin Bolliger
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Zurich Winterthurerstr. 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Angelo Frei
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Zurich Winterthurerstr. 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Henrik Braband
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Zurich Winterthurerstr. 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Giuseppe Meola
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Zurich Winterthurerstr. 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Spingler
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Zurich Winterthurerstr. 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Roger Alberto
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Zurich Winterthurerstr. 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
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Burke BP, Grantham W, Burke MJ, Nichol GS, Roberts D, Renard I, Hargreaves R, Cawthorne C, Archibald SJ, Lusby PJ. Visualizing Kinetically Robust Co III4L 6 Assemblies in Vivo: SPECT Imaging of the Encapsulated [ 99mTc]TcO 4- Anion. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:16877-16881. [PMID: 30485075 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b09582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Noncovalent encapsulation is an attractive approach for modifying the efficacy and physiochemical properties of both therapeutic and diagnostic species. Abiotic self-assembled constructs have shown promise, yet many hurdles between in vitro and (pre)clinical studies remain, not least the challenges associated with maintaining the macromolecular, hollow structure under nonequilibrium conditions. Using a kinetically robust CoIII4L6 tetrahedron we now show the feasibility of encapsulating the most widely used precursor in clinical nuclear diagnostic imaging, the γ-emitting [99mTc]TcO4- anion, under conditions compatible with in vivo administration. Subsequent single-photon emission computed tomography imaging of the caged-anion reveals a marked change in the biodistribution compared to the thyroid-accumulating free oxo-anion, thus moving clinical applications of (metallo)supramolecular species a step closer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin P Burke
- Department of Chemistry , University of Hull , Cottingham Road , Hull HU6 7RX , United Kingdom.,Positron Emission Tomography Research Centre , University of Hull , Cottingham Road , Hull HU6 7RX , United Kingdom
| | - William Grantham
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry , University of Edinburgh , Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road , Edinburgh EH9 3FJ , Scotland
| | - Michael J Burke
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry , University of Edinburgh , Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road , Edinburgh EH9 3FJ , Scotland
| | - Gary S Nichol
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry , University of Edinburgh , Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road , Edinburgh EH9 3FJ , Scotland
| | - David Roberts
- School of Life Sciences , University of Hull , Cottingham Road , Hull HU6 7RX , United Kingdom.,Positron Emission Tomography Research Centre , University of Hull , Cottingham Road , Hull HU6 7RX , United Kingdom
| | - Isaline Renard
- Department of Chemistry , University of Hull , Cottingham Road , Hull HU6 7RX , United Kingdom.,Positron Emission Tomography Research Centre , University of Hull , Cottingham Road , Hull HU6 7RX , United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Hargreaves
- Department of Chemistry , University of Hull , Cottingham Road , Hull HU6 7RX , United Kingdom.,Positron Emission Tomography Research Centre , University of Hull , Cottingham Road , Hull HU6 7RX , United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Cawthorne
- School of Life Sciences , University of Hull , Cottingham Road , Hull HU6 7RX , United Kingdom.,Positron Emission Tomography Research Centre , University of Hull , Cottingham Road , Hull HU6 7RX , United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J Archibald
- Department of Chemistry , University of Hull , Cottingham Road , Hull HU6 7RX , United Kingdom.,Positron Emission Tomography Research Centre , University of Hull , Cottingham Road , Hull HU6 7RX , United Kingdom
| | - Paul J Lusby
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry , University of Edinburgh , Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road , Edinburgh EH9 3FJ , Scotland
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8
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Forgács A, Tei L, Baranyai Z, Esteban-Gómez D, Platas-Iglesias C, Botta M. Optimising the relaxivities of Mn 2+ complexes by targeting human serum albumin (HSA). Dalton Trans 2018. [PMID: 28632276 DOI: 10.1039/c7dt01508a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We report two novel macrocyclic ligands based on the 1,4-DO2AM platform (1,4-DO2AM = 2,2'-(1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4-diyl)diacetamide) and containing two benzyl groups attached either to the nitrogen atoms of the macrocyclic unit (1,4-BzDO2AM) or to the amide pendant arms (1,4-DO2AMBz). The protonation constants of the ligands and the stability constants of their Mn2+ complexes were determined using pH potentiometry. The introduction of benzyl groups results in a slight decrease of the stability constants of the Mn2+ complexes and a slight increase of their acid-catalysed dissociation reactions. A detailed relaxometric characterisation of the complexes using nuclear magnetic dispersion relaxation (NMRD) and 17O NMR studies indicated that the increase in molecular weight associated with the presence of benzyl groups results in a remarkable increase of proton relaxivities r1p, which take values of 3.8, 3.5 and 2.5 mM-1 s-1 for [Mn(1,4-BzDO2AM)]2+, [Mn(1,4-DO2AMBz)]2+ and [Mn(1,4-DO2AM)]2+ (at 25 °C and 20 MHz). The [Mn(1,4-BzDO2AM)]2+ and [Mn(1,4-DO2AMBz)]2+ complexes form relatively strong adducts with Human Serum Albumin (HSA) with association constants of (3.9 ± 0.6) × 103 and (2.0 ± 0.3) × 103 M-1, respectively. The interaction with the protein slows down the rotational tumbling of the complex in solution, which results in adducts endowed with remarkably high proton relaxivities (r1pb = 18.5 ± 0.7 and 27.4 ± 1.4 mM-1 s-1 for [Mn(1,4-BzDO2AM)]2+ and [Mn(1,4-DO2AMBz)]2+, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Forgács
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy.
