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Mulligan S, Hatton PV, Martin N. Resin-based composite materials: elution and pollution. Br Dent J 2022; 232:644-652. [PMID: 35562466 PMCID: PMC9106581 DOI: 10.1038/s41415-022-4241-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Pollution arises from all human activity and the provision of oral healthcare using resin-based composite restorative materials (RBCs) should be considered. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the potential pollutant risk to the environment from the chemical compounds found in resin-based restorative materials, by including: 1) the principal pollutant compounds present in the resin matrix; 2) the degradation process of RBCs and its consequences; 3) the methods used for the detection and quantification of monomer elution and RBC microparticles; and 4) a review of the release mechanisms of eluates and RBC microparticles into the environment.RBCs are pollutants by virtue of the compounds created during the degradation processes. These are in the form of the constituent eluted monomers and microparticles. Their impact on the environment and biodiversity is unknown. These materials are currently one of the main direct-placement restorative materials and their success is unquestionable when used and maintained correctly. Mitigation strategies for reducing the impact of pollution on the environment should be considered and implemented by all stakeholders and processes in the supply chain, from manufacturing, clinical use and waste management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Mulligan
- Academic Unit of Restorative Dentistry, School of Clinical Dentistry, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TA, UK
| | - Paul V Hatton
- Academic Unit of Restorative Dentistry, School of Clinical Dentistry, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TA, UK
| | - Nicolas Martin
- Academic Unit of Restorative Dentistry, School of Clinical Dentistry, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TA, UK.
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Lopes-Rocha L, Ribeiro-Gonçalves L, Henriques B, Özcan M, Tiritan ME, Souza JCM. An integrative review on the toxicity of Bisphenol A (BPA) released from resin composites used in dentistry. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2021; 109:1942-1952. [PMID: 33834604 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The main aim of this study was to perform an integrative review on the release of bisphenol A (BPA) from resin-matrix composites and potential toxic effects. A bibliographic search was performed on the PubMed platform using the following keywords: "Bisphenol A" OR "BPA" AND "resin composite" OR "composite resin" AND "toxicity" OR "cytotoxicity" OR "release". Inclusion criteria involved in vitro and in vivo studies on the release and toxicity of BPA. Results highlighted the release of BPA from resin-matrix composites due to insufficient polymerization and/or degradation of the polymeric matrix. BPA is part of the organic matrix of resin-matrix composites and may be hydrolysed in human saliva, although studies report that low doses might not be detected by traditional chemical analysis. Studies exposing zebrafish embryos to different concentrations of Bis-GMA, showed 55% mortality at 10 μM Bis-GMA while 30% mortality was recorded at 1 μM Bis-GMA. In patients, a BPA concentration of around 2.09 × 10-2 μg/ml was found in the saliva after placement of lingual orthodontic retainers with resin-matrix composites. Also, the BPA molecule can be swallowed and absorbed by the oral/gastrointestinal mucosa, which might result in systemic toxicity. The degradation of resin-matrix composites and release of BPA in oral environment are dependent on the organic matrix content and on the polymerization method. A increased release of BPA can lead to the absorption into oral and gastrointestinal mucosa with high risks of local and systemic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lígia Lopes-Rocha
- Department of Dental Sciences, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, Gandra, PRD, Portugal.,Institute for Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies (IINFACTS), CESPU, Gandra PRD, Portugal
| | - Lara Ribeiro-Gonçalves
- Department of Dental Sciences, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, Gandra, PRD, Portugal
| | - Bruno Henriques
- Ceramic and Composite Materials Research Group (CERMAT), Dept. of Mechanical Engineering (EMC), Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil.,Centre for Microelectromechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMINHO), University of Minho, Campus Azurém, Guimarães, Braga, Portugal
| | - Mutlu Özcan
- Division of Dental Biomaterials, Clinic for Reconstructive Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Maria Elizabeth Tiritan
- Institute for Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies (IINFACTS), CESPU, Gandra PRD, Portugal.,Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry (LQOF), Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Júlio C M Souza
- Department of Dental Sciences, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, Gandra, PRD, Portugal.,Centre for Microelectromechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMINHO), University of Minho, Campus Azurém, Guimarães, Braga, Portugal
