Structure and properties of two new heteroleptic bismuth(III) dithiocabamates of the general composition Bi(S2CNH2)2X (X = Cl, SCN)

The title compounds were prepared by precipitation from acidic solutions of the reactants in acetone/water. Bi(S2CNH2)2Cl (1) crystallizes in the non-centrosymmetric trigonal space group P32 with a = 8.6121(3) and c = 11.1554(4) Å, Z = 3; Bi(S2NH2)2SCN (2) in P21/c (monoclinic) with a = 5.5600(2), b = 14.3679(5), c = 12.8665(4) Å, and β = 90.37(3)°. In the crystal structure of 1 Bi3+ is in a sevenfold coordination of two bidentate and one monodentate S2CHNH2 − anions with an asymmetric coordination pattern of five Bi–S and two Bi–Cl− bonds. The linkage of these polyhedra via common Cl–S edges leads to a 1D polymeric structure with undulated chains propagating in the direction [001]. These chains are linked by strong and medium strong hydrogen bonds forming the 3D crystal structure. In the crystal structure of 2 the Bi3+ cation is in an eightfold coordination. The polyhedron can be described as a significantly distorted tetragonal anti-prism, capped by an additional S atom. Two of these prisms share a common quadrilateral face to form a “prism-double” (Bi2S10N2). These building units are linked by common edges, and the resulting 1D infinite angulated chains propagate along [100]. By contrast to organo-dithiocarbamate compounds, where C–H···X bridges are dominant, the interchain connections in the crystal structures of 1 and 2 are formed exclusively via N–H···S, N–H···Cl, and N–H···N interactions, generating the 3D networks. A significant eccentricity of the Bi3+ cation in the crystal structures of both complexes is observed. Both compounds emit light in the orange range of the electromagnetic spectrum.

The Coordination Chemistry of Imidomethanedithiolate Di-anions: A Structural Comparison with Their Dithiocarbamate Analogs

A review of the coordination chemistry along with the structural features of heavy element complexes of dithiocarbimate di-anions in the form of [(R)C=NCS2]2− for R = CN, alkyl, and aryl are described. This class of compound is far less studied compared with the well-explored dithiocarbamate mono-anions formulated as [R(R’)NCS2]− for R/R’ = H, alkyl, and aryl. The coordination chemistry of dithiocarbimate di-anions is dominated by a S,S-chelating mode; rare examples of alternative modes of coordination are evident. When comparisons are available, the structural motifs adopted by metal dithiocarbimate complexes match those found for their dithiocarbamate analogs, with only small, non-systematic variations in the M–S bond lengths.

Dithiocarbamate Complexes of Platinum Group Metals: Structural Aspects and Applications

The incorporation of dithiocarbamate ligands in the preparation of metal complexes is largely prompted by the versatility of this molecule. Fascinating coordination chemistry can be obtained from the study of such metal complexes ranging from their preparation, the solid-state properties, solution behavior as well as their applications as bioactive materials and luminescent compounds, to name a few. In this overview, the dithiocarbamate complexes of platinum-group elements form the focus of the discussion. The structural aspects of these complexes will be discussed based upon the intriguing findings obtained from their solid- (crystallographic) and solution-state (NMR) studies. At the end of this review, the applications of platinum-group metal complexes will be discussed.

Characterising Supramolecular Architectures in Crystals Featuring I⋯Br Halogen Bonding: Persistence of X⋯X’ Secondary-Bonding in Their Congeners

The Cambridge Structural Database was surveyed for crystals featuring I⋯Br secondary-bonding in their supramolecular assemblies occurring independently of other obvious supramolecular synthons and devoid of other halogen bonding interactions. In all, 41 crystals satisfied these criteria, with nine examples of zero-dimensional aggregation (uniformly two-molecule aggregates) and 30 one-dimensional chains of varying topology (linear, zigzag and helical). There is one example each of two- and three-dimensional patterns. Type-I, type-II and intermediate bonding situations are apparent; for type-II bonding, the ratio of iodide:bromide functioning as the electrophile is 2:1. Most molecules participated, on average, in one I⋯Br contact, although smaller numbers of half (zero-dimensional) or two contacts (two- and three-dimensional) were observed. The propensity of the formation of related halogen bonding interactions in congeners of the 41 investigated crystals was also studied. Congeners were apparent for 11 crystals, with seven of these exhibiting isostructural relationships, in terms of space-group symmetry and unit-cell parameters. Isostructural relationships do not ensure the formation of analogous aggregation patterns, particularly and in accord with expectation, for the lighter halides. When formed, often distinct aggregation patterns are observed despite the isostructural relationships. Hetero-atomic halogen bonding offers surprises and opportunities in crystal engineering endeavours.