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9
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Brown OC, Baguña Torres J, Holt KB, Blower PJ, Went MJ. Copper complexes with dissymmetrically substituted bis(thiosemicarbazone) ligands as a basis for PET radiopharmaceuticals: control of redox potential and lipophilicity. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:14612-14630. [PMID: 28703233 DOI: 10.1039/c7dt02008b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Copper(ii) bis(thiosemicarbazone) derivatives have been used extensively in positron emission tomography (PET) to image hypoxia and blood flow and to radiolabel cells for cell tracking. These applications depend on control of redox potentials and lipophilicity of the bis(thiosemicarbazone) complexes, which can be adjusted by altering peripheral ligand substituents. This paper reports the synthesis of a library of new dissymmetrically substituted bis(thiosemicarbazone) ligands by controlling the condensation reactions between dicarbonyl compounds and 4-substituted-3-thiosemicarbazides or using acetal protection. Copper complexes of the new ligands have been prepared by reaction with copper acetate or via transmetallation of the corresponding zinc complexes, which are convenient precursors for the rapid synthesis of radio-copper complexes. Well-defined structure-activity relationships linking ligand alkylation patterns with redox potential and lipophilicity of the complexes are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver C Brown
- University of Kent, School of Physical Sciences, Canterbury CT2 7NH, UK.
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10
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Prata MIM, André JP, Kovács Z, Takács AI, Tircsó G, Tóth I, Geraldes CFGC. Gallium(III) chelates of mixed phosphonate-carboxylate triazamacrocyclic ligands relevant to nuclear medicine: Structural, stability and in vivo studies. J Inorg Biochem 2017; 177:8-16. [PMID: 28918355 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2017.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Three triaza macrocyclic ligands, H6NOTP (1,4,7-triazacyclononane-N,N',N″-trimethylene phosphonic acid), H4NO2AP (1,4,7-triazacyclononane-N-methylenephosphonic acid-N',N″-dimethylenecarboxylic acid), and H5NOA2P (1,4,7-triazacyclononane-N,N'-bis(methylenephosphonic acid)-N″-methylene carboxylic acid), and their gallium(III) chelates were studied in view of their potential interest as scintigraphic and PET (Positron Emission Tomography) imaging agents. A 1H, 31P and 71Ga multinuclear NMR study gave an insight on the structure, internal dynamics and stability of the chelates in aqueous solution. In particular, the analysis of 71Ga NMR spectra gave information on the symmetry of the Ga3+ coordination sphere and the stability of the chelates towards hydrolysis. The 31P NMR spectra afforded information on the protonation of the non-coordinated oxygen atoms from the pendant phosphonate groups and on the number of species in solution. The 1H NMR spectra allowed the analysis of the structure and the number of species in solution. 31P and 1H NMR titrations combined with potentiometry afforded the measurement of the protonation constants (log KHi) and the microscopic protonation scheme of the triaza macrocyclic ligands. The remarkably high thermodynamic stability constant (log KGaL=34.44 (0.04) and stepwise protonation constants of Ga(NOA2P)2- were determined by potentiometry and 69Ga and 31P NMR titrations. Biodistribution and gamma imaging studies have been performed on Wistar rats using the radiolabeled 67Ga(NO2AP)- and 67Ga(NOA2P)2-chelates, having both demonstrated to have renal excretion. The correlation of the molecular properties of the chelates with their pharmacokinetic properties has been analysed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria I M Prata
- REQUIMTE-LAQV, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, 4069-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - João P André
- Centro de Química, Campus de Gualtar, Universidade do Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Zoltán Kovács
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Anett I Takács
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4010 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gyula Tircsó
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4010 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Imre Tóth
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4010 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Carlos F G C Geraldes
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Coimbra Chemistry Center, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
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11
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Ismail MB, Booysen IN, Akerman MP. Rhenium(I) complexes with aliphatic Schiff bases appended to bio-active moieties. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Holland JP, Ferdani R, Anderson CJ, Lewis JS. Copper-64 Radiopharmaceuticals for Oncologic Imaging. PET Clin 2016; 4:49-67. [PMID: 27156895 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpet.2009.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The positron emitting radionuclide (64)Cu has a radioactive half-life of 12.7 hours. The decay characteristics of (64)Cu allow for PET images that are comparable in quality to those obtained using (18)F. Given the longer radioactive half-life of (64)Cu compared with (18)F and the versatility of copper chemistry, copper is an attractive alternative to the shorter-lived nuclides for PET imaging of peptides, antibodies, and small molecules that may require longer circulation times. This article discusses a number of copper radiopharmaceuticals, such as Cu-ATSM, that have been translated to the clinic and new developments in copper-based radiopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P Holland