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Nilsen BW, Jensen E, Örtengren U, Michelsen VB. Analysis of organic components in resin-modified pulp capping materials: critical considerations. Eur J Oral Sci 2017; 125:183-194. [PMID: 28444854 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to elucidate the organic composition and eluates of three resin-based pulp-capping materials in relation to their indications and safety data sheets. Uncured samples of Theracal LC, Ultra-Blend Plus, and Calcimol LC were investigated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS). Identification/quantification of 7-d leachables of cured samples was performed using GC-MS for 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA), camphorquinone (CQ), ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA), ethyl-4-(dimethylamino)benzoate (DMABEE), and triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA). A similar organic composition was found for Ultra-Blend and Calcimol; however, only Ultra-Blend is indicated for direct pulp-capping. In contrast to the other materials analysed, Theracal contained substances of high molecular weight. The safety data sheets of all materials were incomplete. We detected HEMA, CQ, and TEGDMA in eluates from Ultra-Blend and Calcimol, and it was considered that HEMA might have originated from decomposition of diurethane dimethacrylate (UDMA) in the GC-injector. For Theracal, additives associated with light curing (DMABEE and CQ) were detected in higher amounts (4.11 and 19.95 μg mm-2 ) than in the other materials. Pores were quantified in all samples by micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) analysis, which could influence leaching. The organic substances in the investigated materials might affect their clinical suitability as capping agents, especially for direct capping procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo W Nilsen
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Einar Jensen
- Department of Pharmacy, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ulf Örtengren
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Cariology, Institute of Odontology/Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg, Sweden
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The lower alkyl methacrylates: Genotoxic profile of non-carcinogenic compounds. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 84:77-93. [PMID: 28087335 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
All of the lower alkyl methacrylates are high production chemicals with potential for human exposure. The genotoxicity of seven mono-functional alkyl esters of methacrylic acid, i.e. methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, hydroxyethyl methacrylate, n-, i- and t-butyl methacrylate and 2 ethyl hexyl methacrylate, as well as methacrylic acid itself, the acyl component common to all, is reviewed and compared with the lack of carcinogenicity of methyl methacrylate, the representative member of the series so evaluated. Also reviewed are the similarity of structure, chemical and biological reactivity, metabolism and common metabolic products of this group of compounds which allows a category approach for assessing genotoxicity. As a class, the lower alkyl methacrylates are universally negative for gene mutations in prokaryotes but do exhibit high dose clastogenicity in mammalian cells in vitro. There is no convincing evidence that these compounds induce genotoxic effects in vivo in either sub-mammalian or mammalian species. This dichotomy of effects can be explained by the potential genotoxic intermediates generated in vitro. This genotoxic profile of the lower alkyl methacrylates is consistent with the lack of carcinogenicity of methyl methacrylate.
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Tokay U, Koyuturk AE, Aksoy A, Ozmen B. Do the monomers release from the composite resins after artificial aging? Microsc Res Tech 2015; 78:255-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ugur Tokay
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry; Faculty of Dentistry, Ishik University; Erbil Iraq
| | - Alp Erdin Koyuturk
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry; Faculty of Dentistry, Ondokuz Mayis University; Samsun Turkey
| | - Abdurrahman Aksoy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University; Samsun Turkey
| | - Bilal Ozmen
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry; Faculty of Dentistry, Ondokuz Mayis University; Samsun Turkey
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Bisphenol-A and residual monomer leaching from orthodontic adhesive resins and polycarbonate brackets: A systematic review. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2013; 143:S104-12.e1-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2012.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Van Landuyt K, Nawrot T, Geebelen B, De Munck J, Snauwaert J, Yoshihara K, Scheers H, Godderis L, Hoet P, Van Meerbeek B. How much do resin-based dental materials release? A meta-analytical approach. Dent Mater 2011; 27:723-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2011.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Revised: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Dabsie F, Gregoire G, Sixou M, Sharrock P. Does strontium play a role in the cariostatic activity of glass ionomer? J Dent 2009; 37:554-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2009.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2009] [Revised: 03/10/2009] [Accepted: 03/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Musanje L, Ferracane JL, Sakaguchi RL. Determination of the optimal photoinitiator concentration in dental composites based on essential material properties. Dent Mater 2009; 25:994-1000. [PMID: 19328539 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2009.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2008] [Accepted: 02/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine the concentrations of the photosensitizer (camphoroquinone, CQ) and coinitiator (ethyl-4-dimethylaminobenzoate, EDMAB) that resulted in maximum conversion but generated minimum contraction stress in experimental composites. METHODS Experimental composites were prepared with an identical resin formulation [TEGDMA:UDMA:bis-GMA of 30.25:33.65:33.65]. Five groups of resin were prepared at varied CQ concentrations (0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8 and 1.6wt% of the resin). Five subgroups of resin were prepared at each level of CQ concentration, by adding EDMAB at 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.8wt% of the resin, resulting in 25 experimental resins. Finally, strontium glass ( approximately 3microm) and silica (0.04microm) were added at 71.5 and 12.6wt% of the composite, respectively. Samples (n=3) were then evaluated for Knoop hardness (KHN), degree of conversion (DC), depth of cure (DoC) and contraction stress (CS). RESULTS There was an optimal CQ and EDMAB concentration that resulted in maximum DC and KHN, beyond which increased concentration resulted in a decline in those properties. KHN testing identified two regions of maxima with best overlaps occurring at CQ:EDMAB ratio of 1.44:0.42 and 1.05:1.65mol%. DC evaluation showed one region of maximum, the best overlap occurring at CQ:EDMAB ratio of 2.40:0.83mol%. DoC was 4mm. Overall, maximum CS was attained before the system reached the maximum possible conversion and hardness. SIGNIFICANCE (1) Selection of optimal photoinitiator/amine concentration is critical to materials' formulation, for excessive amounts can compromise materials' properties. (2) There was no sufficient evidence to suggest that contraction stress can be reduced by lowering CQ/EDMAB concentration without compromising DC and KHN.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Musanje