On the Coordination Role of Pyridyl-Nitrogen in the Structural Chemistry of Pyridyl-Substituted Dithiocarbamate Ligands

A search of the Cambridge Structural Database was conducted for pyridyl-substituted dithiocarbamate ligands. This entailed molecules containing both an NCS2− residue and pyridyl group(s), in order to study their complexation behavior in their transition metal and main group element crystals, i.e., d- and p-block elements. In all, 73 different structures were identified with 30 distinct dithiocarbamate ligands. As a general observation, the structures of the transition metal dithiocarbamates resembled those of their non-pyridyl derivatives, there being no role for the pyridyl-nitrogen atom in coordination. While the same is true for many main group element dithiocarbamates, a far greater role for coordination of the pyridyl-nitrogen atoms was evident, in particular, for the heavier elements. The participation of pyridyl-nitrogen in coordination often leads to the formation of dimeric aggregates but also one-dimensional chains and two-dimensional arrays. Capricious behaviour in closely related species that adopted very different architectures is noted. Sometimes different molecules comprising the asymmetric-unit of a crystal behave differently. The foregoing suggests this to be an area in early development and is a fertile avenue for systematic research for probing further crystallization outcomes and for the rational generation of supramolecular architectures.

A Structural Survey of Poly-Functional Dithiocarbamate Ligands and the Aggregation Patterns They Sustain

An overview is presented of the crystal structures of transition metal, main group element, and lanthanide compounds containing poly-functional dithiocarbamate ligands, namely species containing two or more connected NCS2− residues. In all, there are 40 different ligands of this type that have been characterised crystallographically in their heavy-element compounds with up to six NCS2− residues; all are bridging. In most cases, the resulting aggregates are zero-dimensional, often di-nuclear, but aggregates of up to 36 metal (gold) atoms are noted. There are smaller numbers of one-, two-, and three-dimensional architectures sustained by poly-functional dithiocarbamate ligands in their respective crystals. The survey highlights the opportunities afforded by this generally under-studied class of ligand.

Zero-, one-, two- and three-dimensional supramolecular architectures sustained by Se…O chalcogen bonding: A crystallographic survey

The Cambridge Structural Database was evaluated for crystals containing Se…O chalcogen bonding interactions. These secondary bonding interactions are found to operate independently of complementary intermolecular interactions in about 13% of the structures they can potentially form. This number rises significantly when more specific interactions are considered, e.g. Se…O(carbonyl) interactions occur in 50% of cases where they can potentially form. In about 55% of cases, the supramolecular assemblies sustained by Se…O(oxygen) interactions are one-dimensional architectures, with the next most prominent being zero-dimensional assemblies, at 30%.

A Survey of Supramolecular Aggregation Based on Main Group Element⋯Selenium Secondary Bonding Interactions—A Survey of the Crystallographic Literature

The results of a survey of the crystal structures of main group element compounds (M = tin, lead, arsenic, antimony, bismuth, and tellurium) for intermolecular M⋯Se secondary bonding interactions is presented. The identified M⋯Se interactions in 58 crystals can operate independent of conventional supramolecular synthons and can sustain zero-, one-, two, and, rarely, three-dimensional supramolecular architectures, which are shown to adopt a wide variety of topologies. The most popular architecture found in the crystals stabilized by M⋯Se interactions are one-dimensional chains, found in 50% of the structures, followed by zero-dimensional (38%). In the majority of structures, the metal center forms a single M⋯Se contact; however, examples having up to three M⋯Se contacts are evident. Up to about 25% of lead(II)-/selenium-containing crystals exhibit Pb⋯Se tetrel bonding, a percentage falling off to about 15% in bismuth analogs (that is, pnictogen bonding) and 10% or lower for the other cited elements.