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Riccardo Ferdani
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 South Kingshighway Boulevard, Campus Box 8225, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Carolyn J Anderson
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 South Kingshighway Boulevard, Campus Box 8225, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jason S Lewis
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
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13
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Southworth R, Torres Martin de Rosales R, Meszaros LK, Ma MT, Mullen GED, Fruhwirth G, Young JD, Imberti C, Bagunya-Torres J, Andreozzi E, Blower PJ. Opportunities and challenges for metal chemistry in molecular imaging: from gamma camera imaging to PET and multimodality imaging. ADVANCES IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2015; 68:1-41. [PMID: 30381783 PMCID: PMC6205628 DOI: 10.1016/bs.adioch.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The development of medical imaging is a highly multidisciplinary endeavor requiring the close cooperation of clinicians, physicists, engineers, biologists and chemists to identify capabilities, conceive challenges and solutions and apply them in the clinic. The chemistry described in this article illustrates how synergistic advances in these areas drive the technology and its applications forward, with each discipline producing innovations that in turn drive innovations in the others. The main thread running through the article is the shift from single photon radionuclide imaging towards PET, and in turn the emerging shift from PET/CT towards PET/MRI and further, combination of these with optical imaging. Chemistry to support these transitions is exemplified by building on a summary of the status quo, and recent developments, in technetium-99m chemistry for SPECT imaging, followed by a report of recent developments to support clinical application of short lived (Ga-68) and long-lived (Zr-89) positron emitting isotopes, copper isotopes for PET imaging, and combined modality imaging agents based on radiolabelled iron oxide based nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Southworth
- King's College London, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Levente K Meszaros
- King's College London, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Michelle T Ma
- King's College London, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Gregory E D Mullen
- King's College London, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Gilbert Fruhwirth
- King's College London, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Jennifer D Young
- King's College London, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Cinzia Imberti
- King's College London, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Julia Bagunya-Torres
- King's College London, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Erica Andreozzi
- King's College London, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Philip J Blower
- King's College London, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
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Burke BP, Baghdadi N, Kownacka AE, Nigam S, Clemente GS, Al-Yassiry MM, Domarkas J, Lorch M, Pickles M, Gibbs P, Tripier R, Cawthorne C, Archibald SJ. Chelator free gallium-68 radiolabelling of silica coated iron oxide nanorods via surface interactions. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:14889-14896. [PMID: 26292197 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr02753e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The commercial availability of combined magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)/positron emission tomography (PET) scanners for clinical use has increased demand for easily prepared agents which offer signal or contrast in both modalities. Herein we describe a new class of silica coated iron-oxide nanorods (NRs) coated with polyethylene glycol (PEG) and/or a tetraazamacrocyclic chelator (DO3A). Studies of the coated NRs validate their composition and confirm their properties as in vivo T2 MRI contrast agents. Radiolabelling studies with the positron emitting radioisotope gallium-68 (t1/2 = 68 min) demonstrate that, in the presence of the silica coating, the macrocyclic chelator was not required for preparation of highly stable radiometal-NR constructs. In vivo PET-CT and MR imaging studies show the expected high liver uptake of gallium-68 radiolabelled nanorods with no significant release of gallium-68 metal ions, validating our innovation to provide a novel simple method for labelling of iron oxide NRs with a radiometal in the absence of a chelating unit that can be used for high sensitivity liver imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin P Burke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK.