- Department of Cranial Facial Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Colorado, Mail Stop 8120, RC1-S, Rm P18 2103, 12801 E. 17th Ave., P.O. Box 6511, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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Di Pietro A, Visalli G, La Maestra S, Micale R, Baluce B, Matarese G, Cingano L, Scoglio ME. Biomonitoring of DNA damage in peripheral blood lymphocytes of subjects with dental restorative fillings. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2008; 650:115-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2007.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2007] [Revised: 09/04/2007] [Accepted: 10/31/2007] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Brożek R, Rogalewicz R, Koczorowski R, Voelkel A. The influence of denture cleansers on the release of organic compounds from soft lining materials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 10:770-4. [DOI: 10.1039/b719825f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Michelsen VB, Moe G, Skålevik R, Jensen E, Lygre H. Quantification of organic eluates from polymerized resin-based dental restorative materials by use of GC/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2006; 850:83-91. [PMID: 17127109 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2006] [Revised: 10/31/2006] [Accepted: 11/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Residual monomers, additives and degradation products from resin-based dental restorative materials eluted into the oral cavity may influence the biocompatibility of these materials. Emphasis has been placed on studies addressing cytotoxic, genotoxic and estrogenic potential of these substances. A prerequisite for analyzing the potential of exposure to eluted compounds from dental materials is reliable quantification methods, both real time and accelerated measurements. The purpose of the present study was to quantify nine eluates; 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), hydroquinone monomethyl ether (MEHQ), camphorquinone (CQ), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), ethyl 4-(dimethylamino)benzoate (DMABEE), triethylene glycoldimethacrylate (TEGDMA), trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (TMPTMA), oxybenzone (HMBP) and drometrizole (TIN P) leaching from specimens of four commonly used resin-based dental materials in ethanol and an aqueous solution. All analyses were performed by use of GC/MS, each component was quantified separately and the results presented in microg mm(-2). This study has shown that elution from various materials differs significantly, not only in the types of eluates, but also regarding amounts of total and of single components. A high amount of HMBP, a UV stabilizer with potential estrogenic activity, was detected from one material in both solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibeke Barman Michelsen
- Department of Oral Sciences, Cariology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Bergen, Armauer Hansens Hus, 5021 Bergen, Norway.
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Rogalewicz R, Batko K, Voelkel A. Identification of organic extractables from commercial resin-modified glass-ionomers using HPLC-MS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 8:750-8. [PMID: 16826288 DOI: 10.1039/b604149c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Elution of organic compounds from resin-based dental fillings during their application in the human mouth environment may have a potential impact on the human health. Ethanol, water and other solvents very often present in the human mouth have the ability to penetrate dental fillings placed in the human tooth. Penetration of liquids into the tooth may lead to the liberation of unreacted dental filling ingredients or their degradation products. Determination of these compounds is necessary for better knowledge from possible harmful effects caused by dental fillings. The aim of this study was the isolation and identification of compounds released from resin-modified glass-ionomer cements (RMGICs), resin-based dental materials applied in dentistry. Compounds were extracted from fillings by using four solvents (40% ethanol, water, 1% acetic acid and artificial saliva). Liquid samples containing eluted compounds were then extracted, evaporated and analyzed by using of HPLC-MS (high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry) and HPLC-DAD (high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection) techniques. Almost thirty components (monomers and additives) of RMGICs were identified. The main identified extractables were: Bis-GMA (bisphenol A glycidyl dimethacrylate), Bis-EMA (ethoxylated bisphenol A dimethacrylate), UDMA (urethane dimethacrylate), TEGDMA (triethylene glycol dimethacrylate), HEMA (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) as monomers and diphenyliodonium chloride, camphorquinone (initiators), BHA (inhibitor), 4-(dimethylamino) ethyl benzoate (co-initiator) as additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafal Rogalewicz
- Poznan University of Technology, Institute of Chemical, Technology and Engineering pl. Marii Sklodowskiej-Curie 2, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
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