Low temperature redetermination of the crystal structure of catena-poly[[tri-4-fluorobenzyltin(IV)]μ2-pyridine-4-carboxylato-κ2 N:O], {C27H22F3NO2Sn}n

C27H22F3NO2Sn, monoclinic, P21/n (no. 14), a = 8.7913(2) Å, b = 19.0856(5) Å, c = 13.9417(4) Å, β = 91.017(2)°, V = 2338.87(11) Å3, Z = 4, R gt(F) = 0.0324, wR ref(F 2) = 0.0873, T = 100(2) K.

New 1D diorganotin(iv) dithiolate coordination polymers: crystallographic, computational, Hirshfeld surface and thermal analyses

Three new 1D coordination polymers of diorganotin(iv) dithiolates synthesized and the nature of their weak interactions addressed using computational techniques.

Crystal structure of (4-fluorobenzyl-κC)(bis(2-hydroxyethyl) carbamodithioato-κ2 S,S′)(2,2′-imino-diethanolato-κ3 N,O,O′)tin(IV), C16H25FN2O4S2Sn

C16H25FN2O4S2Sn, monoclinic, P21/n (no. 14), a = 11.2227(1) Å, b = 12.6793(1) Å, c = 13.8731(1) Å, β = 98.282(1)°, V = 1953.50(3) Å3, Z = 4, R gt(F) = 0.0198, wR ref(F 2) = 0.0507, T = 100(2) K.

Impact of substituents on the crystal structures and anti-leishmanial activity of new homoleptic Bi(iii) dithiocarbamates

Anti-leishmanial activity of six structurally characterised new functionalised homoleptic Bi(iii) dithiocarbamate complexes having monomeric, dimeric and rare polymeric structures has been explored.

Steric control of supramolecular association in structures of Zn(S2COR)2 with N,N′-bis(pyridin-4-ylmethyl)oxalamide

The crystal and molecular structures of the one-dimensional coordination polymer [Zn(S2COEt)2(4LH2)]n (1) and binuclear [Zn(S2COCy)2]2(4LH2) (2) are described, where 4LH2 is N,N′-bis(pyridin-4-ylmethyl)ethanediamide. In 1, the Zn(S2COEt)2 entities are linked by bidentate bridging 4LH2 ligands through the pyridyl-N atoms to generate a twisted supramolecular chain. As a result of monodentate xanthate ligands, the N2S4 donor set defines a distorted tetrahedral coordination geometry and, crucially, allows the participation of the non-coordinating sulfur atoms in supramolecular association. Thus, in the crystal amide-N–H···O(amide) and amide-N–H···S(thione) hydrogen bonds link chains into a three-dimensional architecture. The substitution of the ethyl group in the xanthate ligand with a cyclohexyl group results in very different structural outcomes. In 2, a binuclear molecule is observed with the coordination geometry for zinc being defined by chelating xanthate ligands and a pyridyl-N atom with the NS4 donor set defining a highly distorted geometry. In the molecular packing, amide-N–H···S(thione) hydrogen bonds stabilise a supramolecular chain along the a-axis and these are connected into a three-dimensional arrangement by methylene-C–H···O and methylene-C–H···π(pyridyl) interactions. The relative importance of the specified intermolecular interactions and weaker, contributing contacts has been revealed by an analysis of the calculated Hirshfeld surfaces of 1 and 2.

Exploring the Topological Landscape Exhibited by Binary Zinc-triad 1,1-dithiolates

The crystal chemistry of the zinc-triad binary 1,1-dithiolates, that is, compounds of xanthate [−S2COR], dithiophosphate [−S2P(OR)2], and dithiocarbamate [−S2CNR2] ligands, is reviewed. Owing to a wide range of coordination modes that can be adopted by 1,1-dithiolate anions, such as monodentate, chelating, μ2-bridging, μ3-bridging, etc., there exists a rich diversity in supramolecular assemblies for these compounds, including examples of zero-, one-, and two-dimensional architectures. While there are similarities in structural motifs across the series of 1,1-dithiolate ligands, specific architectures are sometimes found, depending on the metal centre and/or on the 1,1-dithiolate ligand. Further, an influence of steric bulk upon supramolecular aggregation is apparent. Thus, bulky R groups generally preclude the close approach of molecules in order to reduce steric hindrance and therefore, lead to lower dimensional aggregation patterns. The ligating ability of the 1,1-dithiolate ligands also proves crucial in determining the extent of supramolecular aggregation, in particular for dithiocarbamate species where the relatively greater chelating ability of this ligand reduces the Lewis acidity of the zinc-triad element, which thereby reduces its ability to significantly expand its coordination number. Often, the functionalisation of the organic substituents in the 1,1-dithiolate ligands, for example, by incorporating pyridyl groups, can lead to different supramolecular association patterns. Herein, the diverse assemblies of supramolecular architectures are classified and compared. In all, 27 structurally distinct motifs have been identified.