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15
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Burke BP, Baghdadi N, Clemente GS, Camus N, Guillou A, Kownacka AE, Domarkas J, Halime Z, Tripier R, Archibald SJ. Final step gallium-68 radiolabelling of silica-coated iron oxide nanorods as potential PET/MR multimodal imaging agents. Faraday Discuss 2015; 175:59-71. [PMID: 25325197 DOI: 10.1039/c4fd00137k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The investigation of iron oxide-based positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance (PET/MR) multimodal imaging agents is an expanding field in which a variety of nanoparticle sizes, shapes, surface coatings and radioisotopes are open for exploration. This study develops iron oxide nanorods which are coated with various mixtures of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and macrocyclic ligand (DO3A) via the formation of a silica layer on the surface. Gallium-68 radiolabelling of the nanorods was carried out in high radiochemical yields (RCY) and their stability in human serum was demonstrated for all constructs, even in the absence of the macrocyclic chelating unit. Further studies were carried out in an attempt to determine the appropriate amount of PEG coating to give optimal properties for future in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin P Burke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK.
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16
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Machura B, Wolff M. A density functional study of oxorhenium(V) complexes incorporating quinoline or isoquinoline carboxylic acids: structural, spectroscopic, and electronic properties. Struct Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-014-0438-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Gryca I, Machura B, Małecki JG, Shul'pina LS, Pombeiro AJL, Shul'pin GB. New p-tolylimido rhenium(v) complexes with carboxylate-based ligands: synthesis, structures and their catalytic potential in oxidations with peroxides. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:5759-76. [DOI: 10.1039/c3dt53511h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Novel p-tolylimido rhenium(v) complexes were obtained and calculations at the DFT level were undertaken. The complexes exhibited high catalytic activity in oxidation of alkanes and alcohols with H2O2 or TBHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Gryca
- Department of Crystallography
- Institute of Chemistry
- University of Silesia
- 40-006 Katowice, Poland
| | - B. Machura
- Department of Crystallography
- Institute of Chemistry
- University of Silesia
- 40-006 Katowice, Poland
| | - J. G. Małecki
- Department of Crystallography
- Institute of Chemistry
- University of Silesia
- 40-006 Katowice, Poland
| | - Lidia S. Shul'pina
- Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Armando J. L. Pombeiro
- Centro de Química Estrutural
- Complexo I
- Instituto Superior Técnico
- Universidad de Lisboa
- 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Georgiy B. Shul'pin
- Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow 119991, Russia
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18
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Machura B, Gryca I, Małecki JG, Alonso F, Moglie Y. p-Tolylimido rhenium(v) complexes – synthesis, X-ray studies, spectroscopic characterization, DFT calculations and catalytic activity. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:2596-610. [DOI: 10.1039/c3dt52528g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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Braband H. High-valent technetium chemistry-new opportunities for radiopharmaceutical developments. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2013; 57:270-4. [PMID: 24347394 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Braband
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstr. 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
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20
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Machura B, Wolff M, Palion J, Benoist E. Synthesis, spectroscopic characterization and X-ray crystal structures of mononuclear and binuclear oxidorhenium(V) complexes containing indazolyl moieties. Inorganica Chim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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21
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22
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Machura B, Gryca I. Synthesis, spectroscopic characterization, X-ray structure and DFT calculations of p-tolylimido rhenium(V) complexes of 2,2′-dipyridylamine. Polyhedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2013.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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23
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Yewle JN, Puleo DA, Bachas LG. Bifunctional bisphosphonates for delivering PTH (1-34) to bone mineral with enhanced bioactivity. Biomaterials 2013; 34:3141-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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24
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Machura B, Wolff M, Cieślik W, Musioł R. Novel oxorhenium(V) complexes of 8-hydroxyquinoline derivatives – Synthesis, spectroscopic characterization, X-ray crystal structures and DFT calculations. Polyhedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2012.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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25
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Synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of novel oxido-bridged dinuclear rhenium(V) complex of 2-(aminomethyl)benzimidazole. X-ray crystal structures of [Re2O3Cl4(ambi)2]·CH3COCH3 and [Re2O3Cl4(ambi)2]·CH3CN. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2012.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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26
