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Vorkamp K, Carlsson P, Corsolini S, de Wit CA, Dietz R, Gribble MO, Houde M, Kalia V, Letcher RJ, Morris A, Rigét FF, Routti H, Muir DCG. Influences of climate change on long-term time series of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in Arctic and Antarctic biota. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:1643-1660. [PMID: 36196982 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00134a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Time series of contaminants in the Arctic are an important instrument to detect emerging issues and to monitor the effectiveness of chemicals regulation, based on the assumption of a direct reflection of changes in primary emissions. Climate change has the potential to influence these time trends, through direct physical and chemical processes and/or changes in ecosystems. This study was part of an assessment of the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), analysing potential links between changes in climate-related physical and biological variables and time trends of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in Arctic biota, with some additional information from the Antarctic. Several correlative relationships were identified between POP temporal trends in freshwater and marine biota and physical climate parameters such as oscillation indices, sea-ice coverage, temperature and precipitation, although the mechanisms behind these observations remain poorly understood. Biological data indicate changes in the diet and trophic level of some species, especially seabirds and polar bears, with consequences for their POP exposure. Studies from the Antarctic highlight increased POP availability after iceberg calving. Including physical and/or biological parameters in the POP time trend analysis has led to small deviations in some declining trends, but did generally not change the overall direction of the trend. In addition, regional and temporary perturbations occurred. Effects on POP time trends appear to have been more pronounced in recent years and to show time lags, suggesting that climate-related effects on the long time series might be gaining importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Vorkamp
- Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Pernilla Carlsson
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Simonetta Corsolini
- University of Siena, Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Siena, Italy
| | - Cynthia A de Wit
- Stockholm University, Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rune Dietz
- Aarhus University, Department of Ecoscience, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Matthew O Gribble
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Public Health, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Magali Houde
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Vrinda Kalia
- Columbia University, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Adam Morris
- Northern Contaminants Program, Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs, Gatineau, QC, Canada
| | - Frank F Rigét
- Aarhus University, Department of Ecoscience, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Heli Routti
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Derek C G Muir
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada
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Reiner JL, Becker PR, Gribble MO, Lynch JM, Moors AJ, Ness J, Peterson D, Pugh RS, Ragland T, Rimmer C, Rhoderick J, Schantz MM, Trevillian J, Kucklick JR. Organohalogen Contaminants and Vitamins in Northern Fur Seals (Callorhinus ursinus) Collected During Subsistence Hunts in Alaska. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2016; 70:96-105. [PMID: 26142120 PMCID: PMC4817544 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-015-0179-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
During native subsistence hunts from 1987 to 2007, blubber and liver samples from 50 subadult male northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus) were collected on St. Paul Island, Alaska. Samples were analyzed for legacy persistent organic pollutants (POPs), recently phased-out/current-use POPs, and vitamins. The legacy POPs measured from blubber samples included polychlorinated biphenyl congeners, DDT (and its metabolites), chlorobenzenes, chlordanes, and mirex. Recently phased-out/current-use POPs included in the blubber analysis were the flame retardants, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and hexabromocyclododecanes. The chemical surfactants, perfluorinated alkyl acids, and vitamins A and E were assessed in the liver samples. Overall, concentrations of legacy POPs are similar to levels seen in seal samples from other areas of the North Pacific Ocean and the Bering Sea. Statistically significant correlations were seen between compounds with similar functions (pesticides, flame retardants, vitamins). With sample collection spanning two decades, the temporal trends in the concentrations of POPs and vitamins were assessed. For these animals, the concentrations of the legacy POPs tend to decrease or stay the same with sampling year; however, the concentrations of the current-use POPs increased with sampling year. Vitamin concentrations tended to stay the same across the sampling years. With the population of northern fur seals from St. Paul Island on the decline, a detailed assessment of exposure to contaminants and the correlations with vitamins fills a critical gap for identifying potential population risk factors that might be associated with health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Reiner
- Chemical Sciences Division, Hollings Marine Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Charleston, SC, 29412, USA.