fac-Aceto-nitrile-tricarbon-yl(di-methyl-carbamodi-thio-ato-κ2S,S')rhenium(I): crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis

The title compound, [Re(C3H6NS2)(C2H3N)(CO)3], features an octa-hedrally coordinated ReI atom within a C3NS2 donor set defined by three carbonyl ligands in a facial arrangement, an aceto-nitrile N atom and two S atoms derived from a symmetrically coordinating di-thio-carbamate ligand. In the crystal, di-thio-carbamate-methyl-H⋯O(carbon-yl) inter-actions lead to supra-molecular chains along [36-1]; both di-thio-carbamate S atoms participate in intra-molecular methyl-H⋯S inter-actions. Further but weaker aceto-nitrile-C-H⋯O(carbonyl) inter-actions assemble mol-ecules in the ab plane. The nature of the supra-molecular assembly was also probed by a Hirshfeld surface analysis. Despite their weak nature, the C-H⋯O contacts are predominant on the Hirshfeld surface and, indeed, on those of related [Re(CO)3(C3H6NS2)L] structures.

Persistence of C–H⋯π(chelate ring) interactions in the crystal structures of Pd(S2COR)2. The utility of Pd(S2COR)2as precursors for palladium sulphide materials

The influence of C–H⋯π(PdS₂C) interactions in the molecular packing of Pd(S₂COR)₂increases as the steric bulk ofRincreases.

Effect of robust π–π stacking synthon on the formation of mercury coordination compounds; an unusual pseudo-square planar geometry

In this study, three Hg(ii) complexes, [HgCl₂(L2-naph)]_n, 1, [HgBr₂(L2-naph)]_n, 2 and [HgI₂(L2-naph)₂], 3 where L2-naph is N-(naphthalene-2-yl)pyrazine-2-carboxamide ligand have been synthesized and characterized.

Supra- versus intra-molecular π π interactions in M(S2COCH2Ph)2(dafone) compounds: M = Zn and Cd; dafone = 4,5-diazafluoren-9-one-N,N´

Remarkable differences are observed in the molecular structures of Zn(S2COCH2Ph)2(dafone) (1) and Cd(S2COCH2Ph)2(dafone) (2); where dafone is 4,5-diazafluoren-9-one-N,N′. In 1, an S,O mode of coordination of one of the xanthate ligands is observed, an orientation that facilitates the formation of intramolecular π…π interactions between the benzyl and dafone rings. The second xanthate ligand coordinates in an S,S mode and the dafone ligand is chelating. The resulting N2OS3 donor set defines a distorted octahedral coordination geometry. A similar geometry is found in 2 but based on an N2S4 donor set. Despite the different molecular structures, the global crystal packing patterns for 1 and 2 are almost identical, comprising layers.

Steric control over C=O...C=O interactions in M(S2COR)2(dafone) compounds: M = Zn and Cd; R = Me, Et and iPr; dafone = 4,5-diazafluoren-9-one-N,N′

Crystallography shows that with the smaller xanthate-bound methyl groups in Zn(S2COMe)2(dafone) (1) and Cd(S2COMe)2(dafone) (3) anti-parallel C=O…C=O interactions link molecules into dimers. These are further associated via π—π interactions into a supramolecular chain, and in the case of 3 into a supramolecular two-dimensional array via C—H…S contacts. Increasing the size of the organic residue, i.e. to ethyl and isopropyl in Zn(S2COEt)2(dafone) (2), Cd(S2COEt)2(dafone) (4) and Cd(S2CO-iPr)2(dafone) (5), does not allow for the formation of this supramolecular architecture. Instead, supramolecular chains are sustained by C—H…S and C—H…π(chelate) interactions (the latter exclusively in the case of 5). The presence of recognisable/significant π—π and C—H…S and C—H…π(chelate) interactions is not consistent amongst the series yet only two crystal packing patterns are noted depending on the presence of the C=O…C=O interactions. This observation points to the importance of overall crystal packing considerations of binuclear species in 1 and 3, and mononuclear species in 2, 4 and 5.