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Machura B, Wolff M, Benoist E, Coulais Y. Tricarbonyl rhenium(I) complex of benzothiazole – Synthesis, spectroscopic characterization, X-ray crystal structure and DFT calculations. J Organomet Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2012.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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27
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Carroll V, Demoin DW, Hoffman TJ, Jurisson SS. Inorganic chemistry in nuclear imaging and radiotherapy: current and future directions. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2012; 100:653-667. [PMID: 25382874 PMCID: PMC4221859 DOI: 10.1524/ract.2012.1964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Radiometals play an important role in diagnostic and therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals. This field of radiochemistry is multidisciplinary, involving radiometal production, separation of the radiometal from its target, chelate design for complexing the radiometal in a biologically stable environment, specific targeting of the radiometal to its in vivo site, and nuclear imaging and/or radiotherapy applications of the resultant radiopharmaceutical. The critical importance of inorganic chemistry in the design and application of radiometal-containing imaging and therapy agents is described from a historical perspective to future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Timothy J Hoffman
- Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Internal Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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28
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Machura B, Wolff M, Tabak D, Schachner JA, Mösch-Zanetti NC. Oxidorhenium(V) Complexes with Phenolate- and Carboxylate-Based Ligands: Structure and Catalytic Epoxidation. Eur J Inorg Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201200277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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29
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Machura B, Wolff M, Gryca I, Kruszynski R. Syntheses, structures, spectroscopic properties and DFT calculations of Re(V)-benzothiazole and 2-(2-aminophenyl)benzothiazole complexes. Polyhedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2012.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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30
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Yewle JN, Wei Y, Puleo DA, Daunert S, Bachas LG. Oriented immobilization of proteins on hydroxyapatite surface using bifunctional bisphosphonates as linkers. Biomacromolecules 2012; 13:1742-9. [PMID: 22559170 DOI: 10.1021/bm201865r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Oriented immobilization of proteins is an important step in creating protein-based functional materials. In this study, a method was developed to orient proteins on hydroxyapatite (HA) surfaces, a widely used bone implant material, to improve protein bioactivity by employing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) and β-lactamase as model proteins. These proteins have a serine or threonine at their N-terminus that was oxidized with periodate to obtain a single aldehyde group at the same location, which can be used for the site-specific immobilization of the protein. The HA surface was modified with bifunctional hydrazine bisphosphonates (HBPs) of various length and lipophilicity. The number of functional groups on the HBP-modified HA surface, determined by a 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) assay, was found to be 2.8 × 10(-5) mol/mg of HA and unaffected by the length of HBPs. The oxidized proteins were immobilized on the HBP-modified HA surface in an oriented manner through formation of a hydrazone bond. The relative protein immobilization amounts through various HBPs were determined by fluorescence and bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assay and showed no significant effect by length and lipophilicity of HBPs. The relative amount of HBP-immobilized EGFP was found to be 10-15 fold that of adsorbed EGFP, whereas the relative amount of β-lactamase immobilized through HBPs (2, 3, 4, 6, and 7) was not significantly different than adsorbed β-lactamase. The enzymatic activity of HBP-immobilized β-lactamase was measured with cefazolin as substrate, and it was found that the catalytic efficiency of HBP-immobilized β-lactamase improved 2-5 fold over adsorbed β-lactamase. The results obtained demonstrate the feasibility of our oriented immobilization approach and showed an increased activity of the oriented proteins in comparison with adsorbed proteins on the same hydroxyapatite surface matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jivan N Yewle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, United States
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31
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Machura B, Wolff M, Tabak D, Ikeda Y, Hasegawa K. Novel trans-dioxorhenium complex with imidazo[1,2a]pyridine ligand – Synthesis, spectroscopic and electrochemical characterization, X-ray crystal structure and DFT calculations. Polyhedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2012.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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32
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Braband H, Imstepf S, Benz M, Spingler B, Alberto R. Combining Bifunctional Chelator with (3 + 2)-Cycloaddition Approaches: Synthesis of Dual-Function Technetium Complexes. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:4051-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ic202212e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Braband
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Imstepf
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Benz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Spingler
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roger Alberto
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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33