| | - Paul R Becker
- Chemical Sciences Division, Hollings Marine Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Charleston, SC, 29412, USA
| | - Matthew O Gribble
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
| | - Jennifer M Lynch
- Chemical Sciences Division, Hollings Marine Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Charleston, SC, 29412, USA
| | - Amanda J Moors
- Chemical Sciences Division, Hollings Marine Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Charleston, SC, 29412, USA
| | - Jennifer Ness
- Chemical Sciences Division, Hollings Marine Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Charleston, SC, 29412, USA
| | - Danielle Peterson
- Chemical Sciences Division, Hollings Marine Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Charleston, SC, 29412, USA
| | - Rebecca S Pugh
- Chemical Sciences Division, Hollings Marine Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Charleston, SC, 29412, USA
| | - Tamika Ragland
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Catherine Rimmer
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Jody Rhoderick
- Chemical Sciences Division, Hollings Marine Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Charleston, SC, 29412, USA
| | - Michele M Schantz
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Jennifer Trevillian
- Chemical Sciences Division, Hollings Marine Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Charleston, SC, 29412, USA
| | - John R Kucklick
- Chemical Sciences Division, Hollings Marine Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Charleston, SC, 29412, USA
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Dainowski BH, Duffy LK, McIntyre J, Jones P. Hair and bone as predictors of tissular mercury concentration in the western Alaska red fox, Vulpes vulpes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 518-519:526-33. [PMID: 25777958 PMCID: PMC4404022 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated if total mercury (THg) concentrations of keratin-based and bone-based tissues can predict THg concentrations in skeletal muscle, renal medulla, renal cortex, and liver. The THg concentration in matched tissues of 65 red foxes, Vulpes vulpes, from western Alaska was determined. Hair THg concentration had a significant positive correlation with liver, renal medulla, renal cortex, and muscle. The THg concentration for males and females is moderately predictive of THg concentration in the renal cortex and liver for these foxes based on R(2) values (R(2)=0.61 and 0.63, respectively). Bone is weakly predictive of THg concentration in muscle (R(2)=0.40), but not a reliable tissue to predict THg concentration in liver (R(2)=0.24), renal cortex (R(2)=0.35), or renal medulla (R(2)=0.25). These results confirm the potential use of trapped animals, specifically foxes, as useful Arctic sentinel species to inform researchers about patterns in THg levels over time as industrialization of the Arctic continues.
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Affiliation(s)
- B H Dainowski
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, United States; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, United States.
| | - L K Duffy
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, United States; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, United States.
| | - J McIntyre
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, United States.
| | - P Jones
- Alaksa Department of Fish and Game, Bethel, AK 99559, United States
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Garmendia L, Izagirre U, Soto M, Lermen D, Koschorreck J. Combining chemical and biological endpoints, a major challenge for twenty-first century's environmental specimen banks. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:1631-1634. [PMID: 24777326 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-2925-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Environmental specimen banks (ESBs) are not a new phenomenon, but in the last decades, the steep rate in the establishment of new ESBs is a sign to address new research approaches for scientists. In this way, environmental biobanking is becoming a well-organized and effective vehicle to collect samples of high quality making them available for future researchers. The endpoints promoted in the ESBs are mainly based on chemical approaches, but the necessity to add biological endpoint is fundamental (e.g., assessment of the environmental health status). Moreover, advances and development of high sensitive, high-throughput techniques along with ecotoxicological approaches based on biomarkers are stimulating a new demand for stored specimens and associated data. Like in chemically targeted environmental specimen banking, the banked samples for the assessment of biological effects also require guidance informed by knowledge of their practices and challenges, along with policies for the correct advancement of research goals and appropriate and effective biobank governance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larraitz Garmendia
- Research Center for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology, PIE-UPV/EHU, E48620, Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain,
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Küster A, Becker PR, Kucklick JR, Pugh RS, Koschorreck J. The International Environmental Specimen Banks--let's get visible. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:1559-61. [PMID: 24390116 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-2482-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Environmental specimen banks (ESBs) are facilities that archive samples from the environment for future research and monitoring purposes. In addition, the long-term preservation of representative specimens is an important complement to environmental research and monitoring. Today, environmental specimen banking is experiencing a renaissance due to an increase in regulatory interest in ESB biota standards and trend data. The International Environmental Specimen Bank Group (IESB) promotes the worldwide development of techniques and strategies of environmental specimen banking and the international cooperation and collaboration among national ESBs. In order to provide a current and comprehensive overview on international environmental specimen banking activities, a questionnaire was sent to the national ESBs and asked for detailed information on the respective ESBs. The results show the rich diversity of national sampling programs, including more detailed information on archived samples, sampling strategies, and studies that have already been performed in the respective countries. All ESBs completing the survey expressed a strong interest in cooperating with other ESBs on a collaborative project. The collected information of national ESBs is intended to be made publicly available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anette Küster