Crystal and molecular structure of dichloro(1,10-phenanthroline)dimethyltin(IV), Me2Sn(1,10-phenanthroline)Cl2, determined by neutron diffraction

The tin atom in Me2Sn(phen)Cl2 is located on a crystallographic site of symmetry m2m and exists within a distorted octahedral geometry defined by a C2Cl2N2 donor set with the tin-bound methyl groups occupying trans-positions. A two-dimensional array stabilised by C–H · · · Cl interactions is established in the crystal structure. Crystal data for Me2Sn(phen)Cl2: C14H14Cl2N2Sn, M = 399.90, orthorhombic space group Cmcm, a = 11.359(2), b = 18.910(5), c = 7.536(2) Å, V = 1618.7(11) Å3, Z = 8, R = 0.073.

Prevalance of intermolecular Bi … S interactions in bismuth dithiocarbamate compounds: Bi(S2CNR2)3

A series of crystal structures of tris(N,N-di-isobutyldithiocarbamato)bismuth(III), Bi{S2CN(iBu2)}3 (1), tris(N,N-tetramethylenedithiocarbamato)bismuth(III), Bi{S2CN(CH2)4}3 (2), tris(N,N-hexamethylenedithiocarbamato)bismuth(III) chloroform solvate, Bi(S2CN(CH2)6)3 · CHCl3 (3), and tris(N-methyl, N-phenyldithiocarbamato)-bismuth(III) hemi acetonitrile solvate, Bi(S2CN · (Me)Ph)3 · 0.5 CH3CN (4) has been determined and each structure shows the presence of three chelating dithiocarbamate ligands as well as two (in (1) and (2)) or one (in (3) and (4)) intermolecular Bi … S interactions leading to the formation spherical dimeric aggregates. The conclusion of this structural study is that regardless of the size of the dithiocarbamate-bound R groups, intermolecular Bi … S interactions dominate the crystal packing in Bi(S2CNR2)3.

(μ-2-Pyridine-aldazine-κN,N':N'',N''')bis-[bis-(N,N-di-n-propyl-dithio-carbamato-κS,S')cadmium(II)]

The dinuclear centrosymmetric title compound, [Cd₂(C₇H₁₄NS₂)₄(C₁₂H₁₀N₄)], features a tetra­dentate 2-pyridine­aldazine ligand that chelates two Cd centres. The coordination geometry for Cd is distorted octa­hedral based on a cis-N₂S₄ donor set. In the crystal structure, mol­ecules are connected into a supra­molecular chain aligned along the a direction via C—H⋯S and C—H⋯π contacts, and by π–π contacts [centroid-to-centroid distance 3.5708 (15) Å]. The n-propyl groups are each disordered, one equally over two sites and the other with a site-occupancy factor of 0.618 (8) for the major component.

catena-Poly[[[bis-(O,O'-diisobutyl dithio-phosphato-κS,S')nickel(II)]-μ-1,2-bis-(4-pyridylmethyl-ene)hydrazine-κN:N'] toluene disolvate]

The polymeric title compound, {[Ni(C₈H₁₈O₂PS₂)₂(C₁₂H₁₀N₄)]·2C₇H₇}_n, has a linear topology and features octa­hedrally coordinated Ni atoms with a trans-N₂S₄ donor set. The toluene solvent mol­ecules occupy channels defined by the three-dimensional stacking of the polymeric chains. The Ni atom is located at a centre of inversion and the bridging 1,2-bis­(4-pyridylmethyl­ene)hydrazine4-pyridine mol­ecule is also disposed about a centre of inversion. One isobutoxy group is disordered equally over two positions.

μ-1,2-Di-4-pyridylethane-κN:N'-bis-[bis-(N,N-diisopropyl-dithio-carbamato-κS,S')zinc(II)]

In the dinuclear title compound, [Zn{S₂CN(n-Pr)₂}₂{(NC₅H₄)CH₂CH₂(C₅H₄N)}] or [Zn₂(C₇H₁₄NS₂)₄(C₁₂H₁₂N₂)], each Zn atom adopts a distorted trigonal–bipyramidal ZnNS₄ geometry. The crystal structure involves intermolecular C—H⋯S hydrogen bonds.