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Machura B, Wolff M, Kowalczyk W, Musiol R. Novel rhenium(V) complexes of 8-hydroxyquinoline derivatives – Synthesis, spectroscopic characterization, X-ray structure and DFT calculations. Polyhedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2011.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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34
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Echeverría C, Becerra A, Nuñez-Villena F, Muñoz-Castro A, Stehberg J, Zheng Z, Arratia-Perez R, Simon F, Ramírez-Tagle R. The paramagnetic and luminescent [Re6Se8I6]3− cluster. Its potential use as an antitumoral and biomarker agent. NEW J CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2nj21016a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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35
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Machura B, Gryca I, Wolff M. Novel p-tolylimido rhenium(V) complexes of imidazole-derived ligand – Synthesis, X-ray studies, spectroscopic characterization and DFT calculations. Polyhedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2011.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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36
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Alberto ME, Cosentino C, Russo N. Hydrolysis mechanism of anticancer Pd(II) complexes with coumarin derivatives: a theoretical investigation. Struct Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-011-9927-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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37
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Yewle JN, Puleo DA, Bachas LG. Enhanced affinity bifunctional bisphosphonates for targeted delivery of therapeutic agents to bone. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 22:2496-506. [PMID: 22073906 PMCID: PMC3247145 DOI: 10.1021/bc2003132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal diseases have a major impact on the worldwide population and economy. Although several therapeutic agents and treatments are available for addressing bone diseases, they are not being fully utilized because of their uptake in nontargeted sites and related side effects. Active targeting with controlled delivery is an ideal approach for treatment of such diseases. Because bisphosphonates are known to have high affinity to bone and are being widely used in treatment of osteoporosis, they are well-suited for drug targeting to bone. In this study, a targeted delivery of therapeutic agent to resorption sites and wound healing sites of bone was explored. Toward this goal, bifunctional hydrazine-bisphosphonates (HBPs), with spacers of various lengths, were synthesized and studied for their enhanced affinity to bone. Crystal growth inhibition studies showed that these HBPs have high affinity to hydroxyapatite, and HBPs with shorter spacers bind more strongly than alendronate to hydroxyapatite. The HBPs did not affect proliferation of MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts, did not induce apoptosis, and were not cytotoxic at the concentration range tested (10(-6)-10(-4) M). Furthermore, drugs can be linked to the HBPs through a hydrazone linkage that is cleavable at the low pH of bone resorption and wound healing sites, leading to release of the drug. This was demonstrated using hydroxyapatite as a model material of bone and 4-nitrobenzaldehyde as a model drug. This study suggests that these HBPs could be used for targeted delivery of therapeutic agents to bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jivan N. Yewle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055
| | - David A. Puleo
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0070
| | - Leonidas G. Bachas
- Delpartment of Chemistry, University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33146-0431
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38
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Braband H, Tooyama Y, Fox T, Simms R, Forbes J, Valliant JF, Alberto R. fac-[TcO3(tacn)]+: a versatile precursor for the labelling of pharmacophores, amino acids and carbohydrates through a new ligand-centred labelling strategy. Chemistry 2011; 17:12967-74. [PMID: 21971703 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201101275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report a protocol for the synthesis of [(99m)TcO(3)(tacn)](+) ([1](+)) (tacn = 1,4,7-triazacyclononane) that is suitable for clinical translation. Bioconjugates containing pharmacophores ([TcO(NO(2)-Imi)(tacn)](+); [3](+)), artificial amino acids ([TcO(Fmoc-allyl-His)(tacn)](+); [5](+)), and glucose derivatives ([TcO(allyl-tetraacetylglucose)(tacn)](+); [7](+)) were synthesized by cycloaddition strategies and fully characterized ((99)Tc and (99m)Tc). These new technetium complexes are stable at neutral pH and demonstrate the potential and flexibility of the [3+2] cycloaddition labelling concept. In addition to the synthetic work, the first biodistribution studies of [1](+) and the small [3+2] cycloadduct [(99m)TcO(NO(2)-Imi)(tacn)](+) ([3](+)) were completed. The biodistribution studies suggest the stability of these complexes in vivo. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the high hydrophilicity of the [(99m)TcO(3)(tacn)](+) building block is a complement to the complexes of the fac-{Tc(CO)(3)}(+) core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Braband
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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39
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Machura B, Wolff M, Palion J, Kruszynski R. Synthesis, spectroscopic characterization, X-ray structure and DFT calculations of novel mononuclear Re(V) complex with imidazole-derived ligand. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2011.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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40