- Umweltbundesamt (Federal Environment Agency), Wörlitzer Platz 1, 06844, Dessau-Roßlau, Germany,
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Karube ZI, Tanaka A, Takeuchi A, Takazawa Y, Takagi M, Kinoshita A, Seyama H, Shibata Y. Three decades of environmental specimen banking at the National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:1587-1596. [PMID: 24865503 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3039-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
After two decades operation of the initial environmental specimen banking, a new program, Environmental Time Capsule Program, started in 2002 as a government-supported long-term program to construct a firm scientific basis for various environmental research studies. The program consists of long-term environmental specimen banking activity and specimen collection of endangered wildlife and is based on cryogenic sample preservation facility called Environmental Time Capsule building, which completed construction in 2004. After 9 years of extensive research, research focuses have been selected and the program was reorganized to the environmental sample collection part and endangered wildlife collection part in 2011. Due to huge environmental disaster caused by the Great East Japan earthquake and the tsunami as well as subsequent nuclear power plant accident at Fukushima, a new sampling and monitoring program started at affected areas in collaboration with the reorganized environmental sample collection and archiving program. Outlines of the quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) activities in the program and future perspective under related international activities, particularly Stockholm Convention, are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zin-Ichi Karube
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Analysis, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
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Zhao J, Becker PR, Meng XZ. 2013 International Conference on Environmental Specimen Banks: securing a strategy to monitor emerging pollutants in the regional and global environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:1555-1558. [PMID: 25344229 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3715-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianfu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China,
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Qiu F, Meng XZ, Qiu YL, Huang QH, Liu Y, Wu LL, Xiao QF, Sun YJ, Wang R, Zhou YH, Yu ZY, Yin DQ, Zhu ZL, Zhao JF. Historical development and future perspectives of Environmental Specimen Bank in China: a mini review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:1562-1567. [PMID: 24777327 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-2926-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Environmental problems as well as their related ecosystem stress and human health risk in China have raised wide concerns along with the rapid economic development in recent years. Numerous studies with a sharp increase in publication number have addressed the ubiquitous of anthropogenic chemicals in various environmental compartments and human tissues. However, very few data were available to clarify the temporal trend and to give the retrospective analysis of chemical pollution in China. Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB) is a system for the systematic collection and long-term storage of specimens, which has been established since the 1970s in developed counties and recognized as a fundamental complement for environmental monitoring and scientific research. Currently, the value of ESB is becoming more broadly recognized globally, and China is still at the early stage. This article described the history and status and put forwarded the future key points of Chinese ESB development for illustrating the intensive environmental changes in China and the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 200092, Shanghai, China
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Kördel W, Garelick H, Gawlik BM, Kandile NG, Peijnenburg WJGM, Rüdel H. Substance-related environmental monitoring strategies regarding soil, groundwater and surface water - an overview. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:2810-2827. [PMID: 23413125 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-1531-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Substance-related monitoring is an essential tool within environmental risk assessment processes. The soundness of policy decisions including risk management measures is often directly related to the reliability of the environmental monitoring programs. In addition, monitoring programs are required for identifying new and less-investigated pollutants of concern in different environmental media. Scientifically sound and feasible monitoring concepts strongly depend on the aim of the study. The proper definition of questions to be answered is thus of pivotal importance. Decisions on sample handling, storage and the analysis of the samples are important steps for the elaboration of problem-oriented monitoring strategies. The same applies to the selection of the sampling sites as being representative for scenarios to be investigated. These steps may become critical to handle for larger international monitoring programs and thus trigger the quality of their results. This study based on the work of an IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) task group addresses different kinds and approaches of substance-related monitoring of different compartments of soil, groundwater and surface water, and discusses their advantages and limitations. Further important aspects are the monitoring across policies and the monitoring data management using information systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Kördel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Auf dem Aberg 1, 57392 Schmallenberg, Germany
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Takeuchi A, Shibata Y, Tanaka A. Status of Red Stingray (Dasyatis akajei) Livers for Japanese Specimen Banking at National Institute for Environmental Studies, Unscathed by the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake. Biopreserv Biobank 2012; 10:174-7. [DOI: 10.1089/bio.2011.0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Akinori Takeuchi
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Analysis, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Shibata
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Analysis, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tanaka
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Analysis, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Ibaraki, Japan
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Shlosberg A, Rumbeiha WK, Lublin A, Kannan K. A database of avian blood spot examinations for exposure of wild birds to environmental toxicants: the DABSE biomonitoring project. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 13:1547-58. [DOI: 10.1039/c0em00754d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Marine mammal blubber reference and control materials for use in the determination of halogenated organic compounds and fatty acids. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 397:423-32. [PMID: 20238106 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3596-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2010] [Revised: 02/17/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has a diverse collection of control materials derived from marine mammal blubber, fat, and serum. Standard Reference Material (SRM) 1945 Organics in Whale Blubber was recertified for polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners, organochlorine pesticides, and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners. SRM 1945 has also been assigned mass fraction values for compounds not frequently determined in marine samples including toxaphene congeners, coplanar PCBs, and methoxylated PBDE congeners which are natural products. NIST also has assigned mass fraction values, as a result of interlaboratory comparison exercises, for PCB congeners, organochlorine pesticides, PBDE congeners, and fatty acids in six homogenate materials produced from marine mammal blubber or serum. The materials are available from NIST upon request; however, the supply is very limited for some of the materials. The materials include those obtained from pilot whale blubber (Homogenates III and IV), Blainville's beaked whale blubber (Homogenate VII), polar bear fat (Homogenate VI), and California sea lion serum (Marine Mammal Control Material-1 Serum) and blubber (Homogenate V).
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Past, present, and future of environmental specimen banks. Environ Health Prev Med 2009; 14:307-18. [PMID: 19685106 DOI: 10.1007/s12199-009-0101-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2009] [Accepted: 07/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental specimen banks are an essential part of the infrastructure of environmental sciences. They have various functions: (1) evaluation of governmental environmental policy-making and regulations; (2) a resource for animal health evaluation; (3) research tools to investigate time trends in ecosystems; (4) detection of newly emerging chemicals in the time trends; (5) validations of computer models for environmental phenomena; (6) source identification of contaminants; (7) a tool for food safety; (8) evaluation of genetic selection pressure due to environmental changes. In this review paper, we present a detailed description of the Kyoto University Human Specimen Bank (history, protocol and questionnaires) and provide brief outlines of other representative environmental specimen banks. We then review two illustrative cases in which environmental specimen banks have unveiled insidious contaminations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and perfluorooctanoic acids. Finally, we give a perspective of new functions for environmental specimen banks in the next 20 years.
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Peck AM, Pugh RS, Moors A, Ellisor MB, Porter BJ, Becker PR, Kucklick JR. Hexabromocyclododecane in white-sided dolphins: temporal trend and stereoisomer distribution in tissues. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2008; 42:2650-2655. [PMID: 18505011 DOI: 10.1021/es072052v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is a brominated flame retardant used primarily in expanded polystyrene foams and other styrene resins. Samples of blubber (n = 57) and liver (n = 16) from Atlantic white-sided dolphins, Lagenorhynchus acutus, that stranded on the eastern coast of United States between 1993 and 2004 were obtained from the National Marine Mammal Tissue Bank (NMMTB). Blubber samples from most of these animals (n = 47) were previously analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), and several toxaphene congeners. The three most abundant diastereomers in the technical HBCD mixture (alpha-HBCD, beta-HBCD, and gamma-HBCD) and their enantiomers were determined using liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). alpha-HBCD was found in all blubber and liver samples while beta-HBCD and gamma-HBCD were not detected in any samples. The alpha-HBCD concentration in blubber and liver ranged from 14 ng/g wet mass (19 ng/g lipid) to 280 ng/g wet mass (380 ng/g lipid) and 0.051 ng/g wet mass (2.9 ng/g lipid) to 3.6 ng/g wet mass (140 ng/g lipid), respectively. Concentrations of alpha-HBCD were 2 to 3 orders of magnitude lower than previously reported PBDE, PCB, and toxaphene concentrations in these same animals. There was not a significant temporal trend for these compounds in white-sided dolphin blubber. The enantiomeric fractions (EF) measured in blubber and liver were not statistically different and ranged from 0.34 to 0.53. Blubber EFs were significantly correlated with both alpha-HBCD concentrations and white-sided dolphin body length. In general, concentrations of HBCDs were lower in these white-sided dolphins than in cetaceans from Western Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Peck
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, South Carolina 29412, USA.
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