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Das B, Chakraborty R, Sarkar S, Zangrando E, Chattopadhyay P. A selenium-bonded oxorhenium(V) complex: solvothermal synthesis, structural characterization, and electrochemical behavior. TRANSIT METAL CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11243-011-9516-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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41
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Bhattacharyya S, Dixit M. Metallic radionuclides in the development of diagnostic and therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:6112-28. [PMID: 21541393 PMCID: PMC3716284 DOI: 10.1039/c1dt10379b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Metallic radionuclides are the mainstay of both diagnostic and therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals. Therapeutic nuclear medicine is less advanced but has tremendous potential if the radionuclide is accurately targeted. Great interest exists in the field of inorganic chemistry for developing target specific radiopharmaceuticals based on radiometals for non-invasive disease detection and cancer radiotherapy. This perspective will focus on the nuclear properties of a few important radiometals and their recent applications to developing radiopharmaceuticals for imaging and therapy. Other topics for discussion will include imaging techniques, radiotherapy, analytical techniques, and radiation safety. The ultimate goal of this perspective is to introduce inorganic chemists to the field of nuclear medicine and radiopharmaceutical development, where many applications of fundamental inorganic chemistry can be found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibaprasad Bhattacharyya
- Applied and Developmental Research Directorate, SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute (NIH/NCI) at Frederick, 1050 Boyles Street, Bldg. 376, Frederick, Maryland, USA.
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42
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Zeglis BM, Lewis JS. A practical guide to the construction of radiometallated bioconjugates for positron emission tomography. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:6168-95. [PMID: 21442098 PMCID: PMC3773488 DOI: 10.1039/c0dt01595d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) has become a vital imaging modality in the diagnosis and treatment of disease, most notably cancer. A wide array of small molecule PET radiotracers have been developed that employ the short half-life radionuclides (11)C, (13)N, (15)O, and (18)F. However, PET radiopharmaceuticals based on biomolecular targeting vectors have been the subject of dramatically increased research in both the laboratory and the clinic. Typically based on antibodies, oligopeptides, or oligonucleotides, these tracers have longer biological half-lives than their small molecule counterparts and thus require labeling with radionuclides with longer, complementary radioactive half-lives, such as the metallic isotopes (64)Cu, (68)Ga, (86)Y, and (89)Zr. Each bioconjugate radiopharmaceutical has four component parts: biomolecular vector, radiometal, chelator, and covalent link between chelator and biomolecule. With the exception of the radiometal, a tremendous variety of choices exists for each of these pieces, and a plethora of different chelation, conjugation, and radiometallation strategies have been utilized to create agents ranging from (68)Ga-labeled pentapeptides to (89)Zr-labeled monoclonal antibodies. Herein, the authors present a practical guide to the construction of radiometal-based PET bioconjugates, in which the design choices and synthetic details of a wide range of biomolecular tracers from the literature are collected in a single reference. In assembling this information, the authors hope both to illuminate the diverse methods employed in the synthesis of these agents and also to create a useful reference for molecular imaging researchers both experienced and new to the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M. Zeglis
- Department of Radiology and Program in Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA. Fax: (646)-888-3039; Tel: (646)-888-3038
| | - Jason S. Lewis
- Department of Radiology and Program in Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA. Fax: (646)-888-3039; Tel: (646)-888-3038
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43
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Arrowsmith RL, Waghorn PA, Jones MW, Bauman A, Brayshaw SK, Hu Z, Kociok-Köhn G, Mindt TL, Tyrrell RM, Botchway SW, Dilworth JR, Pascu SI. Fluorescent gallium and indium bis(thiosemicarbazonates) and their radiolabelled analogues: synthesis, structures and cellular confocal fluorescence imaging investigations. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:6238-52. [PMID: 21594287 DOI: 10.1039/c1dt10126a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
New fluorescent and biocompatible aromatic Ga(III)- and In(III)-bis(thiosemicarbazonato) complexes for dual mode optical and PET or SPECT molecular imaging have been synthesised via a synthetic method based on transmetallation reactions from Zn(II) precursors. Complexes have been fully characterised in the solid state by single crystal X-ray diffraction and in solution by spectroscopic methods (UV/Vis, fluorescence, (1)H and (13)C{(1)H} NMR). The bis(thiosemicarbazones) radiolabelled rapidly in high yields under mild conditions with (111)In (a gamma and Auger emitter for SPECT imaging and radiotherapy with t(1/2) = 2.8 d) and (68)Ga (a generator-available positron emitter for PET imaging with t(1/2) = 68 min). Cytotoxicity and biolocalisation studies using confocal fluorescence imaging and fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) techniques have been used to study their in vitro activities and stabilities in HeLa and PC-3 cells to ascertain their suitability as synthetic scaffolds for future multimodality molecular imaging in cancer diagnosis and therapy. The observation that the indium complexes show certain nuclear uptake could be of relevance towards developing (111)In therapeutic agents based on Auger electron emission to induce DNA damage.
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Machura B, Wolff M, Gryca I. Novel p-tolylimido rhenium(V) complexes incorporating quinoline-2-carboxylate ion – Synthesis, X-ray studies, spectroscopic characterization and DFT calculations. Inorganica Chim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2011.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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45
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Novel oxorhenium complex of 2-(2-pyridyl)-4-methylthiazole-5-carboxylic acid – Synthesis, spectroscopic characterization, X-ray structure and DFT calculations. J Mol Struct 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2011.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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46
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Iovkova L, Könning D, Wängler B, Schirrmacher R, Schoof S, Arndt HD, Jurkschat K. SiFA-Modified Phenylalanine: A Key Compound for the Efficient Synthesis of 18F-Labelled Peptides. Eur J Inorg Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201100142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Silversides JD, Smith R, Archibald SJ. Challenges in chelating positron emitting copper isotopes: tailored synthesis of unsymmetric chelators to form ultra stable complexes. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:6289-97. [PMID: 21455520 DOI: 10.1039/c0dt01395a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of chelators that form high stability complexes with copper(II) isotopes and do not suffer from transchelation in vivo has been a goal for many chemists. Such chelators will facilitate the exploitation of the (64)Cu isotope (t(1/2) = 12.7 h, β(+) (19%); β(-) (39%); EC (41%)) for positron emission tomography imaging studies, which has a longer half life relative to the more commonly used (18)F (t(1/2) = 109.8 min) and (11)C (t(1/2) = 20.4 min) isotopes. One option is the CBTE2A chelator, which has been championed by Weisman, Wong and Anderson, and, more recently, alternate bifunctional chelator (BFC) versions have been synthesised. Improved synthetic methods are required for unsymmetric derivatisation of these chelators to allow more selective biomolecule attachment. This work investigates synthetic routes to form new unsymmetric chelating ligands via stepwise reaction of the bisaminal precursor, determines their X-ray structures and demonstrates cold copper(II) isotope complex formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon D Silversides
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, UK HU6 7RX
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Martínez-Lillo J, Mastropietro TF, Lappano R, Madeo A, Alberto ME, Russo N, Maggiolini M, De Munno G. Rhenium(IV) compounds inducing apoptosis in cancer cells. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:5283-5. [PMID: 21448489 DOI: 10.1039/c1cc11038a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The anticancer properties of a series of mononuclear Re(IV) compounds of formula ReCl(4)L (where L is bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine; bpym = 2,2'-bipyrimidine; dmbpy = 4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine; phen = 1,10-phenanthroline) were investigated for the first time. All compounds displayed potent in vitro antiproliferative activity against selected cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Martínez-Lillo
- Centro di Eccellenza CEMIF.CAL, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università della Calabria, via P. Bucci 14/c, 87030 Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy
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Rhenium(V) oxocomplexes incorporating 2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4,6-di-tert-pentylphenolate ligand: X-ray studies, spectroscopic characterization and DFT calculations. Struct Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-011-9753-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Two novel rhenium complexes derived from [ReO(OMe)Cl2(dpphen)] – Synthesis, crystal structure, spectroscopic and magnetic properties. Polyhedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2010.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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